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{{other uses|Grail (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|2011–12 NASA mission to study the Moon}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory
| image                 = GRAIL.jpg
| image_caption         = Artist's interpretation of the GRAIL tandem spacecraft above the lunar surface.
| insignia              = GRAIL - GRAIL-logo-sm.png
| insignia_size         = 130px

| mission_type = 
| operator = [[NASA]]{{\}}[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]]<ref name=ula>{{cite web
 |title = Delta II Set to Launch NASA's GRAIL Mission
 |url = http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/Launch.shtml#/21/
 |publisher = [[United Launch Alliance]]
 |year = 2011
 |access-date = 2 September 2011
 |url-status = dead
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110901221606/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/Launch.shtml#/21/
 |archive-date = 1 September 2011
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =The GRAIL Mission: A Fact Sheet| url =http://www.grailmoonkam.com/about/grail_fact_sheet| publisher =[[Sally Ride Science]]| year =2010| access-date =2010-04-15| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100428001600/http://www.grailmoonkam.com/about/grail_fact_sheet| archive-date =2010-04-28}}</ref>
| COSPAR_ID = 2011-046 (A, B)
| SATCAT = 37801, 37802
| website = {{url|http://moon.mit.edu/}}
| mission_duration = 1 year, 3 months, 7 days, 9 hours
| manufacturer = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Lockheed Martin Space Systems|LMSS]]
| launch_mass = 202.4 kg (each)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf |title=GRAIL |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 30, 2022}}</ref>
| dry_mass = {{convert|132.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| payload_mass = 
| dimensions = 
| power = ([[Solar array]] / [[Lithium-ion battery|Li-ion battery]])

| launch_date = {{start-date|September 10, 2011, 13:08:52.775|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| launch_rocket = [[Delta (rocket family)|Delta II]] 7920H-10 D-356
| launch_site = [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17|SLC-17B]]
| launch_contractor = 
| entered_service = December 31, 2011 (Ebb) January 1, 2012 (Flow)

| disposal_type = 
| deactivated = 
| destroyed = 
| last_contact = 
| decay_date =

| orbit_reference = [[Selenocentric orbit|Selenocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Polar orbit]]<ref name="AboutGRAIL"/>
| orbit_semimajor = {{convert|1788.0|km|mi}}
| orbit_eccentricity = 
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|25|km|mi}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|86|km|mi}}
| orbit_inclination = 
| orbit_period = 113 minutes
| orbit_epoch = 
| apsis = selene

|interplanetary         = 
 {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   |type                = impactor
   |object              = [[Moon|Lunar]] 
   |arrival_date        = GRAIL A: December 17, 2012, 22:28:51&nbsp;UTC
   |location            = {{Lunar coords and quad cat|75.6083|N|33.4043|E}}
 }}
 {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   |type                = impactor
   |object              = [[Moon|Lunar]] 
   |arrival_date        = GRAIL B: December 17, 2012, 22:29:21&nbsp;UTC
   |location            = {{Lunar coords and quad cat|75.6504|N|33.1643|E}}
 }}

| programme             = '''[[Discovery program]]'''
| previous_mission      = ''[[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler]]''
| next_mission          = ''[[InSight]]''
}}

