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{{Short description|Muhammad's first wife (c. 554–619)}} |
{{Short description|Muhammad's first wife (c. 554–619)}} |
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{{About|the wife of Muhammad|the name Khadija|Khadija (name)|other uses|Khadijah (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox person |
{{Infobox person |
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| name = Khadijah bint Khuwaylid<br/>{{small|[[Muhammad's wives|Mother of the Believers]] |
| name = Khadijah bint Khuwaylid<br/>{{small|[[Muhammad's wives|Mother of the Believers]]}} |
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| native_name = {{lang|ar|خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد}} |
| native_name = {{lang|ar|خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد}} |
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| birth_date = {{circa}} |
| birth_date = {{circa|554}}<ref name=DOB/> {{smaller|(or564–567)}} |
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| birth_place = [[Makkah]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabia]] {{small|(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} |
| birth_place = [[Makkah]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabia]] {{small|(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}} |
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| death_date = 10 Ramadan [[Islamic Calendar|BH]] 3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/birth-muhammad-and-early-years-his|last=Sayyid Ali Ashgar Razwy|title=The Birth of Muhammad and the Early Years of his Life|date=10 November 2013 |access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010085550/https://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/birth-muhammad-and-early-years-his|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br /> {{Circa}} {{Death date and age|619|554|df=yes}} |
| death_date = 10 Ramadan [[Islamic Calendar|BH]] 3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/birth-muhammad-and-early-years-his|last=Sayyid Ali Ashgar Razwy|title=The Birth of Muhammad and the Early Years of his Life|date=10 November 2013 |access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010085550/https://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/birth-muhammad-and-early-years-his|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br /> {{Circa}} {{Death date and age|619|554|df=yes}} |
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| death_place = Makkah |
| death_place = Makkah |
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| resting_place = [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]], Makkah |
| resting_place = [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]], Makkah |
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| title = {{ubl|Ameerat-Quraysh|al-Tahirah}} |
| title = {{ubl|Ameerat-Quraysh|al-Tahirah}} |
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}} |
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⚫ | '''Khadijah bint Khuwaylid''' ({{lang-ar|خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد|Khadīja bint Khuwaylid}}, {{circa}} 554<ref name=DOB>{{cite web |url=http://icraa.org/the-age-of-khadija-at-the-time-of-her-marriage-with-the-prophet/|title=The Age of Khadija at the Time of her Marriage with the Prophet: Abstract |first=Waqar Akbar |last=Cheema |date=4 December 2017 |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415013002/http://icraa.org/the-age-of-khadija-at-the-time-of-her-marriage-with-the-prophet/|url-status=live |archive-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> – November 619) was the [[Muhammad's wives|first wife]] and the first [[Ummah|follower]] of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. Khadija was the daughter of [[Khuwaylid ibn Asad]], a noble of the [[Quraysh]] tribe in [[Makkah]] and a successful merchant. |
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'''Khadijah bint Khuwaylid''' ({{lang-ar|خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد|Khadīja bint Khuwaylid}}, {{circa}} 554<ref name=DOB>{{cite web |
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⚫ |
|url=http://icraa.org/the-age-of-khadija-at-the-time-of-her-marriage-with-the-prophet/|title=The Age of Khadija at the Time of her Marriage with the Prophet: Abstract |first=Waqar Akbar |last=Cheema |date=4 December 2017 |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415013002/http://icraa.org/the-age-of-khadija-at-the-time-of-her-marriage-with-the-prophet/|url-status=live |archive-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> – November 619 |
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Khadija is often referred to by [[Muslim]]s as "[[The Mother of Believers]]". In [[Islam]], she is an important female figure as one of the four 'ladies of heaven', alongside her daughters [[Fatimah bint Muhammad]], [[Ruqayya bint Muhammad]],[[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad]] and [[Zainab bint Muhammad]].<ref name="EoQ">Encyclopaedia of the Quran. Leidan: [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2001. Print.</ref> [[Muhammad]] was married to her for 25 years. |
Khadija is often referred to by [[Muslim]]s as "[[The Mother of Believers]]". In [[Islam]], she is an important female figure as one of the four 'ladies of heaven', alongside her daughters [[Fatimah bint Muhammad]], [[Ruqayya bint Muhammad]], [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad]] and [[Zainab bint Muhammad]].<ref name="EoQ">Encyclopaedia of the Quran. Leidan: [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2001. Print.</ref> [[Muhammad]] was married to her for 25 years. |
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[[File:Ancestors Khadija (AS).jpg|thumb|Ancestors of Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |
