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During the [[Finnish War]] between Sweden and Russia, the [[Riksdag of the Estates|four Estates]] of occupied Finland were assembled at the [[Diet of Porvoo]] on 29 March 1809 to pledge allegiance to ''[[Tsar]]'' [[Alexander I of Russia]], who in return guaranteed that the area's laws and liberties, as well as religion, would be left unchanged. Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the [[Treaty of Fredrikshamn]] on 17 September 1809, Finland became a true [[Autonomous entity|autonomous]] grand duchy within the [[Russian Empire]]; but the usual balance of power between monarch and diet resting on taxation was not in place, since the [[Emperor of Russia|emperor]] could rely on the rest of his vast empire. The title "Grand Duke of Finland" was added to the long list of titles of the Russian tsar. |
During the [[Finnish War]] between Sweden and Russia, the [[Riksdag of the Estates|four Estates]] of occupied Finland were assembled at the [[Diet of Porvoo]] on 29 March 1809 to pledge allegiance to ''[[Tsar]]'' [[Alexander I of Russia]], who in return guaranteed that the area's laws and liberties, as well as religion, would be left unchanged. Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the [[Treaty of Fredrikshamn]] on 17 September 1809, Finland became a true [[Autonomous entity|autonomous]] grand duchy within the [[Russian Empire]]; but the usual balance of power between monarch and diet resting on taxation was not in place, since the [[Emperor of Russia|emperor]] could rely on the rest of his vast empire. The title "Grand Duke of Finland" was added to the long list of titles of the Russian tsar. |
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After his return to Finland in 1812, the Finnish-born [[Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt]] became counsellor to the Russian emperor. Armfelt was instrumental in securing the grand duchy as an entity with relatively greater autonomy within the Russian realm, and acquiring so-called [[Old Finland]] that Russia had annexed from Sweden in the [[Treaty of Nystad]] (1721) and the [[Treaty of Åbo]] (1743).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tieteessatapahtuu.fi/982/knapas.html |title=Ajankohtainen Armfelt |last1=Knapas |first1=Rainer |date=2014 |website=Tieteessä tapahtuu |language=fi |access-date=2016-04-30 |
After his return to Finland in 1812, the Finnish-born [[Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt]] became counsellor to the Russian emperor. Armfelt was instrumental in securing the grand duchy as an entity with relatively greater autonomy within the Russian realm, and acquiring so-called [[Old Finland]] that Russia had annexed from Sweden in the [[Treaty of Nystad]] (1721) and the [[Treaty of Åbo]] (1743).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tieteessatapahtuu.fi/982/knapas.html |title=Ajankohtainen Armfelt |last1= Knapas |first1= Rainer |date=2014 |website= Tieteessä tapahtuu |language=fi |access-date=2016-04-30}}</ref> |
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===Beginning of the Grand Duchy=== |
===Beginning of the Grand Duchy=== |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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