The summary should not claim 6 people were killed. That is both unsourced and untrue. cf. videos of the explosion and the destroyed village.
Tags: Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit
|
Contradictory statements relying on Chinese state media
Tags: Reverted Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit
|
||
Line 52: | Line 52: | ||
In 1992 and 1993, [[Space Systems/Loral]] received licenses from the [[United States Department of State]] to launch [[Intelsat]] satellites on Chinese rockets. At that time, satellite components were still under [[International Traffic in Arms Regulations]] (ITAR); they would be transferred in stages to the [[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]] between 1992 and 1996.<ref name="zinger2014">{{cite report|last1=Zinger|first1=Kurtis J.|title=An Overreaction that Destroyed an Industry: The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Satellite Export Controls|date=2014 |url=http://lawreview.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/13.-86.1-Zinger_Final.pdf}}</ref> The Intelsat 708 satellite was to be launched into geostationary orbit aboard a [[Long March 3B]] launch vehicle. |
In 1992 and 1993, [[Space Systems/Loral]] received licenses from the [[United States Department of State]] to launch [[Intelsat]] satellites on Chinese rockets. At that time, satellite components were still under [[International Traffic in Arms Regulations]] (ITAR); they would be transferred in stages to the [[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]] between 1992 and 1996.<ref name="zinger2014">{{cite report|last1=Zinger|first1=Kurtis J.|title=An Overreaction that Destroyed an Industry: The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Satellite Export Controls|date=2014 |url=http://lawreview.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/13.-86.1-Zinger_Final.pdf}}</ref> The Intelsat 708 satellite was to be launched into geostationary orbit aboard a [[Long March 3B]] launch vehicle. |
||
On February 15, 1996, the [[Long March 3B]] launch vehicle failed during launch, veering off course immediately after liftoff and crashing into a village near the launch site (probably [[Mayelin Village]]).<ref name="ChenLan2">{{cite web|last=Lan|first=Chen|title=Mist around the CZ-3B disaster, Part 2|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2326/1|publisher=The Space Review|date=8 July 2013}}</ref> An enormous explosion destroyed most of the rocket and killed an |
On February 15, 1996, the [[Long March 3B]] launch vehicle failed during launch, veering off course immediately after liftoff and crashing into a village near the launch site (probably [[Mayelin Village]]).<ref name="ChenLan2">{{cite web|last=Lan|first=Chen|title=Mist around the CZ-3B disaster, Part 2|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2326/1|publisher=The Space Review|date=8 July 2013}}</ref> An enormous explosion destroyed most of the rocket and killed an untold number of inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.house.gov/coxreport/body/ch6bod.html|title=Satellite Launches in the PRC|access-date=23 May 2012 |author=Select Committee of the United States House of Representatives|date=3 January 1999|publisher=U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051110020454/http://www.house.gov/coxreport/body/ch6bod.html|archive-date=10 November 2005|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> |
||
|
The Chinese government, lying through its official [[Xinhua]] news agency, reported that only six people were killed and 57 injured. Western media speculated that between hundreds or thousands of innocent people were killed in the crash; many more were wounded. "Hundreds, if not thousands", of people were seen to gather outside the centre's main gate near the crash site the night before launch.<ref name="ChenLan1"/> When reporters were being taken away from the site, they found that most buildings had sustained serious damage or had been flattened completely.<ref name="ChenLan1">{{cite web|last=Lan|first=Chen|title=Mist around the CZ-3B disaster, Part 1|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2323/1|publisher=The Space Review|access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> Some eyewitnesses were noted as having seen hundreds flatbed trucks filled with charred chinese, being taken to the local landfill.<ref name="ChenLan1"/> |
||
Bruce Campbell of [[Astrotech Corporation|Astrotech]] and other American eyewitnesses in Xichang reported that the satellite post-crash was surprisingly intact, along with the opinion that the official death toll only reflects those in the military who were caught by the disaster and not the civilian population. In the years to follow, the village that used to border the launch center has vanished with little trace it ever existed.<ref name="zak2013">{{cite news|last1=Zak|first1=Anatoly|title=Disaster at Xichang|url=http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/disaster-at-xichang-2873673/|magazine=Air & Space Magazine |date=February 2013}}</ref |
Bruce Campbell of [[Astrotech Corporation|Astrotech]] and other American eyewitnesses in Xichang reported that the American satellite post-crash was surprisingly intact, along with the opinion that the official death toll only reflects those in the military who were caught by the disaster and not the civilian population. In the years to follow, the village that used to border the launch center has vanished with little trace it ever existed.<ref name="zak2013">{{cite news|last1=Zak|first1=Anatoly|title=Disaster at Xichang|url=http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/disaster-at-xichang-2873673/|magazine=Air & Space Magazine |date=February 2013}}</ref> |
||
== Investigation == |
== Investigation == |
![]() |
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
File:Intelsat708.jpg
The Long March 3B rocket carrying the Intelsat 708 satellite begins to deviate from its course immediately after launch.
| |
Names | IS 708 |
---|---|
Mission type | Communications |
Operator | Intelsat |
Mission duration | 15 years (planned) Failed to orbit |
Spacecraft properties | |
Spacecraft type | Intelsat VII-A |
Bus | LS-1300 |
Manufacturer | Space Systems/Loral |
Launch mass | 4,180 kg (9,220 lb) |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | February 15, 1996 3:00 AM |
Rocket | Long March 3B |
Launch site | Xichang, LC-2 |
Contractor | China Great Wall Industry Corporation |
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Geocentric orbit (planned) |
Regime | Geostationary orbit |
Transponders | |
Band | 26C-band 14Ku-band |
Intelsat VII
|
Intelsat 708 was a telecommunications satellite built by the American company Space Systems/Loral for Intelsat. It was destroyed on February 15, 1996 when the Long March 3B launch vehicle failed while being launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch CenterinChina. The launch vehicle veered off course immediately after liftoff and decimated a nearby village.