[[File:Ancestors Khadija (AS).jpg|thumb|Ancestors of Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] |
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Khadija was a very successful merchant. It is said that when the Quraysh's trade caravan travellers gathered to embark upon their summer journey to [[Syria (region)|Syria]] or winter journey to [[Yemen]], Khadija's caravan equaled the caravans of all other traders of the Quraysh put together.<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'', p. 10. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> Khadija was given many honorifics, including 'The Pious One', 'Princess of Quraysh' (''Ameerat-Quraysh''), and 'Khadija the Great' (''Khadija al-Kubra'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZbFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|last = van Gorder|first = A Christian|title = Islam, Peace and Social Justice: A Christian Perspective|date = 2014|location = Cambridge|page = 162|isbn = 978-0-227-17422-7|access-date = 2017-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202736/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EZbFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|archive-date = 2018-02-17|url-status = live}}</ref> It is said that she fed and clothed the poor, assisted her relatives financially, and provided marriage portions for poor relations.<ref name=":0" /> Khadija was said to have [[Hanif|neither believed in nor worshipped]] [[Taghut|idols]], which was atypical for [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n culture.<ref name="Yasin T. al-Jibouri">{{cite web|author=Yasin T. al-Jibouri|title=Khadijah, Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad|date=20 January 2013 |url=https://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|publisher=[[Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project]]|access-date=23 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042147/https://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}} "One particular quality in Khadija was quite interesting, probably more so than any of her other qualities mentioned above: She believed in nor worshipped idols."</ref> |
Khadija was a very successful merchant. It is said that when the Quraysh's trade caravan travellers gathered to embark upon their summer journey to [[Syria (region)|Syria]] or winter journey to [[Yemen]], Khadija's caravan equaled the caravans of all other traders of the Quraysh put together.<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'', p. 10. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> Khadija was given many honorifics, including 'The Pious One', 'Princess of Quraysh' (''Ameerat-Quraysh''), and 'Khadija the Great' (''Khadija al-Kubra'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZbFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|last = van Gorder|first = A Christian|title = Islam, Peace and Social Justice: A Christian Perspective|date = 2014|location = Cambridge|page = 162|isbn = 978-0-227-17422-7|access-date = 2017-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202736/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EZbFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|archive-date = 2018-02-17|url-status = live}}</ref> It is said that she fed and clothed the poor, assisted her relatives financially, and provided marriage portions for poor relations.<ref name=":0" /> Khadija was said to have [[Hanif|neither believed in nor worshipped]] [[Taghut|idols]], which was atypical for [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n culture.<ref name="Yasin T. al-Jibouri">{{cite web|author=Yasin T. al-Jibouri|title=Khadijah, Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad|date=20 January 2013 |url=https://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|publisher=[[Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project]]|access-date=23 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042147/https://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}} "One particular quality in Khadija was quite interesting, probably more so than any of her other qualities mentioned above: She believed in nor worshipped idols."</ref> |
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Khadija did not travel with her trade caravans; instead, she employed others to trade on her behalf for a commission. |
Khadija did not travel with her trade caravans; instead, she employed others to trade on her behalf for a commission. Khadija needed a co-worker for a transaction in Syria. She hired young [[Muhammad]], who was in his early twenties at that time, for the trade in Syria, sending word that she would pay to double her usual commission.<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 1. Translated by Haq, S. M. ''Ibn Sa'ad's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'', p. 145–146. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.</ref> With the permission of [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib ibn Muttalib]], his uncle, Muhammad was sent to Syria with one of Khadija's servants. This caravan experience earned Muhammad the honorifics of ''al-Sadiq'' ('the Truthful') and al-Amin'' ('the Trustworthy'). |
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She sent one of her servants, Maysarah, to assist him. Upon returning, Maysarah gave accounts of the honourable way in which Muhammad had conducted his business, bringing back twice as much profit as Khadija had expected.<ref name="Guillaume">{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1955|publisher=Oxford|page=83}}</ref> |
She sent one of her servants, Maysarah, to assist him. Upon returning, Maysarah gave accounts of the honourable way in which Muhammad had conducted his business, bringing back twice as much profit as Khadija had expected.<ref name="Guillaume">{{cite book|last=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1955|publisher=Oxford|page=83}}</ref> |
