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{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}} |
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}} |
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{{Infobox U.S. legislation |
{{Infobox U.S. legislation |
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| shorttitle = Hawaii Admission Act |
| shorttitle = Hawaii Admission Act |
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| othershorttitles = |
| othershorttitles = |
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| longtitle = An Act to provide for the admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union. |
| longtitle = An Act to provide for the admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union. |
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| colloquialacronym = |
| colloquialacronym = |
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| nickname = Hawaii Statehood |
| nickname = Hawaii Statehood |
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| enacted by = 86th |
| enacted by = 86th |
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| effective date = March 18, 1959 |
| effective date = March 18, 1959 |
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| public law url = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-73/pdf/STATUTE-73-Pg4.pdf |
| public law url = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-73/pdf/STATUTE-73-Pg4.pdf |
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| cite public law = 86-3 |
| cite public law = 86-3 |
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| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|73|4}} |
| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|73|4}} |
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| acts amended = |
| acts amended = |
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| acts repealed = |
| acts repealed = |
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| title amended = <!--US code titles changed--> |
| title amended = <!--US code titles changed--> |
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| sections created = <!--{{USC}} can be used--> |
| sections created = <!--{{USC}} can be used--> |
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| sections amended = |
| sections amended = |
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| leghisturl = |
| leghisturl = |
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| introducedin = Senate |
| introducedin = Senate |
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| introducedbill = {{USBill|86|S.|50}} |
| introducedbill = {{USBill|86|S.|50}} |
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| introducedby = <!--sponsor(s)--> |
| introducedby = <!--sponsor(s)--> |
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| introduceddate = |
| introduceddate = |
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| committees = |
| committees = |
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| passedbody1 = Senate |
| passedbody1 = Senate |
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| passeddate1 = March 11, 1959 |
| passeddate1 = March 11, 1959 |
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| passedvote1 = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1959/s21 |
| passedvote1 = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1959/s21 76-15] |
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| passedbody2 = House |
| passedbody2 = House |
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| passedas2 = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation --> |
| passedas2 = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation --> |
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| passeddate2 = March 12, 1959 |
| passeddate2 = March 12, 1959 |
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| passedvote2 = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1959/h6 |
| passedvote2 = [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/86-1959/h6 323-89], in lieu of {{USBill|86|H.R.|4221}} |
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| conferencedate = |
| conferencedate = |
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| passedbody3 = |
| passedbody3 = |
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| passeddate3 = |
| passeddate3 = |
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| passedvote3 = |
| passedvote3 = |
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| agreedbody3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee --> |
| agreedbody3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee --> |
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| agreeddate3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee --> |
| agreeddate3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee --> |
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| agreedvote3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee --> |
| agreedvote3 = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee --> |
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| agreedbody4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation --> |
| agreedbody4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation --> |
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| agreeddate4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation --> |
| agreeddate4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation --> |
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| agreedvote4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation --> |
| agreedvote4 = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation --> |
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| passedbody4 = |
| passedbody4 = |
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| passeddate4 = |
| passeddate4 = |
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| passedvote4 = |
| passedvote4 = |
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| signedpresident = |
| signedpresident = Dwight D. Eisenhower |
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| signeddate = March 18, 1959 |
| signeddate = March 18, 1959 |
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| unsignedpresident = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing --> |
| unsignedpresident = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing --> |
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| unsigneddate = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing --> |
| unsigneddate = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing --> |
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| vetoedpresident = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
| vetoedpresident = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
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| vetoeddate = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
| vetoeddate = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
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| overriddenbody1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
| overriddenbody1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
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| overriddendate1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
| overriddendate1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
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| overriddendate2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
| overriddendate2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
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| overriddenvote2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
| overriddenvote2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto --> |
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| amendments = |
| amendments = |
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| SCOTUS cases = |
| SCOTUS cases = |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Admission Act''', formally '''An Act to Provide for the Admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union''' ({{USStatute|86|3|73|4|1959|03|18}}) is a [[statute]] enacted by the [[United States Congress]] and signed into law by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] which dissolved the [[Territory of Hawaii]] and established the [[Hawaii|State of Hawaii]] as the 50th [[U.S. state|state]] to be [[admission to the Union|admitted into the Union]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=11686 |title=Dwight D. Eisenhower: "Statement by the President Upon Signing the Hawaii Statehood Bill.," March 18, 1959 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |publisher = University of California – Santa Barbara |work= The American Presidency Project | |
