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{{Ethnic New York City (sidebar)}} |
{{Ethnic New York City (sidebar)}} |
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New York City has the largest population of [[Italian Americans]] in the [[United States]] as well as [[North America]], many of whom inhabit ethnic enclaves in [[Brooklyn]], [[the Bronx]], [[Manhattan]], [[Queens]], and [[Staten Island]]. New York is home to the third largest Italian population outside of [[Italy]], behind [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] (first) and [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] (second). Over 2.6 million<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas|url=https://statisticalatlas.com/metro-area/New-York/New-York/Ancestry|access-date=2021-01-05|website=statisticalatlas.com}}</ref> Italians and Italian-Americans live in the greater New York metro area, with about 800,000 living within one of the five New York City boroughs. This makes Italian Americans the largest ethnic group in the New York metro area. |
New York City has the largest population of [[Italian Americans]] in the [[United States|United States of America]] as well as [[North America]], many of whom inhabit ethnic enclaves in [[Brooklyn]], [[the Bronx]], [[Manhattan]], [[Queens]], and [[Staten Island]]. New York is home to the third largest Italian population outside of [[Italy]], behind [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] (first) and [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] (second). Over 2.6 million<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas|url=https://statisticalatlas.com/metro-area/New-York/New-York/Ancestry|access-date=2021-01-05|website=statisticalatlas.com}}</ref> Italians and Italian-Americans live in the greater New York metro area, with about 800,000 living within one of the five New York City boroughs. This makes Italian Americans the largest ethnic group in the New York metro area. |
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[[Fiorello La Guardia]] was mayor of New York City 1934-1946 as a Republican. A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]] saw La Guardia ranked as the best American big-city mayor to serve between the years 1820 and 1993.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Holli | first = Melvin G. | title = The American Mayor | publisher = PSU Press | year = 1999 | location = University Park | url = https://archive.org/details/americanmayorbes0000holl | isbn = 0-271-01876-3 }}</ref> |
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The first Italian to reside in New York was [[Pietro Cesare Alberti]],<ref name=ItalianHistoricalPage>{{cite web|url=http://www.italianhistorical.org/page63.html|title=Peter Caesar Alberti|access-date=June 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914161128/http://www.italianhistorical.org/page63.html|archive-date=September 14, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> a [[Venice, Italy|Venetian]] seaman who, in 1635, settled in the Dutch colony of [[New Amsterdam]] that would eventually become [[New York City|New York]]. A small wave of Protestants, known as [[Waldensians]], who were of French and northern Italian heritage (specifically Piedmontese), occurred during the 17th century, with the majority coming between 1654 and 1663.<ref>Memorials of the Huguenots in America, by Ammon Stapleton, page 42</ref> A 1671 Dutch record indicates that, in 1656 alone, the [[Duchy of Savoy]] near [[Turin]], Italy, had exiled 300 Waldensians due to their Protestant faith. |
The first Italian to reside in New York was [[Pietro Cesare Alberti]],<ref name=ItalianHistoricalPage>{{cite web|url=http://www.italianhistorical.org/page63.html|title=Peter Caesar Alberti|access-date=June 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914161128/http://www.italianhistorical.org/page63.html|archive-date=September 14, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> a [[Venice, Italy|Venetian]] seaman who, in 1635, settled in the Dutch colony of [[New Amsterdam]] that would eventually become [[New York City|New York]]. A small wave of Protestants, known as [[Waldensians]], who were of French and northern Italian heritage (specifically Piedmontese), occurred during the 17th century, with the majority coming between 1654 and 1663.<ref>Memorials of the Huguenots in America, by Ammon Stapleton, page 42</ref> A 1671 Dutch record indicates that, in 1656 alone, the [[Duchy of Savoy]] near [[Turin]], Italy, had exiled 300 Waldensians due to their Protestant faith. |
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==Occupations== |
==Occupations== |
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The Italians who arrived in large numbers from 1880 to 1914 were poor peasants with few skills. According to Samuel Baily, three in four worked in manual labor jobs, such as construction, transportation, factory work, or domestic service, during both the years 1880 and 1905. These jobs were mostly unskilled or semi-skilled. The remaining 25% consisted mainly of low-income white-collar workers like peddlers and barbers, along with shopkeepers running neighborhood grocery stores. Only 2%, held professional status, primarily musicians and music teachers.<ref>Samuel L. Baily, "The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870-1914" ''American Historical Review'' 88#2 (1983), at p. 285.</ref> |