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=== Shia version === |
=== Shia version === |
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Ibn Shahrashub quoted from al-Sayyid al-Murtada in ''al-Shafi'' and al-Shaykh al-Tusi in ''al-Talkhis'', that Khadija was a virgin when she married Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manaqib Al Abi Talib|last=Ibn Shahrashub|pages=Vol. 1, P. 159}}</ref> Considering the cultural and intellectual situation in Hijaz, and the high position and status Khadija al-Kubra enjoyed, among other people, it is improbable that she would have married men from Banu Tamim or Banu Makhzum (the two 'low' tribes).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi|last=Amili|pages=Vol. 2, P. 123}}</ref> Some believe the two children attributed to Khadija were the children of Hala, Khadija's sister. After the death of Hala's husband, Khadija took care of Hala and (after Hala's own death) Hala's children.<ref>{{Cite book| title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi| last=Amili| pages=Vol. 2, P. 125}}</ref> |
Ibn Shahrashub quoted from al-Sayyid al-Murtada in ''al-Shafi'' and al-Shaykh al-Tusi in ''al-Talkhis'', that Khadija was a virgin when she married Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manaqib Al Abi Talib|last=Ibn Shahrashub|pages=Vol. 1, P. 159}}</ref> Considering the cultural and intellectual situation in Hijaz, and the high position and status Khadija al-Kubra enjoyed, among other people, it is improbable that she would have married men from Banu Tamim or Banu Makhzum (the two 'low' tribes; see the Sunni version below).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi|last=Amili|pages=Vol. 2, P. 123}}</ref> Some believe the two children attributed to Khadija were the children of Hala, Khadija's sister. After the death of Hala's husband, Khadija took care of Hala and (after Hala's own death) Hala's children.<ref>{{Cite book| title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi| last=Amili| pages=Vol. 2, P. 125}}</ref> |
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=== Sunni version === |
=== Sunni version === |
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While |
While Sunnis adhere to the opinion that Khadija had no previous marriages, most Sunnis accept that Khadija married three times and had children from all her marriages. While the order of her marriages is debated, it is generally believed that she first married Atiq ibn 'A'idh ibn' Abdullah Al-Makhzumi, followed by Malik ibn Nabash ibn Zargari ibn at-Tamimi.<ref name="al-Tabari 1990">{{cite book|url=http://www.muslim-library.com/books/2019/05/en_Tabari_Volume_09.pdf|last=al-Tabari (trans. Ismail K Poona Walla)|title=Volume 9: The Last Years of the Prophet|year=1990|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-88706-691-7|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206172208/http://www.muslim-library.com/books/2019/05/en_Tabari_Volume_09.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-06|url-status=live}}</ref> To Atiq, Khadija bore a daughter named Hindah. This marriage left Khadija a widow.<ref name="trof">{{cite web |title=Khadija bint Khuwaylid |url=http://treeoffaith.com/#/khadijah-bint-khuwaylid/4537884462 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407055050/http://treeoffaith.com/#/khadijah-bint-khuwaylid/4537884462 |archive-date=2012-04-07 |website=Tree of Faith}}</ref> With Malik, she had two daughters, who were named Hala and Hind.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Khadija |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/khadidja-SIM_4116 |last=Watt |first=Montgomery W. |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor=P. Bearman |display-editors=etal |date=2012 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626165132/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/khadidja-SIM_4116 |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=live }} (First print edition: {{ISBN|9789004161214}}, 1960-2007).</ref> Malik also left Khadija a widow, dying before his business became a success.<ref name="womanislam">{{cite web |website=Islam's Women |url=http://www.islamswomen.com/articles/khadijah_bint_khuwaylid.php|title=Khadijah bint Khuwaylid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318150741/http://islamswomen.com/articles/khadijah_bint_khuwaylid.php|archive-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> Khadija subsequently proposed to Muhammad.<ref name="Guillaume" /> |
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==Marriage to Muhammad== |
==Marriage to Muhammad== |
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Khadija entrusted a friend named Nafisa to approach Muhammad and ask if he would consider marriage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest iiiiSources|year=1983|publisher=Inner Traditions Internationalist|location=New York|page=83}}</ref> When Muhammad hesitated because he had no money to support a wife, Nafisa asked if he would consider marriage to a woman who had the means to provide for herself.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=1983|publisher=Inner Traditions Internationalist}}</ref> Muhammad agreed to meet with Khadija, and after this meeting they consulted their respective uncles. The uncles agreed to the marriage, and Muhammad's uncles accompanied him to make a formal proposal to Khadija.<ref name="Guillaume"/> It is disputed whether it was [[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib]], Abu Talib, or both who accompanied Muhammad on this errand.<ref name="trof"/> Khadija's uncle accepted the proposal, and the marriage took place. At the time of the marriage Muhammad was 25 years old.