The accident investigation identified a failure in the guidance system of the Long March 3B. After the Intelsat 708 accident, the Long March rockets greatly increased in reliability and did not experience another mission failure until 2011. However, the participation of American companies in the Intelsat 708 and Apstar 2 investigations caused great political controversy in the United States. A U.S. government investigation found that the information in the report had been illegally transferred to China. Satellite technology was subsequently reclassified as a munition and placed under ITAR restrictions, blocking its export to China. In 2002, Space Systems/Loral paid US$20 million to settle charges of violating export controls.[1]
In 1992 and 1993, Space Systems/Loral received licenses from the United States Department of State to launch Intelsat satellites on Chinese rockets. At that time, satellite components were still under International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR); they would be transferred in stages to the U.S. Department of Commerce between 1992 and 1996.[1] The Intelsat 708 satellite was to be launched into geostationary orbit aboard a Long March 3B launch vehicle.
On February 15, 1996, the Long March 3B launch vehicle failed during launch, veering off course immediately after liftoff and crashing into a village near the launch site (probably Mayelin Village).[2] An enormous explosion destroyed most of the rocket and killed an untold number of inhabitants.[3]
The Chinese government, lying through its official Xinhua news agency, reported that only six people were killed and 57 injured. Western media speculated that between hundreds or thousands of innocent people were killed in the crash; many more were wounded. "Hundreds, if not thousands", of people were seen to gather outside the centre's main gate near the crash site the night before launch.[4] When reporters were being taken away from the site, they found that most buildings had sustained serious damage or had been flattened completely.[4] Some eyewitnesses were noted as having seen hundreds flatbed trucks filled with charred chinese, being taken to the local landfill.[4]
Bruce Campbell of Astrotech and other American eyewitnesses in Xichang reported that the American satellite post-crash was surprisingly intact, along with the opinion that the official death toll only reflects those in the military who were caught by the disaster and not the civilian population. In the years to follow, the village that used to border the launch center has vanished with little trace it ever existed.[5]
After the launch failure, the Chinese investigation found that the inertial measurement unit had failed. However, the satellite insurance companies insisted on an Independent Review Committee (IRC) as a condition of providing insurance for future Chinese satellite launches. Loral, Hughes, and other U.S. aerospace companies participated in the Review Committee, which issued a report in May 1996 that identified a different cause of the failure in the inertial measurement unit. The Chinese report was then changed to match the findings of the Review Committee.[1] As a result of the investigation, the Long March rocket family improved in reliability and did not experience another mission failure until August 2011.
In 1997, the U.S. Defense Technology Security Administration found that China had obtained "significant benefit" from the Review Committee and could improve their "launch vehicles ... ballistic missiles and in particular their guidance systems". In 1998, the U.S. Congress reclassified satellite technology as a munition that was subject to ITAR, returning export control from the Commerce Department to the State Department. In 2002, Loral paid US$20 million in fines and compliance expenses to settle allegations of violating export control regulations.[1]
No export licenses to China have been issued since 1996, and an official at the Bureau of Industry and Security emphasized in 2016 that "no U.S.-origin content, regardless of significance, regardless of whether it's incorporated into a foreign-made item, can go to China".[6]
Intelsat 708 contained sophisticated communications and encryption technology. Members of the Loral security team braved the toxic environment around the crash site to recover sensitive components, returning with complaints of bulging eyes and severe headaches requiring oxygen therapy. They were initially reported by the U.S. Department of Defense monitor to have succeeded in recovering "the [satellite's] encryption-decryption equipment".[7] It later became clear that the most sensitive FAC-3R circuit boards were not recovered, but, "...were mounted near the hydrazine propellant tanks and most likely were destroyed in the explosion... Because the FAC-3R boards on Intelsat 708 were uniquely keyed, the National Security Agency (NSA) remains convinced that there is no risk to other satellite systems, now or in the future, resulting from having not recovering the FAC-3R boards from the PRC".[8]
| |
---|---|
| |
Intelsat I, II, III |
|
Intelsat IV |
|
Intelsat V |
|
Intelsat VI |
|
Intelsat 7-10 |
|
ex-PanAmSat |
|
Recent Intelsat |
|
Galaxy (Intelsat Americas) |
|
Other |
|
| |
---|---|
January |
|
February |
|
March |
|
April |
|
May |
|
June |
|
July |
|
August |
|
September |
|
October |
|
November |
|
December |
|
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). |