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The Italians who arrived in large numbers from 1880 to 1914 were poor peasants with few skills. According to Samuel Baily, three in four worked in manual labor jobs, such as construction, transportation, factory work, or domestic service, during both the years 1880 and 1905. These jobs were mostly unskilled or semi-skilled. The remaining 25% consisted mainly of low-income white-collar workers like peddlers and barbers, along with shopkeepers running neighborhood grocery stores. Only 2%, held professional status, primarily musicians and music teachers.<ref>Samuel L. Baily, "The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870-1914" ''American Historical Review'' 88#2 (1983), at p. 285.</ref> |
The Italians who arrived in large numbers from 1880 to 1914 were poor peasants with few skills. According to Samuel Baily, three in four worked in manual labor jobs, such as construction, transportation, factory work, or domestic service, during both the years 1880 and 1905. These jobs were mostly unskilled or semi-skilled. The remaining 25% consisted mainly of low-income white-collar workers like peddlers and barbers, along with shopkeepers running neighborhood grocery stores. Only 2%, held professional status, primarily musicians and music teachers.<ref>Samuel L. Baily, "The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870-1914" ''American Historical Review'' 88#2 (1983), at p. 285.</ref> |
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In terms of job searching, newly arrived Italians typically signed up with a [[Padrone system|"padrone".]] For a fee |
In terms of job searching, newly arrived Italians typically signed up with a [[Padrone system|"padrone".]] For a fee This Italian businessman found jobs and negotiated wages.<ref> Humbert S. Nelli, "The Italian padrone system in the United States." ''Labor History'' 5.2 (1964): 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00236566408583942</ref> The Italians earned well below average rates. Their weekly earnings in manufacturing and mining (for the entire national economy) in 1909 came to $9.61, compared to $13.63 for German immigrants and $11.06 for Poles. A goal of returning to Italy in two years with $200 thus meant saving $2 a week.<ref>Robert Higgs, "Race, Skills, and Earnings: American Immigrants in 1909" ''Journal of Economic History'' 31#2 (1971), pp. 420-428, table on p. 426 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2117052 online] </ref> |
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==Neighborhoods== |
==Neighborhoods== |
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Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
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