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ibn Ishaq|author-link1=Ibn Ishaq|title=Mustadrak Al-Hakim|page=182|volume=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ibn Sa'd|author-link1=Ibn Sa'd|title=Tabaqat al-Kubra|language=ar|volume=8|quote=أخبرنا هشام بن محمد بن السائب عن أبيه عن أبي صالح عن ابن عباس قال:كانت خديجة يوم تزوجها رسول الله – صلى الله عليه وسلم – ابنة ثمان وعشرين سنة}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Abu ‘Abdullah Al-Hakim|author-link1=Al-Hakim Nishapuri|title=al-Mustadrak|language=ar|volume=3|quote=عن محمد بن إسحاق، أن أبا طالب وخديجة بنت خويلد هلكا في عام واحد، وذلك قبل مهاجر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى المدينة بثلاث سنين، ودفنت خديجة بالحجون، ونزل في قبرها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، وكان لها يوم تزوجها ثمان وعشرون سنة}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Ibn Sa’d|title=Tabaqat al-Kubra|pages=Vol.8, 13}}</ref> |
Khadija entrusted a friend named Nafisa to approach Muhammad and ask if he would consider marriage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest iiiiSources|year=1983|publisher=Inner Traditions Internationalist|location=New York|page=83}}</ref> When Muhammad hesitated because he had no money to support a wife, Nafisa asked if he would consider marriage to a woman who had the means to provide for herself.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=1983|publisher=Inner Traditions Internationalist}}</ref> Muhammad agreed to meet with Khadija, and after this meeting they consulted their respective uncles. The uncles agreed to the marriage, and Muhammad's uncles accompanied him to make a formal proposal to Khadija.<ref name="Guillaume"/> It is disputed whether it was [[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib]], Abu Talib, or both who accompanied Muhammad on this errand.<ref name="trof"/> Khadija's uncle accepted the proposal, and the marriage took place. At the time of the marriage Muhammad was around 22 to 25 years old.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ibn Ishaq|author-link1=Ibn Ishaq|title=Mustadrak Al-Hakim|page=182|volume=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ibn Sa'd|author-link1=Ibn Sa'd|title=Tabaqat al-Kubra|language=ar|volume=8|quote=أخبرنا هشام بن محمد بن السائب عن أبيه عن أبي صالح عن ابن عباس قال:كانت خديجة يوم تزوجها رسول الله – صلى الله عليه وسلم – ابنة ثمان وعشرين سنة}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Abu ‘Abdullah Al-Hakim|author-link1=Al-Hakim Nishapuri|title=al-Mustadrak|language=ar|volume=3|quote=عن محمد بن إسحاق، أن أبا طالب وخديجة بنت خويلد هلكا في عام واحد، وذلك قبل مهاجر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى المدينة بثلاث سنين، ودفنت خديجة بالحجون، ونزل في قبرها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، وكان لها يوم تزوجها ثمان وعشرون سنة}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Muhammad|first=Ibn Sa’d|title=Tabaqat al-Kubra|pages=Vol.8, 13}}</ref> |
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Khadija was 40 years old at that time according to some sources.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi|last=Amili|pages=Vol. 2, P. 114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mustadrak Al Hakim|last=Ibn Ishaq|pages=3. p. 182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Tabaqat Al Kubra|last=Ibn Saad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Mustadarak|last=Abo Abdullah Al Hakim}}</ref> However, other sources claim that she was aged approximately 28 during the marriage.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Tabaqat Al Kubra|last=Ibn Saad|pages=Vol.8 page 13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=al-Mustadrak |last= Al-Hakim Abu‘Abdullah|pages= Vol.3, 200 No. 4837}}</ref> Muhammad's father and grandfather had died before Muhammad reached the age of maturity, leaving him without financial resources. With this proposal, Muhammad moved into Khadija's house.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Rahemtulla |first1=Shadaab |last2=Ababneh |first2=Sara |author-link2= |date=Fall 2021 |title=Reclaiming Khadija's and Muhammad's Marriage as an Islamic Paradigm: Toward a New History of the Muslim Present |journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=91–96|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.37.2.06 |s2cid=239073763 }}</ref> |
Khadija was 40 years old at that time according to some sources.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi|last=Amili|pages=Vol. 2, P. 114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mustadrak Al Hakim|last=Ibn Ishaq|pages=3. p. 182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Tabaqat Al Kubra|last=Ibn Saad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Mustadarak|last=Abo Abdullah Al Hakim}}</ref> However, other sources claim that she was aged approximately 28 during the marriage.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Tabaqat Al Kubra|last=Ibn Saad|pages=Vol.8 page 13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=al-Mustadrak |last= Al-Hakim Abu‘Abdullah|pages= Vol.3, 200 No. 4837}}</ref> Muhammad's father and grandfather had died before Muhammad reached the age of maturity, leaving him without financial resources. With this proposal, Muhammad moved into Khadija's house.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Rahemtulla |first1=Shadaab |last2=Ababneh |first2=Sara |author-link2= |date=Fall 2021 |title=Reclaiming Khadija's and Muhammad's Marriage as an Islamic Paradigm: Toward a New History of the Muslim Present |journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=91–96|doi=10.2979/jfemistudreli.37.2.06 |s2cid=239073763 }}</ref> |
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===Children=== |
===Children=== |
