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| pegged_with = [[Japanese Yen]] |
| pegged_with = [[Japanese Yen]] |
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| using_countries = {{flag|Federated Malay States |
| using_countries = {{flag|Federated Malay States}}<br>{{flag|Straits Settlements}}<br>{{flag|North Borneo}}<br>{{flag|Kingdom of Sarawak}}<br>{{flag|Brunei|1906}} |
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| subunit_ratio_1 = |
| subunit_ratio_1 = 1/100 |
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| subunit_name_1 = [[cent (currency)|cent]] |
| subunit_name_1 = [[cent (currency)|cent]] |
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| symbol = $ |
| symbol = $ |
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[[File:Notes issued by the Japanese Government during the occupation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei, used in Batu Lintang camp, Sarawak (1942–1945, obverse).jpg|thumb|200px|Banana banknotes in the possession of civilian internees at [[Batu Lintang camp]], [[Sarawak]], [[Borneo]]. The term "banana money" originates from the [[Motif (art)|motif]]s of [[banana]] trees on the currency's 10 dollar [[banknote]], seen here at the bottom.]] |
[[File:Notes issued by the Japanese Government during the occupation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei, used in Batu Lintang camp, Sarawak (1942–1945, obverse).jpg|thumb|200px|Banana banknotes in the possession of civilian internees at [[Batu Lintang camp]], [[Sarawak]], [[Borneo]]. The term "banana money" originates from the [[Motif (art)|motif]]s of [[banana]] trees on the currency's 10 dollar [[banknote]], seen here at the bottom.]] |
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The '''Japanese government-issued dollar''' was a form of [[currency]] issued for use within the [[Imperial Japan]]-occupied territories of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Singapore]], [[Japanese occupation of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Japanese occupation of British Borneo|North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei]] between 1942 and 1945. The currency was also referred to informally (and with contempt and derision) as '''banana money''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''duit pisang''), named as such because of the [[Motif (art)|motif]]s of [[banana]] trees on 10 dollar [[banknote]]s. The Japanese dollar was in widespread use within the occupied territories where the previous currency became scarce. The currency were referred to as "dollars" and "cents" like its predecessors, the [[Straits dollar]], [[Malayan dollar]], [[Sarawak dollar]] and [[British North Borneo dollar]]. |
The '''Japanese government-issued dollar''' was a form of [[currency]] issued for use within the [[Imperial Japan]]-occupied territories of [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Singapore]], [[Japanese occupation of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Japanese occupation of British Borneo|North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei]] between 1942 and 1945. The currency was also referred to informally (and with more than a trace of contempt and derision) as '''banana money''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''duit pisang''), named as such because of the [[Motif (art)|motif]]s of [[banana]] trees on 10 dollar [[banknote]]s. The Japanese dollar was in widespread use within the occupied territories where the previous currency became scarce. The currency were referred to as "dollars" and "cents" like its predecessors, the [[Straits dollar]], [[Malayan dollar]], [[Sarawak dollar]] and [[British North Borneo dollar]]. |
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The Japanese dollar was one of several forms of [[Japanese invasion money]] issued throughout the newly |
The Japanese dollar was one of several forms of [[Japanese invasion money]] issued throughout the newly-expanded [[Empire of Japan]]. Similar currencies were issued in [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Burma]] (as the [[Japanese government-issued rupee in Burma|Japanese rupee]]), the [[Japanese occupation of Indonesia|Dutch East Indies]] (as the [[Japanese government-issued currency in the Dutch East Indies|Japanese gulden/roepiah]]), [[Second Philippine Republic|the Philippines]] (as the [[Japanese government-issued Philippine Peso|Japanese peso]]) and various [[Melanesia]]n and [[Polynesia]]n territories (as the [[Japanese government-issued Oceanian Pound|Japanese pound]]). |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Following the [[Battle of Singapore|fall of Singapore]] into the hands of [[Imperial Japan]] on 15 February 1942, the Japanese introduced new currencies to replace those previously in use in the occupied territories of [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[North Borneo]], [[Kingdom of Sarawak|Sarawak]] and [[Brunei]]. The new currency in Malaya and Singapore were issued with the same value as the [[Malayan dollar]], and first entered circulation in 1942. As with other currencies issued by Japan in occupied territories, local residents were forced to adopt the new currency, although existing coins were allowed to circulate until a shortage of coins required the Japanese administration to issue notes instead. Although new coins, bearing the name "Malaysia" and dated under the [[Japanese calendar]], were planned for the region by the [[Japan Mint|Osaka Mint]], they never made it past the concept stage and only a few rare patterns exist. |
Following the [[Battle of Singapore|fall of Singapore]] into the hands of [[Imperial Japan]] on 15 February 1942, the Japanese introduced new currencies to replace those previously in use in the occupied territories of [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[North Borneo]], [[Kingdom of Sarawak|Sarawak]] and [[Brunei]]. The new currency in Malaya and Singapore were issued with the same value as the [[Malayan dollar]], and first entered circulation in 1942. As with other currencies issued by Japan in occupied territories, local residents were forced to adopt the new currency, although existing coins were allowed to circulate until a shortage of coins required the Japanese administration to issue notes instead. Although new coins, bearing the name "Malaysia" and dated under the [[Japanese calendar]], were planned for the region by the [[Japan Mint|Osaka Mint]], they never made it past the concept stage and only a few rare patterns exist. |