The Southern Italians who arrived in large numbers from 1880 to 1914 were poor peasants with few skills. According to Samuel Baily, three in four worked in manual labor jobs, such as construction, transportation, factory work, or domestic service, during both the years 1880 and 1905. These jobs were mostly unskilled or semi-skilled. The remaining 25% consisted mainly of low-income white-collar workers like peddlers and barbers, along with shopkeepers running neighborhood grocery stores. Only 2%, held professional status, primarily musicians and music teachers.<ref>Samuel L. Baily, "The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870-1914" ''American Historical Review'' 88#2 (1983), at p. 285.</ref>. |
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In terms of job searching, newly arrived Italians typically signed up with a [[Padrone system|"padrone".]] For a fee |
In terms of job searching, newly arrived Italians typically signed up with a [[Padrone system|"padrone".]] For a fee This Italian businessman found jobs and negotiated wages.<ref> Humbert S. Nelli, "The Italian padrone system in the United States." ''Labor History'' 5.2 (1964): 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00236566408583942</ref> The Italians earned well below average rates. Their weekly earnings in manufacturing and mining (for the entire national economy) in 1909 came to $9.61, compared to $13.63 for German immigrants and $11.06 for Poles. A goal of returning to Italy in two years with $200 thus meant saving $2 a week.<ref>Robert Higgs, "Race, Skills, and Earnings: American Immigrants in 1909" ''Journal of Economic History'' 31#2 (1971), pp. 420-428, table on p. 426 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117052 online] </ref> |
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==Neighborhoods== |
==Neighborhoods== |
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After [[World War II]], the original Italian settlements such as East Harlem declined as Italian Americans moved to the North Bronx, Queens and Brooklyn's southern tier. The geographic shift coincided with a new wave of Italian immigration. An estimated 129,000 to 150,000 Italian immigrants entered New York City between 1945 and 1973. Bypassing Manhattan, they settled in Italian American neighborhoods in the outer boroughs and helped reinvigorate Italian culture and community institutions. With the influx of postwar immigrants, Bensonhurst became the largest Italian community in New York City, with 150,000 Italian Americans in the 1980 census.<ref>Joseph Sciorra (2015). Built with Faith: Italian American imagination and Catholic material culture in New York City. University of Tennessee Press. p. xxxii</ref> |
After [[World War II]], the original Italian settlements such as East Harlem declined as Italian Americans moved to the North Bronx, Queens and Brooklyn's southern tier. The geographic shift coincided with a new wave of Italian immigration. An estimated 129,000 to 150,000 Italian immigrants entered New York City between 1945 and 1973. Bypassing Manhattan, they settled in Italian American neighborhoods in the outer boroughs and helped reinvigorate Italian culture and community institutions. With the influx of postwar immigrants, Bensonhurst became the largest Italian community in New York City, with 150,000 Italian Americans in the 1980 census.<ref>Joseph Sciorra (2015). Built with Faith: Italian American imagination and Catholic material culture in New York City. University of Tennessee Press. p. xxxii</ref> |
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The best-known "Little Italy" in Manhattan is the area currently called that, which centers around [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]]. This settlement, however, is rapidly becoming part of the adjacent [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]] as the older Italian residents die and their children move elsewhere. As of the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]], 692,739 New Yorkers reported [[Italians|Italian ancestry]], making them the largest European ethnic group in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=2000 Census|author=New York City Department of City Planning|author-link=New York City Department of City Planning|year=2000|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/mpsfsb11.pdf|access-date=2007-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712134052/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/mpsfsb11.pdf|archive-date=2007-07-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, the [[American Community Survey]] found there were 49,075 persons of Italian birth in New York.<ref>New York City Department of City Planning, [http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny2013/nny_2013.pdf "The Newest New Yorkers - Characteristics of the City's Foreign Born Population"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103161759/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny2013/nny_2013.pdf |date=2015-01-03 }}, 2013</ref> |