[[File:GRAIL MoonKAM NASA mission 15.jpg|thumb|right|MoonKAM shot]]
The '''Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory''' ('''GRAIL''') was an American lunar science mission in NASA's [[Discovery Program]] which used high-quality [[gravitational field]] mapping of the [[Moon]] to determine its interior structure. The two small spacecraft '''GRAIL A''' ('''Ebb''') and '''GRAIL B''' ('''Flow''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/education/bozeman-class-wins-contest-to-name-satellites-orbiting-moon/article_e73236bc-4188-11e1-9ae2-001871e3ce6c.html|title=Bozeman class wins contest to name satellites orbiting moon|first=Gail|last=Schontzler |website=Bozeman Daily Chronicle|date=18 January 2012 |language=en|access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref><ref name=ebbflow>{{cite web|last=Agle|first=DC|title=Montana Students Submit Winning Names for NASA Lunar Spacecraft|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/jan/HQ_12-019_GRAIL_Name.html|publisher=NASA JPL|access-date=2012-01-17|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225224859/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/jan/HQ_12-019_GRAIL_Name.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> were launched on 10 September 2011 aboard a single launch vehicle: the most-powerful configuration of a [[Delta II]], the 7920H-10.<ref name=ula/><ref>{{cite report|title=Delta II: The Industry Workhorse |publisher=United Launch Alliance |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/product_cards/DII_product_card.pdf |date=2010 |access-date=2 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930102552/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/product_cards/DII_product_card.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Grey Hautaluoma | title=New NASA Mission to Reveal Moon's Internal Structure and Evolution | url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/dec/HQ_07274_Grail_Mission.html | publisher=NASA | date=10 December 2007 | access-date=31 August 2011 | archive-date=24 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224164216/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/dec/HQ_07274_Grail_Mission.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch, GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later. They arrived at their orbits around the Moon 25 hours apart.<ref>[http://earthsky.org/space/moon-bound-twin-grail-spacecraft-launch-success Moon-bound twin GRAIL spacecraft launch success]</ref><ref>[http://www.spaceflight101.com/grail-mission-updates.html Spaceflight101] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211061336/http://www.spaceflight101.com/grail-mission-updates.html |date=2015-02-11 }}</ref> The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/news/grail20111231.html|title=First of NASA's GRAIL Spacecraft Enters Moon Orbit|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225050453/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/news/grail20111231.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on December 17, 2012.<ref>[http://www.spaceflight101.com/grail-mission-updates.html GRAIL Twins crash into the Moon to complete highly successful Mission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211061336/http://www.spaceflight101.com/grail-mission-updates.html |date=2015-02-11 }}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Ebb and flow.jpg|thumb|Fourth grade students at [[Emily Dickinson Elementary School]] in [[Bozeman, Montana]] who suggested names ''Ebb'' and ''Flow''.<ref name=ebbflow/>]]
[[Maria Zuber]] of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] was GRAIL's principal investigator. [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] managed the project. NASA budgeted US$496 million for the program to include spacecraft and instrument development, launch, mission operations, and science support.<ref>{{cite news | work=NASA | title=Press Kit. Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Launch | date=August 2011 | url=https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/582116main_GRAIL_launch_press_kit.pdf | page=7 | access-date=4 December 2022 | archive-date=26 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126152202/https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/582116main_GRAIL_launch_press_kit.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Upon launch the spacecraft were named GRAIL A and GRAIL B and a contest was opened to school children to select names. Nearly 900 classrooms from 45 states, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia, participated in the contest. The winning names, Ebb and Flow, were suggested by 4th grade students at [[Emily Dickinson Elementary School]] in [[Bozeman, Montana]].<ref name=ebbflow/>