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Muhammad and Khadija may have had six or eight children.<ref name="womanislam" /> Sources disagree about number of children: [[Al-Tabari]] names eight; the earliest biography of Muhammad by [[Ibn Ishaq]], names seven children; most sources only identify six.<ref name="al-Tabari 1990" /> |
Muhammad and Khadija may have had six or eight children.<ref name="womanislam" /> Sources disagree about number of children: [[Al-Tabari]] names eight; the earliest biography of Muhammad by [[Ibn Ishaq]], names seven children; most sources only identify six.<ref name="al-Tabari 1990" /> |
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Their first son was [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]], who died after his third birthday<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gw.geneanet.org/gilenob?lang=en&n=muhammad&oc=0&p=qasim+ibn|last=Barboza|first=Gileno|title=Qasim ibn Muhammad|website=Geneanet|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.kalamullah.com/Books/Noble%20Life%20of%20The%20Prophet.pdf|last=As-Sallaabee|first=Dr 'Ali Muhammad (trans. Faisal Shafeeq|title=The noble life of the Prophet|volume=1|date=2001|page=107|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325072916/http://kalamullah.com/Books/Noble%20Life%20of%20The%20Prophet.pdf|archive-date=2015-03-25|url-status=live}}</ref> (hence Muhammad's ''kunya'' Abu Qasim). Khadija then gave birth to their daughters Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Kulthum and Fatima; and lastly to their son [[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad|Abd Allah]]. Abd Allah was known as ''at-Tayyib'' ('the Good') and ''at-Tahir'' ('the Pure'). Abd-Allah also died in childhood.<ref name="womanislam" /> |
Their first son was [[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]], who died after his third birthday<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gw.geneanet.org/gilenob?lang=en&n=muhammad&oc=0&p=qasim+ibn|last=Barboza|first=Gileno|title=Qasim ibn Muhammad|website=Geneanet|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.kalamullah.com/Books/Noble%20Life%20of%20The%20Prophet.pdf|last=As-Sallaabee|first=Dr 'Ali Muhammad (trans. Faisal Shafeeq|title=The noble life of the Prophet|volume=1|date=2001|page=107|access-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325072916/http://kalamullah.com/Books/Noble%20Life%20of%20The%20Prophet.pdf|archive-date=2015-03-25|url-status=live}}</ref> (hence Muhammad's ''[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]'' Abu Qasim). Khadija then gave birth to their daughters Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Kulthum and Fatima; and lastly to their son [[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad|Abd Allah]]. Abd Allah was known as ''at-Tayyib'' ('the Good') and ''at-Tahir'' ('the Pure'). Abd-Allah also died in childhood.<ref name="womanislam" /> |
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Two other children also lived in Khadija's household: [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the son of Muhammad's uncle; and [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], a boy from the [[Kalb]] tribe who had been kidnapped and sold into slavery. Zayd was a slave in Khadija's household for several years, until his father came to Mecca to take him home. Muhammad insisted that Zayd be given a choice about where he lived, and Zayd decided to remain where he was, after which Muhammad legally adopted Zayd as his own son.<ref name="trof" /> |
Two other children also lived in Khadija's household: [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the son of Muhammad's uncle; and [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], a boy from the [[Kalb]] tribe who had been kidnapped and sold into slavery. Zayd was a slave in Khadija's household for several years, until his father came to Mecca to take him home. Muhammad insisted that Zayd be given a choice about where he lived, and Zayd decided to remain where he was, after which Muhammad legally adopted Zayd as his own son.<ref name="trof" /> |
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* [[Fatima]] (605–632), although it is sometimes asserted that she was born during the first year of Muhammad's mission (610–611). She had the by-name 'The mother of her father', as she took over, caring for her father and being a support to her father once her mother died.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shariati|first=Ali|title=Ali Shariati's Fatima Is Fatima|year=1981|publisher=Shariati Foundation|location=Tehran, Iran}}</ref> She married Ali, who became the fourth caliph in 656. (According to early debate after the death of Muhammad, some would argue that Ali would be the proper succession to Muhammad).<ref>{{cite book|last=Madelung|first=Wilferd|title=The Succession to Muhammad|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=52–53}}</ref> Ali and Fatima moved to a small village in Ghoba after the marriage, but later moved back to Medina to live next door to Muhammad.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shariati|first=Ali|title=Ali Shariati's Fatima is Fatima|year=1981|publisher=Shariati Foundation|location=Tehran, Iran|page=148}}</ref> Muhammad gently advised Ali not to take additional wives, because 'What caused pain to his daughter grieved him as well.'<ref name="wiebke108">{{cite book|last=Walther|first=Wiebke|title=Women in Islam|year=1993|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing Princeton & New York|page=108}}</ref> Fatima died six months after her father died. All of Muhammad's surviving descendants are by Fatima's children, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].<ref name="wiebke108" /> |
