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==Genetics and evolution== |
==Genetics and evolution== |
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The genomes of giant viruses are the largest known for viruses, and contain genes that encode for important elements of [[Translation (biology)|translation]] machinery, a characteristic that had previously been believed to be indicative of cellular organisms. These genes include multiple genes encoding a number of [[aminoacyl tRNA synthetase]]s, enzymes that catalyze the [[esterification]] of specific amino acids or their precursors to their corresponding cognate [[tRNA]]s to form an [[aminoacyl tRNA]] that is then used during translation.<ref name=Comm-005-1/> The presence of four aminoacyl tRNA synthetase encoding genes in mimivirus and [[mamavirus]] genomes, both species within the ''Mimiviridae'' family, as well as the discovery of seven aminoacyl tRNA synthetase genes |
The genomes of giant viruses are the largest known for viruses, and contain genes that encode for important elements of [[Translation (biology)|translation]] machinery, a characteristic that had previously been believed to be indicative of cellular organisms. These genes include multiple genes encoding a number of [[aminoacyl tRNA synthetase]]s, enzymes that catalyze the [[esterification]] of specific amino acids or their precursors to their corresponding cognate [[tRNA]]s to form an [[aminoacyl tRNA]] that is then used during translation.<ref name=Comm-005-1/> The presence of four aminoacyl tRNA synthetase encoding genes in mimivirus and [[mamavirus]] genomes, both species within the ''Mimiviridae'' family, as well as the discovery of seven aminoacyl tRNA synthetase genes, including the four genes present in ''Mimiviridae'', in the megavirus genome provide evidence for a possible scenario in which these large DNA viruses evolved from a shared ancestral cellular genome by means of [[Genome size#Genome reduction|genome reduction]].<ref name=Comm-005-1/> |
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Their discovery and subsequent characterization has triggered some debate concerning the evolutionary origins of giant viruses. The two main hypotheses for their origin are that either they evolved from small viruses, picking up DNA from host organisms, or that they evolved from very complicated organisms into the current form which is not self-sufficient for reproduction.<ref>{{cite news | first = Rae Ellen | last = Bichell | name-list-style = vanc | title = In Giant Virus Genes, Hints About Their Mysterious Origin | url = https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/04/06/522478901/in-giant-virus-genes-hints-about-their-mysterious-origin | work = All Things Considered }}</ref> What sort of complicated organism giant viruses might have diverged from is also a topic of debate. One proposal is that the origin point actually represents a fourth [[Three-domain system|domain]] of life,<ref name=Comm-005-1/> but this has been largely discounted.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schulz F, Yutin N, Ivanova NN, Ortega DR, Lee TK, Vierheilig J, Daims H, Horn M, Wagner M, Jensen GJ, Kyrpides NC, Koonin EV, Woyke T | title = Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components | journal = Science | volume = 356 | issue = 6333 | pages = 82–85 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28386012 | doi = 10.1126/science.aal4657 | bibcode = 2017Sci...356...82S | s2cid = 206655792 | url = https://escholarship.org/content/qt0kf9t6gn/qt0kf9t6gn.pdf?t=oruwia | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bäckström D, Yutin N, Jørgensen SL, Dharamshi J, Homa F, Zaremba-Niedwiedzka K, Spang A, Wolf YI, Koonin EV, Ettema TJ | title = Virus Genomes from Deep Sea Sediments Expand the Ocean Megavirome and Support Independent Origins of Viral Gigantism | journal = mBio | volume = 10 | issue = 2 |pages=e02497-02418 | date = March 2019 | doi = 10.1128/mBio.02497-18 | pmid = 30837339 | pmc = 6401483 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yutin N, Wolf Y, Koonin EV | title = Origin of giant viruses from smaller DNA viruses not from a fourth domain of cellular life | journal = Virology | volume = 466–467 | issue = 2014 |pages=38–52 | date = 2014 | doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.032 | pmid = 25042053 |pmc=4325995 }}</ref> |
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==Comparison of largest known giant viruses== |
==Comparison of largest known giant viruses== |
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Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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