Each [[spacecraft]] transmitted and received [[telemetry]] from the other spacecraft and Earth-based facilities. By measuring the change in distance between the two spacecraft, the gravity field and geological structure of the Moon was obtained. The two spacecraft were able to detect very small changes in the distance between one another. Changes in distance as small as one [[micrometre]] were detectable and measurable.<ref name=NASA-20120009915>[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20120009915 GRAVITY RECOVERY AND INTERIOR LABORATORY (GRAIL) MISSION: STATUS AT THE INITIATION OF THE SCIENCE MAPPING PHASE, 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2012)]</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/innovations/post/nasa-to-crash-probes-into-the-moon/2012/12/17/2f2d2b80-4871-11e2-b6f0-e851e741d196_blog.html Washington Post December 17, 2012]</ref> The [[gravitational field]] of the Moon was mapped in unprecedented detail.<ref name="AboutGRAIL">{{cite web | title=About GRAIL | publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology | url=http://moon.mit.edu/index.html | access-date = 2011-03-12}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Konopliv|first1=Alex S.|last2=Park|first2=Ryan S.|last3=Yuan|first3=Dah-Ning|last4=Asmar|first4=Sami W.|last5=Watkins|first5=Michael M.|last6=Williams|first6=James G.|last7=Fahnestock|first7=Eugene|last8=Kruizinga|first8=Gerhard|last9=Paik|first9=Meegyeong|last10=Strekalov|first10=Dmitry|last11=Harvey|first11=Nate|date=2013|title=The JPL lunar gravity field to spherical harmonic degree 660 from the GRAIL Primary Mission: GRAIL LUNAR GRAVITY |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jgre.20097|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |language=en|volume=118|issue=7|pages=1415–1434|doi=10.1002/jgre.20097|bibcode=2013JGRE..118.1415K |hdl=1721.1/85858|s2cid=16559256 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Lemoine|first1=Frank G.|last2=Goossens|first2=Sander|last3=Sabaka|first3=Terence J.|last4=Nicholas|first4=Joseph B.|last5=Mazarico|first5=Erwan|last6=Rowlands|first6=David D.|last7=Loomis|first7=Bryant D.|last8=Chinn|first8=Douglas S.|last9=Caprette|first9=Douglas S.|last10=Neumann|first10=Gregory A.|last11=Smith|first11=David E.|date=2013|title=High‒degree gravity models from GRAIL primary mission data|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets|language=en|volume=118|issue=8|pages=1676–1698|doi=10.1002/jgre.20118|bibcode=2013JGRE..118.1676L|issn=2169-9097|doi-access=free|hdl=2060/20140010292|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Lemoine |first1=Frank G. |last2=Goossens |first2=Sander |last3=Sabaka |first3=Terence J. |last4=Nicholas |first4=Joseph B. |last5=Mazarico |first5=Erwan |last6=Rowlands |first6=David D. |last7=Loomis |first7=Bryant D. |last8=Chinn |first8=Douglas S. |last9=Neumann |first9=Gregory A. |last10=Smith |first10=David E. |last11=Zuber |first11=Maria T. |title=GRGM900C: A degree 900 lunar gravity model from GRAIL primary and extended mission data |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=28 May 2014 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=3382–3389 |doi=10.1002/2014GL060027|pmid=26074638 |pmc=4459205 |bibcode=2014GeoRL..41.3382L }}</ref>

==Objectives==
* Map the structure of the lunar [[crust (geology)|crust]] and [[lithosphere]]
* Understand the asymmetric thermal evolution of the Moon
* Determine the subsurface structure of [[impact basin]]s and the origin of lunar [[mass concentration (astronomy)|mascons]]
* Ascertain the temporal evolution of crustal [[brecciation]] and [[magmatism]]
* Constrain the deep interior structure of the Moon
* Place limits on the size of the Moon's [[inner core]]

The data collection phase of the mission lasted from 7 March 2012 to 29 May 2012, for a total of 88 days. A second phase, at a lower altitude, of data collection began 31 August 2012,<ref>[http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/grail/newsdisplay.cfm?Subsite_News_ID=30576&SiteID=2 Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory: News & Features: NASA's GRAIL Moon Twins Begin Extended Mission Science] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409225701/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/grail/newsdisplay.cfm?Subsite_News_ID=30576&SiteID=2 |date=2013-04-09 }}. Solarsystem.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.</ref> and was followed by 12 months of data analysis.<ref name="AboutGRAIL"/> On 5 December 2012 NASA released a gravity map of the Moon made from GRAIL data.<ref>[http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/grail/newsdisplay.cfm?Subsite_News_ID=31468&SiteID=2 Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory: News & Features: NASA's GRAIL Creates Most Accurate Moon Gravity Map] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511172532/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/grail/newsdisplay.cfm?Subsite_News_ID=31468&SiteID=2 |date=2013-05-11 }}. Solarsystem.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.</ref> The knowledge acquired will aid understanding of the evolutionary history of the [[terrestrial planet]]s and computations of lunar orbits.<ref name="MIT-overview"/>

==Spacecraft==

===Instruments===
[[Image:GRAIL's gravity map of the moon.jpg|thumb|Gravity map of the Moon by GRAIL]]
* [[Ka band|Ka band]] Lunar Gravity Ranging System (LGRS), derived from the [[Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment]] (GRACE) instrument.<ref name=spacecraft /> 90% of the GRACE software was reused for GRAIL.<ref name="Operations MIT">{{cite web | title= GRAIL: Mission Operations & Data Processing | url= http://moon.mit.edu/operations.html | publisher= [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] | access-date= 2012-12-14 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120305034145/http://moon.mit.edu/operations.html | archive-date= 2012-03-05 | url-status= dead }}</ref>
* Radio science beacon (RSB)
* Moon Knowledge Acquired by Middle school students (MoonKAM).<ref>{{cite web | title = About GRAIL MoonKAM | url = http://www.grailmoonkam.com/about | publisher = Sally Ride Science | date = 2010 | access-date = 2010-04-15 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100427105214/http://www.grailmoonkam.com/about | archive-date = 2010-04-27 }}</ref> Each MoonKAM system (one per spacecraft) consists of a digital video controller and four camera heads.<ref name=PressKit>{{cite web | title = GRAIL Launch Press Kit| url= http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/grail/docs/GRAIL%20launch%20press%20kit1.pdf | publisher= NASA| access-date = 31 August 2011}}</ref> Click here [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/multimedia/pia15514.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628055740/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/multimedia/pia15514.html |date=2012-06-28 }} for a MoonKAM photo from lunar orbit.