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To supply the authorities with money whenever they required it, the Japanese simply printed more notes. This resulted in [[hyperinflation]] and a severe [[depreciation]] in value of the banana note. Moreover, [[counterfeit]]ing was rampant due to the absence of a serial number on many notes. Increasing inflation, coupled with Allied disruption of Japan's economy, forced the Japanese administration to issue banknotes in larger denominations, and increase the amount of money in circulation.<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins">{{cite book|last=Boon|first=K.N.|editor=T. Thiruchelvam|title=Malaysia Banknotes & Coins (1786-2006): A Complete Educational Reference|edition=3rd|date=September 2006|publisher= |
To supply the authorities with money whenever they required it, the Japanese simply printed more notes. This resulted in [[hyperinflation]] and a severe [[depreciation]] in value of the banana note. Moreover, [[counterfeit]]ing was rampant due to the absence of a serial number on many notes. Increasing inflation, coupled with Allied disruption of Japan's economy, forced the Japanese administration to issue banknotes in larger denominations, and increase the amount of money in circulation.<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins">{{cite book|last=Boon|first=K.N.|authorlink=|editor=T. Thiruchelvam|others=|title=Malaysia Banknotes & Coins (1786-2006): A Complete Educational Reference|url=|format=|edition=3rd|series=|date=September 2006|publisher=Trigometric Sdn Bhd|location=|language=|isbn=983-43313-0-4|oclc=|doi=|id=|pages=|chapter=|chapterurl=|quote=}}</ref> Sharp drops in the currency's value and increased price of goods frequently occurred following a Japanese defeat in battle abroad.<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> |
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[[File:Old Ford Motor Factory 10, Mar 07.JPG|thumb|200px|Different denominations of the banana money ''(top and left)'' on display at [[Old Ford Motor Factory|Memories at Old Ford Factory]], [[Singapore]]. As banana money was rendered worthless immediately after World War II, banana money notes are now either museum exhibits or collectors' items.]] |
[[File:Old Ford Motor Factory 10, Mar 07.JPG|thumb|200px|Different denominations of the banana money ''(top and left)'' on display at [[Old Ford Motor Factory|Memories at Old Ford Factory]], [[Singapore]]. As banana money was rendered worthless immediately after World War II, banana money notes are now either museum exhibits or collectors' items.]] |
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The present value of the currency as a collector's item remains mixed depending on their condition, the presence of serial numbers, the use of woven paper, and their use as [[Specimen banknote|specimens]].<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> Common notes lacking serial numbers are still worth below their printed value, while rarer versions are worth slightly over or several times their printed value.<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> Notes stamped as war souvenirs are currently rare, while notes with 1946 calendar overprints fetch about [[Malaysian ringgit|RM]]3,000 (as of September 2006).<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> |
The present value of the currency as a collector's item remains mixed depending on their condition, the presence of serial numbers, the use of woven paper, and their use as [[Specimen banknote|specimens]].<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> Common notes lacking serial numbers are still worth below their printed value, while rarer versions are worth slightly over or several times their printed value.<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> Notes stamped as war souvenirs are currently rare, while notes with 1946 calendar overprints fetch about [[Malaysian ringgit|RM]]3,000 (as of September 2006).<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> |
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Ten dollar-sized leaflets reprinting the ten dollar note's obverse were also air-dropped by British air forces during the Japanese occupation as a warning to the population of the potential worthlessness of the currency in the event of Japanese defeat.<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> Fear among the population of possessing the leaflet |
Ten dollar-sized leaflets reprinting the ten dollar note's obverse were also air-dropped by British air forces during the Japanese occupation as a warning to the population of the potential worthlessness of the currency in the event of Japanese defeat.<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> Fear among the population of possessing the leaflet lead to their rarity and present high value (at an estimated RM3,000 as of September 2006).<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> |
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==Banknotes== |
==Banknotes== |
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===Cents (1942)=== |
===Cents (1942)=== |
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In September 1942, non-serialised currency notes were issued in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 50 cents as a response to a shortage of old coins.<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> The cent notes follow a |
In September 1942, non-serialised currency notes were issued in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 50 cents as a response to a shortage of old coins.<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins"/> The cent notes follow a standardized design used across other occupied regions, lacking plantation crops on the obverse with the 50 cent note being the exception (which is identical in design to the half-gulden note in the East Indies). The cent notes are noticeably smaller than dollar notes. |
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===100 and 1,000 dollars (1944–45)=== |
===100 and 1,000 dollars (1944–45)=== |
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|[[File:MAL-M1b-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-One Cent ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
|[[File:MAL-M1b-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-One Cent ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
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[[File:Japanese invasion one cent front.jpg|200px]] |
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[[File:Japanese invasion one cent reverse.jpg|200px]] |
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!1 Cent |