* [[Fatima]] (605–632), although it is sometimes asserted that she was born during the first year of Muhammad's mission (610–611). She had the by-name 'The mother of her father', as she took over, caring for her father and being a support to her father once her mother died.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shariati|first=Ali|title=Ali Shariati's Fatima Is Fatima|year=1981|publisher=Shariati Foundation|location=Tehran, Iran}}</ref> She married Ali, who became the fourth caliph in 656. (According to early debate after the death of Muhammad, some would argue that Ali would be the proper succession to Muhammad).<ref>{{cite book|last=Madelung|first=Wilferd|title=The Succession to Muhammad|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=52–53}}</ref> Ali and Fatima moved to a small village in Ghoba after the marriage, but later moved back to Medina to live next door to Muhammad.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shariati|first=Ali|title=Ali Shariati's Fatima is Fatima|year=1981|publisher=Shariati Foundation|location=Tehran, Iran|page=148}}</ref> Muhammad gently advised Ali not to take additional wives, because 'What caused pain to his daughter grieved him as well.'<ref name="wiebke108">{{cite book|last=Walther|first=Wiebke|title=Women in Islam|year=1993|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing Princeton & New York|page=108}}</ref> Fatima died six months after her father died. All of Muhammad's surviving descendants are by Fatima's children, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].<ref name="wiebke108" /> |
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* [[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]] (599–629). She married her maternal cousin [[Abu al-As]] before [[Islamic New Year|al-Hijra]].<ref name="womanislam"/> Later lived with Muhammad. Her husband accepted Islam before her death in 629. |
* [[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]] (599–629). She married her maternal cousin [[Abu al-As]] before [[Islamic New Year|al-Hijra]].<ref name="womanislam"/> Later lived with Muhammad. Her husband accepted Islam before her death in 629. |
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* [[Ruqayya bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]] (601–624). |
* [[Ruqayya bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]] (601–624). She then married the future third [[caliph]], [[Uthman]].<ref name="womanislam"/> |
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* [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] (603–630). She was first engaged to [[Utaybah bin Abi Lahab]] but it was broken off after Muhammad revealed his prophethood. After the death of her sister Ruqayyah, she married Uthman. She was childless. |
* [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] (603–630). She was first engaged to [[Utaybah bin Abi Lahab]] but it was broken off after Muhammad revealed his prophethood. After the death of her sister Ruqayyah, she married Uthman. She was childless. |
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The adopted daughters attributed to Muhammad, by Shia sources, are: |
The adopted daughters attributed to Muhammad, by Shia sources, are: |
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# [[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zaynab]] (599–629). She married her maternal cousin [[Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabee]] before [[Islamic New Year|al-Hijra]].<ref name="womanislam"/> Later lived with Muhammad. Her husband accepted Islam before her death in 629 |
# [[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zaynab]] (599–629). She married her maternal cousin [[Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabee]] before [[Islamic New Year|al-Hijra]].<ref name="womanislam"/> Later lived with Muhammad. Her husband accepted Islam before her death in 629 |
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# [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]] (601–624). She |
# [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]] (601–624). She married the future third [[caliph]] [[Uthman ibn Affan]].<ref name="womanislam"/> |
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# [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] (603–630). She was first |
# [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] (603–630). She was first engaged to [[Utaybah bin Abu Lahab]] and then, after the death of her sister Ruqayyah, to Uthman ibn Affan. She was childless.<ref name="womanislam"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Buhl|title=UmmKulthum|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/umm-kulthum-SIM_7719|access-date=2012-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/umm-kulthum-SIM_7719|archive-date=2014-05-29|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Cousins=== |
===Cousins=== |
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid
Mother of the Believers | |
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خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد | |
Born | c. 554[1] (or 564–567) |
Died | 10 Ramadan BH3[2] c. 619(619-00-00) (aged 64–65)
Makkah
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Resting place | Jannat al-Mu'alla, Makkah |
Other names | Khadīja al-Kubra |
Known for | First wifeofMuhammad |
Title |
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Spouse | Muhammad ibn Abdullah |
Children | Sons: Daughters:
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Parents |
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Relatives | Grandsons:
Granddaughters:
Cousin: |
Family | Banu Asad (by birth) Ahl al-Bayt (by marriage) |
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (Arabic: خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد, romanized: Khadīja bint Khuwaylid, c. 554[1] – November 619) was the first wife and the first follower of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Khadija was the daughter of Khuwaylid ibn Asad, a noble of the Quraysh tribe in Makkah and a successful merchant.