===Propulsion===
Thrusters aboard each spacecraft were capable of producing {{convert|22|N}}.<ref name=spacecraft>{{cite web | title=Spacecraft and Payload | url=http://moon.mit.edu/spacecraft.html | publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> 
Each spacecraft was fueled with {{convert|103.5|kg}} of [[hydrazine]] to be used by the [[Rocket engine|thrusters]] and main engine to enable the spacecraft to enter lunar orbit and transition to the science phase of its mission. The propulsion subsystem consisted of a main fuel tank and a Re-repressurization system which were activated shortly after lunar orbit insertion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/grail#spacecraft|title=Satellite Missions Catalogue - GRAIL|publisher=eoPortal.org|access-date=December 3, 2022}}</ref>

==Mission profile==

===Launch attempts===
All times are in [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] ([[UTC]]-4).
{{LaunchAttempt
 | date1 = 2011-09-08 08:37:06
 | result1 = scrubbed<ref name=LaunchCBS>{{cite news | last=Harwood | first=William | title= NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/09/10/scitech/main20104282.shtml |work=CBS News | access-date = 11 September 2011}}</ref>
 | reason1 = high level winds
 | decision_date1 = 2011-09-08 08:30:00
 | decision_clock1 = 
 | weathergo1 = 40%
 | notes1 = A weather balloon was released minutes before the decision point to take the latest readings of upper level winds and Air Force weather reconnaissance aircraft were aloft beginning at 7&nbsp;am.
 | date2 = 2011-09-08 09:16:12 
 | result2 = scrubbed<ref name=LaunchCBS/>
 | reason2 = high level winds
 | decision_date2 = 2011-09-08 09:07:12 
 | decision_clock2 = 
 | weathergo2 = 40% <ref name='launch windows'/>
 | notes2 = Range was reconfigured for omni antennae instead of tracked ones to support 99 degree azimuth. 
 | date3 = 2011-09-09 08:33:25
 | result3 = abandoned<ref name=LaunchCBS/>
 | reason3 = rocket propulsion
 | decision_date3 = 
 | decision_clock3 = 
 | weathergo3 = 40%
 | notes3 = An issue with the rocket's propulsion system was detected while the Delta 2 rocket was drained of fuel.
 | date4 = 2011-09-10 08:29:45
 | result4 = scrubbed<ref name=LaunchCBS/> 
 | reason4 = high level winds
 | decision_date4 = 2011-09-10 08:21
 | decision_clock4 = 
 | weathergo4 = 60%
 | notes4 = 
 | date5 = 2011-09-10 09:08:52
 | result5 = Success<ref name=LaunchCBS/> 
 | reason5 = 
 | decision_date5 = 
 | decision_clock5 = 
 | weathergo5 = 
 | notes5 = }}
<gallery class="center">
File:Preparing GRAIL for Launch.jpg|Spacecraft technicians close the payload fairing around GRAIL before launch.
File:GRAIL on the Pad.jpg|GRAIL awaits launch at [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]].
File:GRAIL Heads to the Moon.jpg|Fire and smoke light up a blue sky as a [[United Launch Alliance]] [[Delta II]] Heavy rocket propels GRAIL into space.
</gallery>