!1 Cent |
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|<center>1942</center> |
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|<center>{{refn|group="nb"|name=Blocks|Records of specific lower denomination blocks were not reported, but they existed in two formats: fractional (a single block letter over two slightly smaller block letters) and double block letters (as reported for the higher denomination notes).{{Sfn|Cuhaj|2010|pp=823-24}}}} </center> |
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|[[File:MAL-M2a-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-Five Cents ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
|[[File:MAL-M2a-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-Five Cents ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
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!5 Cents |
!5 Cents |
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|<center>1942</center> |
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|<center><ref name="Blocks" group="nb"/>{{Sfn|Cuhaj|2010|pp=823-24}} </center> |
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|[[File:MAL-M3b-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-10 Cents ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
|[[File:MAL-M3b-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-10 Cents ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
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!10 Cents |
!10 Cents |
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|<center>1942</center> |
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|<center><ref name="Blocks" group="nb"/>{{Sfn|Cuhaj|2010|pp=823-24}} </center> |
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|[[File:MAL-M4b-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-50 Cents ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
|[[File:MAL-M4b-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-50 Cents ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
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!50 Cents |
!50 Cents |
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|<center>1942</center> |
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|<center>MA–MT</center> |
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|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: [[Ravenala|Traveller's palm]] |
|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: [[Ravenala|Traveller's palm]] |
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|[[File:MAL-M5c-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-One Dollar ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
|[[File:MAL-M5c-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-One Dollar ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
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!1 Dollar |
!1 Dollar |
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|<center>1942</center> |
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|<center>MA–MO<br>MR–MS </center> |
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|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: [[Breadfruit|Breadfruit tree]] (left), [[Coconut|coconut palm]] (right) |
|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: [[Breadfruit|Breadfruit tree]] (left), [[Coconut|coconut palm]] (right) |
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|- |
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|[[File:MAL-M6c-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-Five Dollars ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
|[[File:MAL-M6c-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-Five Dollars ND (1942).jpg|200px]] |
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!5 Dollars |
!5 Dollars |
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|<center>1942</center> |
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|<center>MA (with series no)</center> |
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MB (with series no) |
MB (with series no) |
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MB–MK<br>MO–MP<br>MR |
MB–MK<br>MO–MP<br>MR |
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|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: Coconut palm (left), [[Papaya|pawpaw tree]] (right) |
|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: Coconut palm (left), [[Papaya|pawpaw tree]] (right) |
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|[[File:MAL-M7c-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-10 Dollars ND (1944).jpg|200px]] |
|[[File:MAL-M7c-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-10 Dollars ND (1944).jpg|200px]] |
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!10 Dollars |
!10 Dollars |
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|<center>1944</center> |
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|<center>MB–MP</center> |
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|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: [[Banana|Banana tree]], [[guava|guava tree]]<!--Fruit and leaves are consistent to a guava tree, but not the trunk and branches. Please verify--> and coconut palm, flanked by [[Pineapple|pineapple plants]] and coconut palms to the left and right<br>[[Obverse and reverse|R]]: Beach facing the sea with a modern ship on the horizon |
|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: [[Banana|Banana tree]], [[guava|guava tree]]<!--Fruit and leaves are consistent to a guava tree, but not the trunk and branches. Please verify--> and coconut palm, flanked by [[Pineapple|pineapple plants]] and coconut palms to the left and right<br>[[Obverse and reverse|R]]: Beach facing the sea with a modern ship on the horizon |
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|- |
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|[[File:MAL-M8b-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-100 Dollars ND (1944).jpg|200px]] |
|[[File:MAL-M8b-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-100 Dollars ND (1944).jpg|200px]] |
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!100 Dollars |
!100 Dollars |
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|<center>1944</center> |
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|MT |
|MT |
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|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: Palm trees and [[Rumah Melayu|Malay house]] by water<br>[[Obverse and reverse|R]]: Man and [[water buffalo]]es in a stream |
|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: Palm trees and [[Rumah Melayu|Malay house]] by water<br>[[Obverse and reverse|R]]: Man and [[water buffalo]]es in a stream |
