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The genomes of many giant viruses encode many unusual genes that are not found in other viruses, including genes involved in [[glycolysis]] and the [[TCA cycle]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moniruzzaman M, Martinez-Gutierrez CA, Weinheimer AR, Aylward FO | title = Dynamic genome evolution and complex virocell metabolism of globally-distributed giant viruses | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1710 | date = 2020 | page = 1710 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-15507-2 | pmid = 32249765 | pmc = 7136201 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.1710M }}</ref> fermentation,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schvarcz CR, Steward GF | title = A giant virus infecting green algae encodes key fermentation genes | journal = Virology | date = 2018 | volume = 518 | pages = 423–433 | doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.010 | pmid = 29649682 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and the [[cytoskeleton]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Da Cunha V, Gaia M, Ogata H, Jaillon O, Delmont TO, Patrick Forterre P | title = Giant viruses encode novel types of actins possibly related to the origin of eukaryotic actin: the viractins | journal = bioRxiv | year = 2020 | doi = 10.1101/2020.06.16.150565 | s2cid = 219947620 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ha AD, Moniruzzaman M, Aylward FO | title = High Transcriptional Activity and Diverse Functional Repertoires of Hundreds of Giant Viruses in a Coastal Marine System | journal = mSystems | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | date = 2021 | pages = e0029321 | doi = 10.1128/mSystems.00293-21 | pmid = 34254826| pmc = 8407384 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kijima S, Delmont TO, Miyazaki U, Gaia M, Endo H, Ogata H |title=Discovery of Viral Myosin Genes With Complex Evolutionary History Within Plankton |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=7 June 2021 |volume=12 |pages=683294 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.683294|pmid=34163457 |pmc=8215601 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
The genomes of many giant viruses encode many unusual genes that are not found in other viruses, including genes involved in [[glycolysis]] and the [[TCA cycle]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moniruzzaman M, Martinez-Gutierrez CA, Weinheimer AR, Aylward FO | title = Dynamic genome evolution and complex virocell metabolism of globally-distributed giant viruses | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1710 | date = 2020 | page = 1710 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-15507-2 | pmid = 32249765 | pmc = 7136201 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.1710M }}</ref> fermentation,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schvarcz CR, Steward GF | title = A giant virus infecting green algae encodes key fermentation genes | journal = Virology | date = 2018 | volume = 518 | pages = 423–433 | doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.010 | pmid = 29649682 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and the [[cytoskeleton]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Da Cunha V, Gaia M, Ogata H, Jaillon O, Delmont TO, Patrick Forterre P | title = Giant viruses encode novel types of actins possibly related to the origin of eukaryotic actin: the viractins | journal = bioRxiv | year = 2020 | doi = 10.1101/2020.06.16.150565 | s2cid = 219947620 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ha AD, Moniruzzaman M, Aylward FO | title = High Transcriptional Activity and Diverse Functional Repertoires of Hundreds of Giant Viruses in a Coastal Marine System | journal = mSystems | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | date = 2021 | pages = e0029321 | doi = 10.1128/mSystems.00293-21 | pmid = 34254826| pmc = 8407384 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kijima S, Delmont TO, Miyazaki U, Gaia M, Endo H, Ogata H |title=Discovery of Viral Myosin Genes With Complex Evolutionary History Within Plankton |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=7 June 2021 |volume=12 |pages=683294 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.683294|pmid=34163457 |pmc=8215601 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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=== Confusing Genes === |
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[[File:CroV TEM.jpg|thumb|Cryo-EM images of the giant viruses [[CroV]] and [[APMV]]. (A) Cryo-electron micrograph of four CroV particles. (B) Single CroV particle with concave core depression (white arrow). (C) Single APMV particle. Scale bars in (A–C) represent 2,000 Å. ]] |
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What is confusing is the fact that there are so many genes inside of a girus. Normally, viruses are nothing more than an outer membrane and a little [[DNA]] that is just enough to replicate itself. That's it. No will, no ambition, no emotions, no real life. But giruses have a lot more genes than a normal virus. Some genes scientists don't even know what they do! Others are needed to get [[oxygen]], to [[Photosynthesis|photosynthesize]], to move or to just be alive. Some giruses are even seen to seem to have a certain amount of self-propulsion, like the [[pandoravirus]]. And still they don't seem to be alive. This is one of the mysteries that science just can't solve.[[File:CroV TEM.jpg|thumb|Cryo-EM images of the giant viruses [[CroV]] and [[APMV]]. (A) Cryo-electron micrograph of four CroV particles. (B) Single CroV particle with concave core depression (white arrow). (C) Single APMV particle. Scale bars in (A–C) represent 2,000 Å. ]] |
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=== Hunt For Prey === |
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Giant viruses hunt [[Protist|protists]], [[bacteria]] and [[Amoeba|amoebas]]. They use the host cell's defense systems to get inside. They then create a large spheroidal [[viroplasm]] or a virus factory located within the [[cytoplasm]] of the infected host cell in which they replicate. They force the host cell to use all it's resources to make more giruses inside the viroplasm. They are even able to make a defensive membrane around the virus factory. When there are a lot of giruses already, they force the host to explode and release the giruses that it created. This is similar to the replication mechanism used by ''[[Poxviridae]].'' |
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== Virophages == |
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Even though giruses are very big, there are still viruses that hunt them. [[Virophage]] [[satellite virus]]es,such as Sputnik 1, ride with the giruses as they enter a victim amoeba. Inside the amoeba, the virophages implement their [[DNA]] to the girus's viroplasm, making the girus make only a few copies of itself, which are mostly incomplete. Instead, the viroplasm makes more virophages. In the end, the victim still dies, but the new virophages go out to find more giruses to hijack. |
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=== Defense Against Giruses === |
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The victims of giruses still are not undefended though. Some protists have learned to defend themselves by adding the [[DNA]] of virophages to their DNA. When a girus infects this protist, the protist makes some virophages that use the viroplasm to their own uses. The protist still dies, but instead of making more giruses to kill it's companions, virophages go on the hunt for giruses. |
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[[File:Journal.pbio.3001430.g002.png|thumb|Phylogeny of Nucleocytoviricota <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Aylward FO, Moniruzzaman M, Ha AD, Koonin EV|title=A phylogenomic framework for charting the diversity and evolution of giant viruses|journal=PLOS Biology|date= 2021|volume=19|issue=10|pages=e3001430|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001430|pmid=34705818|pmc=8575486 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]] |
[[File:Journal.pbio.3001430.g002.png|thumb|Phylogeny of Nucleocytoviricota <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors = Aylward FO, Moniruzzaman M, Ha AD, Koonin EV|title=A phylogenomic framework for charting the diversity and evolution of giant viruses|journal=PLOS Biology|date= 2021|volume=19|issue=10|pages=e3001430|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001430|pmid=34705818|pmc=8575486 |doi-access=free }}</ref>]] |
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