===Transit phase===
[[File:Animation of GRAIL-A trajectory.gif |thumb |right |Animation of GRAIL-A{{'s}} trajectory from 10 September 2011 to 17 December 2012 {{legend2|magenta| GRAIL-A}}{{·}}{{legend2| Lime |[[Moon]]}}{{·}}{{legend2| RoyalBlue|[[Earth]]}}]]
[[File:GRAIL-transit-Earth-Moon.png|thumb|GRAIL-transit-Earth-Moon]]
[[File:Animation of GRAIL-A trajectory around Moon.gif |thumb |right |Animation of GRAIL-A{{'s}} trajectory around [[Moon]] from 31 December 2011 to 30 April 2012 {{legend2|magenta| GRAIL-A}}{{·}}{{legend2| DarkKhaki|[[Moon]]}}]]
Unlike the [[Apollo program]] missions, which took three days to reach the Moon, GRAIL made use of a three- to four-month low-energy trans-lunar cruise well outside the Moon's orbit and passing near the Sun-Earth [[Lagrange point#L1|Lagrange point L1]] before looping back to rendezvous with the Moon. This extended and circuitous trajectory enabled the mission to reduce fuel requirements, protect instruments and reduce the velocity of the two spacecraft at lunar arrival to help achieve the extremely low {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} orbits with separation between the spacecraft (arriving 25 hours apart) of {{convert|175|to|225|km||abbr=on}}.<ref name="MIT-overview">{{cite web | title=GRAIL: Mission Overview | publisher = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] | url=http://moon.mit.edu/overview.html | access-date = 10 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="MissionDesign">{{cite web | title=Mission Design | url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/grail/missiondesign.cfm | publisher=NASA | access-date=10 September 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003144042/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/grail/missiondesign.cfm | archive-date=3 October 2011 }}</ref> The very tight tolerances in the flight plan left little room for error correction leading to a launch window lasting one second and providing only two launch opportunities per day.<ref name='launch windows'>{{cite news | author= Justin Ray | title=GRAIL Launch Window Chart | url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/delta/d356/windows.html | work=SpaceFlight Now | date=17 August 2011 | access-date=9 September 2011}}</ref>

===Science phase===
The primary science phase of GRAIL lasted for 88 days, from 7 March 2012 to 29 May 2012. It was followed by a second science phase that ran from 8 Aug 2012 into early Dec 2012.

The gravity mapping technique was similar to that used by [[Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment]] (GRACE), and the spacecraft design was based on [[XSS-11]].<ref>{{cite news | author= Taylor Dinerman | title = Is XSS-11 the answer to America's quest for Operationally Responsive Space? | work=The Space Review | date= 31 December 2007 | url= http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1026/1 | access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref>

The orbital insertion dates were {{Start date|2011|12|31}} (for GRAIL-A) and {{Start date|2012|01|01}} (for GRAIL-B).<ref name=LaunchCBS/> The initial lunar orbits were highly elliptical near-polar, and were later lowered to near-circular at about 25-86 km altitude with a period of about 114 minutes.<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/news/grail20120327.html Grail mission news. March 2012]</ref>

The spacecraft were operated over the 88-day acquisition phase, divided into three 27.3 day long [[nadir]]-pointed mapping cycles. Twice each day there was an 8-hour pass in view of the [[Deep Space Network]] for transmission of science and "E/PO MoonKam" data.<ref name="design MIT">{{cite web | title= GRAIL: Mission Design | url= http://moon.mit.edu/design.html | publisher= [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]}}</ref>

The first student-requested MoonKam images were taken by Ebb from 2012 March 15-17 and downlinked to Earth March 20. More than 2,700 schools spanning 52 countries were using the MoonKAM cameras. <ref>{{cite web |title=NASA GRAIL Returns First Student-Selected Moon Images |website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-grail-returns-first-student-selected-moon-images}}</ref>
[[File:Spacecraft Pass Each Other at the Moon.webm|thumb|Footage of LRO by MoonKam]]
Flow's MoonKam camera captured LRO as it flew by at a distance of about 12 miles (20 km) on May 3. It's the first footage of a moon-orbiting robotic spacecraft taken by another one.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spacecraft Pass Each Other at the Moon |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/334/spacecraft-pass-each-other-at-the-moon}}</ref>