The '''Admission Act''', formally '''An Act to Provide for the Admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union''' ({{USStatute|86|3|73|4|1959|03|18}}) is a [[statute]] enacted by the [[United States Congress]] and signed into law by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] which dissolved the [[Territory of Hawaii]] and established the [[Hawaii|State of Hawaii]] as the 50th [[U.S. state|state]] to be [[admission to the Union|admitted into the Union]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=11686 |title=Dwight D. Eisenhower: "Statement by the President Upon Signing the Hawaii Statehood Bill.," March 18, 1959 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |publisher = University of California – Santa Barbara |work= The American Presidency Project |accessdate= 3 April 2014}}</ref> Statehood became effective on August 21, 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim | title=48 USC 3 Hawaii}}</ref> Hawaii remains the most recent state to join the United States. |
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==Hawaii statehood and international law== |
==Hawaii statehood and international law== |
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Prior to 1959, Hawaii was an [[Organized incorporated territories of the United States|organized incorporated territory of the United States |
Prior to 1959, Hawaii was an [[Organized incorporated territories of the United States|organized incorporated territory of the United States]]. In 1946, the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories|listed]] Hawaii as a non-self-governing territory under the administration of the United States (Resolution 55(I) of 1946-12-14). Also listed as non-self-governing territories under the jurisdiction of the United States were [[Alaska Territory]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[Virgin Islands]]. |
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==Statehood vote== |
==Statehood vote== |
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Out of a total population of 600,000 in the islands and 155,000 registered voters, 140,000 votes were cast, the highest turnout ever in Hawaii. The vote showed approval rates of at least 93% by voters on all major islands. Of the approximately 140,000 votes cast, fewer than 8,000 rejected the Admission Act of 1959. |
Out of a total population of 600,000 in the islands and 155,000 registered voters, 140,000 votes were cast, the highest turnout ever in Hawaii. The vote showed approval rates of at least 93% by voters on all major islands. Of the approximately 140,000 votes cast, fewer than 8,000 rejected the Admission Act of 1959. |
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==Opposition to statehood== |
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The acceptance of statehood for Hawaii was not without its share of controversy. There were Native Hawaiians who protested against statehood. Prior to admission, various bills creating the state were stalled in congressional hearings since the early 1900s. There was a fear of establishing a state |
The acceptance of statehood for Hawaii was not without its share of controversy. There were Native Hawaiians who protested against statehood. Prior to admission, various bills creating the state were stalled in congressional hearings since the early 1900s. There was a fear of establishing a state that was governed byan ethnic minority, namely the large [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] population. Some lawmakers worried about the {{cl-span|adhesion|date=April 2019}} of Hawaii's residents to the United States, in light of protests and possibly split loyalties. |
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Upon the election of [[John A. Burns]] from the [[Hawaii Democratic Party]] as delegate of the Territory of Hawaii to Congress, southern leaders charged that Burns' election was evidence of Hawaii as a haven for [[communism]]. Burns, in 1959, would reflect on the obstacles against the statehood campaign and place more emphasis on the resistance to statehood in the islands, rather than in Washington itself. |
Upon the election of [[John A. Burns]] from the [[Hawaii Democratic Party]] as delegate of the Territory of Hawaii to Congress, southern leaders charged that Burns' election was evidence of Hawaii as a haven for [[communism]]. Burns, in 1959, would reflect on the obstacles against the statehood campaign and place more emphasis on the resistance to statehood in the islands, rather than in Washington itself. |
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===Southern lawmakers=== |
===Southern lawmakers=== |
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Burns was involved in vigorous lobbying of his colleagues persuading them that the race-based objections were unfair and charges that [[Communist Party of Hawaii|Communist]] sympathizers controlled Hawaii were false.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Upon leaving her seat as delegate from Hawaii, [[Elizabeth P. Farrington]] said, "Of course, |
Burns was involved in vigorous lobbying of his colleagues persuading them that the race-based objections were unfair and charges that [[Communist Party of Hawaii|Communist]] sympathizers controlled Hawaii were false.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Burns worked especially hard with the southern Democrats, led by [[Lyndon Johnson]], who blocked the various Hawaii statehood bills.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Upon leaving her seat as delegate from Hawaii, [[Elizabeth P. Farrington]] said, "Of course, Lyndon Johnson was no friend of statehood." Farrington added, "There were 22 times when he voted against us. He did everything he could, because he was representing the Southern racial opposition."{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} She claimed Johnson had a fear that Hawaii would send representatives and senators to Congress who would oppose [[Racial segregation|segregation]], in spite of Johnson's record as a supporter of civil rights for blacks.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Johnson ultimately changed his position and voted in favorofstatehood for Hawaii. |
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===Alice Kamokila Campbell=== |
===Alice Kamokila Campbell=== |
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On the 53rd anniversary of the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, January 17, 1946, Territorial Senator |
On the 53rd anniversary of the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, January 17, 1946, Territorial Senator Alice Kamokila Campbell, one of the few voices that opposed statehood for Hawaii, offered her testimony to the joint congressional committee sent to investigate and report on statehood. Kamokila Campbell testified at Iolani Palace in front of a small crowd of 600 to frequent applause. There she stated. |
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</blockquote> |
</blockquote> |
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In 1947 |
In 1947 Kamokila Campbell opened the Anti-Statehood Clearing House, where she sent "anti-statehood information, reports and arguments to congress."<ref>September 18, 1947, Honolulu Star-Bulletin</ref> |
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On March 29, 1949, Kamokila Campbell successfully sued the Hawaii Statehood Commission, to stop them from spending public money to lobby for statehood, invalidating a single section of the Act which created the Hawaii Statehood Commission.<ref> |
On March 29, 1949, Kamokila Campbell successfully sued the Hawaii Statehood Commission, to stop them from spending public money to lobby for statehood, invalidating a single section of the Act which created the Hawaii Statehood Commission.<ref>Campbell v. Stainback, et al., 1948</ref> |
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==Formation of the state== |
==Formation of the state== |
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{{Wikisource|Admission Act for Hawaii}} |
{{Wikisource|Admission Act for Hawaii}} |
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{{Dwight D. Eisenhower}} |
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[[Category:Legal history of Hawaii]] |
[[Category:Legal history of Hawaii]] |
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