The best-known "Little Italy" in Manhattan is the area currently called that, which centers around [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]]. This settlement, however, is rapidly becoming part of the adjacent [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]] as the older Italian residents die and their children move elsewhere. As of the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]], 692,739 New Yorkers reported [[Italians|Italian ancestry]], making them the largest European ethnic group in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=2000 Census|author=New York City Department of City Planning|author-link=New York City Department of City Planning|year=2000|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/mpsfsb11.pdf|access-date=2007-05-24|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712134052/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/mpsfsb11.pdf|archive-date=2007-07-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, the [[American Community Survey]] found there were 49,075 persons of Italian birth in New York.<ref>New York City Department of City Planning, [http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny2013/nny_2013.pdf "The Newest New Yorkers - Characteristics of the City's Foreign Born Population"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103161759/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/nny2013/nny_2013.pdf |date=2015-01-03 }}, 2013</ref> |
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[[File:USA san gennaro vendors NY.jpg|thumb|230px|Street vendors at the [[Feast of San Gennaro]] in Manhattan's [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]].]] |
[[File:USA san gennaro vendors NY.jpg|thumb|230px|Street vendors at the [[Feast of San Gennaro]] in Manhattan's [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]].]] |
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The [https://calandrainstitute.org/ John D. Calandra Italian American Institute], founded in 1979 and located in Midtown Manhattan, is an academic institute that studies matters pertaining to the history of Italians in the United States. |
The [https://calandrainstitute.org/ John D. Calandra Italian American Institute], founded in 1979 and located in Midtown Manhattan, is an academic institute that studies matters pertaining to the history of Italians in the United States. |
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The Italian American Museum is located in Manhattan's [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]. Located in a former bank, [[Banca Stabile]], its current building had a "soft opening" in September 2008,<ref>Mallozzi, Vincent M.『[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/nyregion/09italian.html?scp=3&sq=italian%20american%20museum&st=cse&_r=0 In Little Italy, a Former Bank Will Now Hold Italian Immigrants’ Memories]』([https://web.archive.org/web/20180528052258/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/nyregion/09italian.html?scp=3&sq=italian%20american%20museum&st=cse&_r=0 Archive]). ''[[The New York Times]]''. September 8, 2008. Print: September 9, 2008, page B3, New York edition. Retrieved on May 3, 2015.</ref> and a formal opening in October.<ref name="Haberman">Haberman, Clyde. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/14/nyregion/14nyc.html?_r=0 A March Uptown and a Shrine Downtown for Italian Heritage]" ([ |
The Italian American Museum is located in Manhattan's [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]]. Located in a former bank, [[Banca Stabile]], its current building had a "soft opening" in September 2008,<ref>Mallozzi, Vincent M.『[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/nyregion/09italian.html?scp=3&sq=italian%20american%20museum&st=cse&_r=0 In Little Italy, a Former Bank Will Now Hold Italian Immigrants’ Memories]』([https://web.archive.org/web/20180528052258/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/09/nyregion/09italian.html?scp=3&sq=italian%20american%20museum&st=cse&_r=0 Archive]). ''[[The New York Times]]''. September 8, 2008. Print: September 9, 2008, page B3, New York edition. Retrieved on May 3, 2015.</ref> and a formal opening in October.<ref name="Haberman">Haberman, Clyde. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/14/nyregion/14nyc.html?_r=0 A March Uptown and a Shrine Downtown for Italian Heritage]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6YESVYcQp?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/14/nyregion/14nyc.html?_r=1& Archive]). ''[[The New York Times]]''. October 14, 2008. Print: October 14, 2008, p. A25, New York edition. Retrieved on May 3, 2015.</ref> |
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=== Churches === |
=== Churches === |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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| ⚫ | * [[Luigi Fugazy]] (1829–1930) a prominent Italian padrone and businessman. |
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{{Portal|Italy|New York City}} |
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{{commonscat|Italian diaspora in New York City}} |