===Terminal phase===
{{multiple image
| align     = left
| direction = horizontal
| image1    = Ebb and Flow's Final Moments.jpg
| width1    = 300
| alt1      =
| caption1  = Ebb and Flow's final moments.
| image2    = GRAIL's Final Resting Spot.jpg
| width2    = 300
| alt2      =
| caption2  = GRAIL's final resting spot.
}}
{{-}}
{{multiple image
| align     = left
| direction = horizontal
| image3    = GRAIL Impacts the Moon.ogv
| width3    = 300
| alt3      =
| caption3  = This animation shows the last three orbits of the spacecraft, with views of the impact site. The impact occurs on the night side of a waxing crescent Moon, so the view shifts from a natural color Moon to a false-color elevation map.
| image4    = LAMP Observes GRAIL Impact.ogg
| width4    = 300
| alt4      =
| caption4  = LRO flies over the north pole of the Moon, where it has a very good view of the GRAIL impact. The second part of this video is the view from LRO through LAMP's slit, showing the impact and the resulting plume.
}}
{{-}}

===Final experiment and mission end===
At the end of the science phase and a mission extension, the spacecraft were powered down and decommissioned over a five-day period. The spacecraft impacted the lunar surface on December 17, 2012.<ref name="design MIT"/><ref>{{cite web | title= NASA GRAIL Twins Complete Their Moon Impact | url= http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/news/grailstatus20121217.html | publisher= NASA | date= 17 December 2012 | access-date= 2012-12-17 | archive-date= 2012-12-18 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121218075441/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/news/grailstatus20121217.html | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Wall | first= Mike | title= Twin GRAIL probes readied for crash into Moon | url= http://www.nbcnews.com/id/50192371 | work=NBC News | date=13 December 2012 | access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Wall | first=Mike| title=Twin NASA Probes to Crash into Moon Next Week | url=http://www.space.com/18845-nasa-grail-mission-crash-moon.html | work= Space.com | date=11 December 2012 | access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Twin NASA spacecraft prepare to crash into moon | url=http://phys.org/news/2012-12-twin-nasa-spacecraft-moon.html | work=Phys.org | date=13 December 2012 | access-date=13 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Knapp | first=Alex | title=NASA Prepares To Crash Its Probes Into The Moon | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2012/12/14/nasa-prepares-for-its-probes-to-crash-into-the-moon/ | work=Forbes | date=14 December 2012| access-date=2012-12-13}}</ref> Both spacecraft impacted an unnamed lunar mountain between [[Philolaus (crater)|Philolaus]] and [[Mouchez (crater)|Mouchez]] at {{Lunar coords and quad cat|75.62|N|26.63|W}}. ''Ebb'', the lead spacecraft in formation, impacted first. ''Flow'' impacted moments later. Each spacecraft was traveling at {{convert|3760|mph|km/s}}. A final experiment was conducted during the final days of the mission. Main engines aboard the spacecraft were fired, depleting remaining fuel. Data from that effort will be used by mission planners to validate fuel consumption [[computer models]] to improve predictions of fuel needs for future missions.<ref>{{cite web | title=NASA Probes Prepare for Mission-Ending Moon Impact| url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-396&cid=release_2012-396 | publisher=NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory| access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> NASA has announced that the crash site will be named after GRAIL collaborator and first American woman in space, [[Sally Ride]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Mike Wall | title=Moon Probes' Crash Site Named After Sally Ride | url=http://www.space.com/18944-nasa-grail-moon-crash-sally-ride.html | work=Space.com | date=17 December 2012 | access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref>
{{multiple image|total_width=600|align=center
|header=Moon – [[Oceanus Procellarum]] ("Ocean of Storms")|width1=614 |height1=228 |image1=14-236-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg|caption1=Ancient [[rift valley]]s – rectangular structure (visible – topography – GRAIL gravity gradients) (October 1, 2014).|width2=1500 |height2=1500 |image2=PIA18822-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Overall-20141001.jpg|caption2=Ancient rift valleys – context.|width3=1546 |height3=905 |image3=PIA18821-LunarGrailMission-OceanusProcellarum-Rifts-Closeup-20141001.jpg|caption3=Ancient rift valleys – closeup (artist's concept).}}

== Results ==
Gravity passes through matter. In addition to surface mass, a high-resolution gravity field gives a blurred, but useful, look below the surface. Analyses of the GRAIL data have produced a series of scientific results for the Moon.