Khadija is often referred to by Muslims as "The Mother of Believers". In Islam, she is an important female figure as one of the four 'ladies of heaven', alongside her daughters Fatimah bint Muhammad, Ruqayya bint Muhammad, Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad and Zainab bint Muhammad.[3] Muhammad was married to her for 25 years.
Khadija's mother, Fatima bint Za'idah, who died in 575,[4] was a member of the Amir ibn Luayy clan of the Quraysh[5] and a third cousin of Muhammad's mother, Amina.[6][7]
Khadija's father, Khuwaylid ibn Asad, was a merchant[8] and leader. According to some accounts, he died c. 585 in the Sacrilegious War, but according to others, he was still alive when Khadija married Muhammad in 595.[9][10] Khuwaylid also had a sister named Ume Habib binte Asad.[11]
Khadija was a very successful merchant. It is said that when the Quraysh's trade caravan travellers gathered to embark upon their summer journey to Syria or winter journey to Yemen, Khadija's caravan equaled the caravans of all other traders of the Quraysh put together.[12] Khadija was given many honorifics, including 'The Pious One', 'Princess of Quraysh' (Ameerat-Quraysh), and 'Khadija the Great' (Khadija al-Kubra).[13] It is said that she fed and clothed the poor, assisted her relatives financially, and provided marriage portions for poor relations.[13] Khadija was said to have neither believed in nor worshipped idols, which was atypical for pre-Islamic Arabian culture.[14]
Khadija did not travel with her trade caravans; instead, she employed others to trade on her behalf for a commission. Khadija needed a co-worker for a transaction in Syria. She hired young Muhammad, who was in his early twenties at that time, for the trade in Syria, sending word that she would pay to double her usual commission.[15] With the permission of Abu Talib ibn Muttalib, his uncle, Muhammad was sent to Syria with one of Khadija's servants. This caravan experience earned Muhammad the honorifics of al-Sadiq ('the Truthful') and al-Amin ('the Trustworthy').
She sent one of her servants, Maysarah, to assist him. Upon returning, Maysarah gave accounts of the honourable way in which Muhammad had conducted his business, bringing back twice as much profit as Khadija had expected.[16]
Ibn Shahrashub quoted from al-Sayyid al-Murtada in al-Shafi and al-Shaykh al-Tusi in al-Talkhis, that Khadija was a virgin when she married Muhammad.[17] Considering the cultural and intellectual situation in Hijaz, and the high position and status Khadija al-Kubra enjoyed, among other people, it is improbable that she would have married men from Banu Tamim or Banu Makhzum (the two 'low' tribes; see the Sunni version below).[18] Some believe the two children attributed to Khadija were the children of Hala, Khadija's sister. After the death of Hala's husband, Khadija took care of Hala and (after Hala's own death) Hala's children.[19]
While Sunnis adhere to the opinion that Khadija had no previous marriages, most Sunnis accept that Khadija married three times and had children from all her marriages. While the order of her marriages is debated, it is generally believed that she first married Atiq ibn 'A'idh ibn' Abdullah Al-Makhzumi, followed by Malik ibn Nabash ibn Zargari ibn at-Tamimi.[20] To Atiq, Khadija bore a daughter named Hindah. This marriage left Khadija a widow.[21] With Malik, she had two daughters, who were named Hala and Hind.[22] Malik also left Khadija a widow, dying before his business became a success.[23] Khadija subsequently proposed to Muhammad.[16]
Khadija entrusted a friend named Nafisa to approach Muhammad and ask if he would consider marriage.[24] When Muhammad hesitated because he had no money to support a wife, Nafisa asked if he would consider marriage to a woman who had the means to provide for herself.[25] Muhammad agreed to meet with Khadija, and after this meeting they consulted their respective uncles. The uncles agreed to the marriage, and Muhammad's uncles accompanied him to make a formal proposal to Khadija.[16] It is disputed whether it was Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib, Abu Talib, or both who accompanied Muhammad on this errand.[21] Khadija's uncle accepted the proposal, and the marriage took place. At the time of the marriage Muhammad was around 22 to 25 years old.[26][27][28][29] Khadija was 40 years old at that time according to some sources.[30][31][32][33] However, other sources claim that she was aged approximately 28 during the marriage.[34][35] Muhammad's father and grandfather had died before Muhammad reached the age of maturity, leaving him without financial resources. With this proposal, Muhammad moved into Khadija's house.[36]
Muhammad and Khadija may have had six or eight children.[23] Sources disagree about number of children: Al-Tabari names eight; the earliest biography of Muhammad by Ibn Ishaq, names seven children; most sources only identify six.[20]