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* [[Italian Americans]] |
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| ⚫ |
* [[Luigi Fugazy]] ( |
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* ''[[Il Progresso Italo-Americano]]'', daily newspaper 1880-1988 |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* Cannisttato, Philip V. ed. ''The Italians of New York'' (New York Historical Society, 1999). [https://www.academia.edu/download/29694174/ItaliansofNewYork.pdf online chapter on film], 13 articles by experts |
* Cannisttato, Philip V. ed. ''The Italians of New York'' (New York Historical Society, 1999). [https://www.academia.edu/download/29694174/ItaliansofNewYork.pdf online chapter on film], 13 articles by experts |
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* Cinotto, Simone. ''The Italian American table: food, family, and community in New York City'' (U of Illinois Press, 2013) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXBiAgAAQBAJ&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22& |
* Cinotto, Simone. ''The Italian American table: food, family, and community in New York City'' (U of Illinois Press, 2013) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ZXBiAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&ots=FO62AD5yKG&sig=k89bmcs8NtRnHAPqgOM8eYXq8oM online]. |
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* Cohen, Miriam. "Changing education strategies among immigrant generations: New York Italians in comparative perspective." ''Journal of Social History'' 15.3 (1982): 443-466. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3787157 online] |
* Cohen, Miriam. "Changing education strategies among immigrant generations: New York Italians in comparative perspective." ''Journal of Social History'' 15.3 (1982): 443-466. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3787157 online] |
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* Cohen, Miriam. ''Workshop to office: two generations of Italian women in New York City, 1900-1950'' (Cornell UP, 1993) [https://books.google.com/books?id=VoyayEucJvwC&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22& |
* Cohen, Miriam. ''Workshop to office: two generations of Italian women in New York City, 1900-1950'' (Cornell UP, 1993) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VoyayEucJvwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&ots=YOE5WrOkJF&sig=9CndZlZBGE8ZpXxIiWC0PO-iaGEonline]. |
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| ⚫ | * Friedman-Kasaba, Kathie. ''Memories of migration: Gender, ethnicity, and work in the lives of Jewish and Italian women in New York, 1870-1924'' (State University of New York Press, 2012) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=t8LdPjOdgdkC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&ots=04ELcw1gwv&sig=sK7wh-tnDeQtadeAEy215R5vyBs online]. |
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* Critchley, David F. ''The origin of organized crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931'' (Routledge, 2008). |
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* Dainotto, Roberto M. ''The Mafia: A Cultural History'' (2015) |
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| ⚫ |
* Friedman-Kasaba, Kathie. ''Memories of migration: Gender, ethnicity, and work in the lives of Jewish and Italian women in New York, 1870-1924'' (State University of New York Press, 2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=t8LdPjOdgdkC&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22& |
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* [[Donna Gabaccia|Gabaccia, Donna R.]] ''From Sicily to Elizabeth Street: Housing and Social Change among Italian Immigrants, 1880-1930'' (1984), New York |
* [[Donna Gabaccia|Gabaccia, Donna R.]] ''From Sicily to Elizabeth Street: Housing and Social Change among Italian Immigrants, 1880-1930'' (1984), New York |
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* Glazer, Nathan, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan. ''Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City'' (MIT Press, 1970). [https://archive.org/details/beyondmeltingpot0000glaz_s3p5 online] |
* Glazer, Nathan, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan. ''Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City'' (MIT Press, 1970). [https://archive.org/details/beyondmeltingpot0000glaz_s3p5 online] |
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* Guglielmo, Jennifer. ''Living the revolution: Italian women's resistance and radicalism in New York City, 1880-1945'' (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2010) [https://books.google.com/books?id=WYseTzrz_ukC&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22& |
* Guglielmo, Jennifer. ''Living the revolution: Italian women's resistance and radicalism in New York City, 1880-1945'' (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2010) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WYseTzrz_ukC&oi=fnd&pg=PP8&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&ots=Aq1fP3Gh40&sig=ggXXFeeJq24_WLL4R-Zh0AWy-t8 online]. |
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* Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. ''The Encyclopedia of New York City'' (Yale UP, 1995). |
* Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. ''The Encyclopedia of New York City'' (Yale UP, 1995). |
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* Kessner, Thomas, and |
* Kessner, Thomas, and Betty Boyd Caroli. "New immigrant women at work: Italians and Jews in New York City, 1880-1905." ''Journal of Ethnic Studies'' 5.4 (1978): 19. |
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* Kessner, Thomas. ''The Golden Door: Italian and Jewish Immigrant Mobility in New York City, 1880-1915'' (1977), on getting better jobs |
* Kessner, Thomas. ''The Golden Door: Italian and Jewish Immigrant Mobility in New York City, 1880-1915'' (1977), on getting better jobs |
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* Haiier, Hermann W. "Italian in New York" in ''The multilingual apple: languages in New York City'' (2011): 119+. |
* Haiier, Hermann W. "Italian in New York" in ''The multilingual apple: languages in New York City'' (2011): 119+. |
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* Model, Suzanne. "The effects of ethnicity in the workplace on Blacks, Italians, and Jews in 1910 New York." ''Journal of Urban History'' 16.1 (1989): 29-51. |
* Model, Suzanne. "The effects of ethnicity in the workplace on Blacks, Italians, and Jews in 1910 New York." ''Journal of Urban History'' 16.1 (1989): 29-51. |
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* Moses, Paul. ''An unlikely union: The love-hate story of New York's Irish and Italians'' (NYU Press, 2017) [https://books.google.com/books?id=HpA3DQAAQBAJ&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22& |
* Moses, Paul. ''An unlikely union: The love-hate story of New York's Irish and Italians'' (NYU Press, 2017) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HpA3DQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&ots=jJspLFJAIj&sig=Kjx_IqtAL1AUDN0WuHaDljk_qJs online]. |
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* Odencrantz, Louise Christine. ''Italian women in industry: A study of conditions in New York City'' (Russell Sage Foundation, 1919) [https://books.google.com/books?id=RvNsqvcILdgC&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22& |
* Odencrantz, Louise Christine. ''Italian women in industry: A study of conditions in New York City'' (Russell Sage Foundation, 1919) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=RvNsqvcILdgC&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&ots=KEPeLStysa&sig=rJe8DaiKht6TOgR9CKrV2PzUYKk online]. |
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* Orsi, Robert A. '' The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950.'' (Yale UP, 1985) [https://archive.org/details/madonnaof115thst0000orsi online 3rd ed. 2010] |
* Orsi, Robert A. '' The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950.'' (Yale UP, 1985) [https://archive.org/details/madonnaof115thst0000orsi online 3rd ed. 2010] |
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* Pozzetta, George Enrico. "The Italians of New York City, 1890-1914" (PhD dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1971) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1971. 7210760. |
* Pozzetta, George Enrico. "The Italians of New York City, 1890-1914" (PhD dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1971) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1971. 7210760. |
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* Rieder, Jonathan. ''Canarsie: the Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against liberalism'' (Harvard UP, 1985) [https://books.google.com/books?id=15ddRo-uFGYC&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22& |
* Rieder, Jonathan. ''Canarsie: the Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against liberalism'' (Harvard UP, 1985) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=15ddRo-uFGYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Italians+%22New+York%22&ots=8AO-SLom5E&sig=skIoxObDK77pxzo0ymMJA_er5Bg online]. |
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* Russo, Nicholas John. "Three generations of Italians in New York City: their religious acculturation." ''International Migration Digest'' 3.2 (1969): 3-17. |
* Russo, Nicholas John. "Three generations of Italians in New York City: their religious acculturation." ''International Migration Digest'' 3.2 (1969): 3-17. |
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* Sciorra, Joseph. ''Built with Faith: Italian American Immigration and Catholic Material Culture in New York City'' (U of Tennessee Press, 2015) [Sciorra, Joseph. Built with faith: Italian American imagination and Catholic material culture in New York City. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2015. online] |
* Sciorra, Joseph. ''Built with Faith: Italian American Immigration and Catholic Material Culture in New York City'' (U of Tennessee Press, 2015) [Sciorra, Joseph. Built with faith: Italian American imagination and Catholic material culture in New York City. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2015. online] |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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