* The resolution of the gravity field has improved by a large amount over pre-GRAIL results. Early analyses gave the [[Gravitation of the Moon]] with fields of degree and order 420 and 660.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zuber|first1=M. T.|last2=Smith|first2=D. E.|last3=Watkins|first3=M. M.|last4=Asmar|first4=S. W.|last5=Konopliv|first5=A. S.|last6=Lemoine|first6=F. G.|last7=Melosh|first7=H. J.|last8=Neumann|first8=G. A.|last9=Phillips|first9=R. J.|last10=Solomon|first10=S. C.|last11=Wieczorek|first11=M. A.|display-authors=9|date=2013|title=Gravity Field of the Moon from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Mission|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1231507|journal=Science|language=en|volume=339|issue=6120|pages=668–671|doi=10.1126/science.1231507|pmid=23223395|bibcode=2013Sci...339..668Z|s2cid=206545934|issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Subsequent analyses have resulted in higher degree and order fields.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Konopliv|first1=Alex S.|last2=Park|first2=Ryan S.|last3=Yuan|first3=Dah-Ning|last4=Asmar|first4=Sami W.|last5=Watkins|first5=Michael M.|last6=Williams|first6=James G.|last7=Fahnestock|first7=Eugene|last8=Kruizinga|first8=Gerhard|last9=Paik|first9=Meegyeong|last10=Strekalov|first10=Dmitry|last11=Harvey|first11=Nate|display-authors=9|date=2014|title=High-resolution lunar gravity fields from the GRAIL Primary and Extended Missions|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=41|issue=5|pages=1452–1458|doi=10.1002/2013GL059066|bibcode=2014GeoRL..41.1452K|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Maps of the gravity field were made.
* The crustal density and porosity were determined.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Wieczorek|first1=M. A.|last2=Neumann|first2=G. A.|last3=Nimmo|first3=F.|last4=Kiefer|first4=W. S.|last5=Taylor|first5=G. J.|last6=Melosh|first6=H. J.|last7=Phillips|first7=R. J.|last8=Solomon|first8=S. C.|last9=Andrews-Hanna|first9=J. C.|last10=Asmar|first10=S. W.|last11=Konopliv|first11=A. S.|display-authors=9|date=2013|title=The Crust of the Moon as Seen by GRAIL|journal=Science|language=en|volume=339|issue=6120|pages=671–675|doi=10.1126/science.1231530|issn=0036-8075|pmc=6693503|pmid=23223394|bibcode=2013Sci...339..671W}}</ref> The crust was fragmented by large ancient impacts.
* Long narrow linear features were found that are interpreted to be ancient tabular intrusions or dikes formed by magma.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Andrews-Hanna|first1=J. C.|last2=Asmar|first2=S. W.|last3=Head|first3=J. W.|last4=Kiefer|first4=W. S.|last5=Konopliv|first5=A. S.|last6=Lemoine|first6=F. G.|last7=Matsuyama|first7=I.|last8=Mazarico|first8=E.|last9=McGovern|first9=P. J.|last10=Melosh|first10=H. J.|last11=Neumann|first11=G. A.|display-authors=9|date=2013|title=Ancient Igneous Intrusions and Early Expansion of the Moon Revealed by GRAIL Gravity Gradiometry|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1231753|journal=Science|language=en|volume=339|issue=6120|pages=675–678|doi=10.1126/science.1231753|pmid=23223393|bibcode=2013Sci...339..675A|s2cid=18004181|issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
*Combining gravity and [[Lunar Laser Ranging experiment|Lunar Laser Ranging]] data gives the 3 principal moments of inertia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=James G.|last2=Konopliv|first2=Alexander S.|last3=Boggs|first3=Dale H.|last4=Park|first4=Ryan S.|last5=Yuan|first5=Dah-Ning|last6=Lemoine|first6=Frank G.|last7=Goossens|first7=Sander|last8=Mazarico|first8=Erwan|last9=Nimmo|first9=Francis|last10=Weber|first10=Renee C.|last11=Asmar|first11=Sami W.|display-authors=9|date=2014|title=Lunar interior properties from the GRAIL mission|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2013JE004559|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets|language=en|volume=119|issue=7|pages=1546–1578|doi=10.1002/2013JE004559|bibcode=2014JGRE..119.1546W|s2cid=7045590 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The moments indicate that a dense core is small.