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|[[File:MAL-M9-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-100 Dollars ND (1945).jpg|200px]] |
|[[File:MAL-M9-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-100 Dollars ND (1945).jpg|200px]] |
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!100 Dollars |
!100 Dollars |
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|<center>1945</center> |
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|MA |
|MA |
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|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: Laborers at a [[Natural rubber|rubber plantation]]<br>[[Obverse and reverse|R]]: Stilted ''attap'' Malay houses by a seashore |
|[[Obverse and reverse|O]]: Laborers at a [[Natural rubber|rubber plantation]]<br>[[Obverse and reverse|R]]: Stilted ''attap'' Malay houses by a seashore |
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|[[File:MAL-M10b-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-1000 Dollars ND (1945).jpg|200px]] |
|[[File:MAL-M10b-Malaya-Japanese Occupation-1000 Dollars ND (1945).jpg|200px]] |
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!1,000 Dollars |
!1,000 Dollars |
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|<center>1945</center> |
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|MU |
|MU |
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MA (Black color) |
MA (Black color) |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Money|Numismatics}} |
{{Portal|Money|Numismatics|World War II}} |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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*[[Japanese military yen]] |
*[[Japanese military yen]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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<!--Storage use|||<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins">{{cite book|last=Boon|first=K.N.|editor=T. Thiruchelvam|title=Malaysia Banknotes & Coins (1786-2006): A Complete Educational Reference| |
<!--Storage use|||<ref name="Msian Banknotes & Coins">{{cite book|last=Boon|first=K.N.|authorlink=|editor=T. Thiruchelvam|others=|title=Malaysia Banknotes & Coins (1786-2006): A Complete Educational Reference|origdate=|url=|format=|accessdate=2008-01-09|edition=3rd|series=|date=September 2006|publisher=Trigometric Sdn Bhd|location=|language=|isbn=983-43313-0-4|oclc=|doi=|id=|pages=|chapter=|chapterurl=|quote=}}</ref>--> |
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==Publications== |
==Publications== |
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*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuNA39dnuHsC|title=Standard Catalog of World Paper Money General Issues (1368-1960)|edition=13|publisher=Krause|isbn=978-1-4402-1293-2|editor-last=Cuhaj|editor-first=George S.|year=2010 |
*{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books/about/Standard_Catalog_Of_World_Paper_Money_Ge.html?id=BuNA39dnuHsC |location=|page=|title= Standard Catalog of World Paper Money General Issues (1368-1960)|edition=13|ref=harv|publisher=Krause|isbn=978-1-4402-1293-2|editor-last=Cuhaj|editor-first=George S.|year=2010}} |
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{{n-start|title=}} |
{{n-start|title=}} |
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{{n-before|rowspan=1|location=present day [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]]|currency=[[Sarawak dollar]]|ratio=at par with the [[Malayan dollar]]|reason=fall of Borneo in the hands of Japan in [[World War II]].}} |
{{n-before|rowspan=1|location=present day [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]]|currency=[[Sarawak dollar]]|ratio=at par with the [[Malayan dollar]]|reason=fall of Borneo in the hands of Japan in [[World War II]].}} |
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{{n-currency|rowspan=1|location=the [[ |
{{n-currency|rowspan=1|location=the [[Kingdom of Sarawak]]|start=1942|end=August 1945}} |
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{{n-after|rowspan=1|location=present day [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]]|currency=[[Sarawak dollar]]|ratio=The occupation currency became worthless. The value of the pre-occupation currency was restored.|reason=Japan lost [[World War II]].}} |
{{n-after|rowspan=1|location=present day [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]]|currency=[[Sarawak dollar]]|ratio=The occupation currency became worthless. The value of the pre-occupation currency was restored.|reason=Japan lost [[World War II]].}} |
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{{Malaysian currency and coinage}} |
{{Malaysian currency and coinage}} |
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{{Dollar}} |
{{Dollar}} |
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{{Use British English|date=April 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}} |
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[[Category:Japanese invasion money| |
[[Category:Japanese invasion money|Dollar]] |
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[[Category:Obsolete currencies in Malaysian history]] |
[[Category:Obsolete currencies in Malaysian history]] |
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[[Category:Currencies of Singapore]] |
[[Category:Currencies of Singapore]] |
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[[Category:British Borneo |
[[Category:British Borneo]] |
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[[Category:British Malaya in World War II]] |
[[Category:British Malaya in World War II]] |
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[[Category:Straits Settlements]] |
[[Category:Straits Settlements]] |
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[[Category:Banknotes of Singapore]] |
[[Category:Banknotes of Singapore]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Economy of Brunei]] |
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[[Category:Economic history of Singapore]] |
[[Category:Economic history of Singapore]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Military historyofSingapore during World War II]] |
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[[Category:Home front during World War II]] |
[[Category:Home front during World War II]] |
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[[Category:Malaysia in World War II]] |
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Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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