*Combining gravity and lunar [[Topography of the Moon|Topography]], 74 circular impact basins were identified.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neumann|first1=Gregory A.|last2=Zuber|first2=Maria T.|last3=Wieczorek|first3=Mark A.|last4=Head|first4=James W.|last5=Baker|first5=David M. H.|last6=Solomon|first6=Sean C.|last7=Smith|first7=David E.|last8=Lemoine|first8=Frank G.|last9=Mazarico|first9=Erwan|last10=Sabaka|first10=Terence J.|last11=Goossens|first11=Sander J.|display-authors=9|date=2015|title=Lunar impact basins revealed by Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory measurements|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=1|issue=9|pages=e1500852|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1500852|issn=2375-2548|pmc=4646831|pmid=26601317|bibcode=2015SciA....1E0852N}}</ref> Strong increases in gravity that are associated with circular impact basins are [[Mass concentration (astronomy)|mascons]] discovered by Muller and Sjogren.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Muller|first1=P. M.|last2=Sjogren|first2=W. L.|date=1968|title=Mascons: Lunar Mass Concentrations|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.161.3842.680|journal=Science|language=en|volume=161|issue=3842|pages=680–684|doi=10.1126/science.161.3842.680|pmid=17801458|bibcode=1968Sci...161..680M|s2cid=40110502|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> The strongest gravity anomalies are from basins filled with dense mare material, but the strong gravity also requires that the boundary between the crust and denser mantle be warped upward. Where the crust is thicker, there may be no mare fill but the crust-mantle boundary is still warped upward.
*The radius, density, and rigidity of interior layers is inferred.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Matsuyama|first1=Isamu|last2=Nimmo|first2=Francis|last3=Keane|first3=James T.|last4=Chan|first4=Ngai H.|last5=Taylor|first5=G. Jeffrey|last6=Wieczorek|first6=Mark A.|last7=Kiefer|first7=Walter S.|last8=Williams|first8=James G.|date=2016|title=GRAIL, LLR, and LOLA constraints on the interior structure of the Moon|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2016GL069952|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=43|issue=16|pages=8365–8375|doi=10.1002/2016GL069952|bibcode=2016GeoRL..43.8365M|hdl=10150/621595|s2cid=36834256 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
*The [[Mare Orientale|Orientale basin]] is the youngest and best-preserved impact basin on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zuber|first1=M. T.|last2=Smith|first2=D. E.|last3=Neumann|first3=G. A.|last4=Goossens|first4=S.|last5=Andrews-Hanna|first5=J. C.|last6=Head|first6=J. W.|last7=Kiefer|first7=W. S.|last8=Asmar|first8=S. W.|last9=Konopliv|first9=A. S.|last10=Lemoine|first10=F. G.|last11=Matsuyama|first11=I.|display-authors=9|date=2016|title=Gravity field of the Orientale basin from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory Mission|journal=Science|language=en|volume=354|issue=6311|pages=438–441|doi=10.1126/science.aag0519|issn=0036-8075|pmc=7462089|pmid=27789835|bibcode=2016Sci...354..438Z}}</ref> The gravity field of this 3-ring basin was mapped at high resolution.

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[List of artificial objects on the Moon]]
* [[List of missions to the Moon]]
* [[Satellite gravimetry]]
* [[Selenoid]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|GRAIL}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150525212032/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/grail/missionoverview.cfm GRAIL: Mission] [[NASA]]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/main/index.html NASA GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126002928/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/main/index.html |date=2022-11-26 }} &ndash; mission home page
* [http://moon.mit.edu/index.html MIT GRAIL Home Page]
* [https://science.nasa.gov/missions/grail/ NASA Science Missions: GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy5wqdieE3I NASA 360 New Worlds New Discoveries 2/2] Retrieved 6/3/2011.
* [https://archive.today/20111018213719/http://www.keefermadness.com/2011/09/behind-the-scenes-of-my-nasa-grail-experience-day-one-am/ Behind The Scenes of My NASA GRAIL Experience – Day One (AM)]

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[[Category:Discovery Program]]
[[Category:Space probes launched in 2011]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Destroyed space probes]]
[[Category:NASA space probes|G]]
[[Category:Spacecraft that orbited the Moon]]
[[Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:2012 on the Moon]]
[[Category:Twin satellites]]
[[Category:Gravimetry]]

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