Their first son was Qasim, who died after his third birthday[37][38] (hence Muhammad's kunya Abu Qasim). Khadija then gave birth to their daughters Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Kulthum and Fatima; and lastly to their son Abd Allah. Abd Allah was known as at-Tayyib ('the Good') and at-Tahir ('the Pure'). Abd-Allah also died in childhood.[23]
Two other children also lived in Khadija's household: Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son of Muhammad's uncle; and Zayd ibn Harithah, a boy from the Kalb tribe who had been kidnapped and sold into slavery. Zayd was a slave in Khadija's household for several years, until his father came to Mecca to take him home. Muhammad insisted that Zayd be given a choice about where he lived, and Zayd decided to remain where he was, after which Muhammad legally adopted Zayd as his own son.[21]
According to the traditional Sunni narrative, when Muhammad reported his first revelation from the Angel Gabriel (Jibril), Khadija was the first person to accept Al-Haqq (The Truth), i.e. she accepted Islam.[39] After his experience in the cave of Hira, Muhammad returned home to Khadija in a state of terror, pleading for her to cover him with a blanket. After calming down, he described the encounter to Khadija, who comforted him with the words that Allah would surely protect him from any danger, and would never allow anyone to revile him as he was a man of peace and reconciliation and always extended the hand of friendship to all.[23] According to some sources, it was Khadija's Christian cousin, Waraqah ibn Nawfal, who confirmed Muhammad's prophethood soon afterwards.[40]
Yahya ibn 'Afeef is quoted saying that he once came, during the period of Jahiliyyah (before the advent of Islam), to Makkah to be hosted by 'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib, one of Muhammad's uncles mentioned above. "'When the sun started rising', he said, 'I saw a man who came out of a place not far from us, faced the Kaaba and started performing his prayers. He hardly started before being joined by a young boy who stood on his right side, then by a woman who stood behind them. When he bowed down, the young boy and the woman bowed, and when he stood up straight, they, too, did likewise. When he prostrated, they, too, prostrated.' He expressed his amazement at that, saying to Abbas: 'This is quite strange, O Abbas!' 'Is it, really?' responded al-Abbas. 'Do you know who he is?' Abbas asked his guest, who answered in the negative. 'He is Muhammad ibn Abdullah, my nephew. Do you know who the young boy is?' he asked again. 'No, indeed', answered the guest. 'He is Ali son of Abu Talib. Do you know who the woman is?' The answer came again in the negative, to which Abbas said, 'She is Khadija bint Khuwaylid, my nephew's wife.'" This incident is included in the books of both Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Al-Tirmidhi, each detailing it in his own Ṣaḥīḥ.
Khadija was supportive of Muhammad's prophetic mission, always helping in his work, proclaiming his message and belittling any opposition to his prophecies.[39] It was her encouragement that helped Muhammad believe in his mission and spread Islam.[41] Khadija also invested her wealth in the mission. When the polytheists and aristocrats of the Quraysh harassed the Muslims, she used her money to ransom Muslim slaves and feed the Muslim community.[42][43]
In 616, the Quraysh declared a trade boycott against the Hashim Clan. They attacked, imprisoned and beat the Muslims, who sometimes went for days without food or drink.[44] Khadija continued to maintain the community until the boycott was lifted in late 619 or early 620.[21]
Khadija died in Ramadan 10 years after Prophethood was revealed,[45] i.e., November 619 A.D. Muhammad later called this tenth year the "Year of Sorrow", as his favorite uncle and protector, Abu Talib, also died at this time.[46] Khadija is said to have been about 65 years old at the time of her death.[47] She was buried in Jannat al-Mu'alla cemetery, in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.[48]
Another report from Muhammad bin Ishaq says that "Abu Talib and Khadija bint Khuwaylid died in the same year. This was three years before the emigration of the Messenger of Allah (Muhammad) to Medina. Khadija was buried in al-Hajun. The Messenger of Allah buried her in her grave. She was 40 years old when the Messenger of Allah married her."[49]
In the years immediately following Khadija's death, Muhammad faced persecution from opponents of his message and also from some who originally followed him but had now turned back. Hostile tribes ridiculed and stoned him.[50] Muhammad migrated to Yathrib, later named Medina, after Khadija's death. Khadija is praised as being one of the four best women of the world, alongside her daughter Fatima, Mary the mother of Jesus, and Asiya the wife of the Fir'aun (Pharaoh).[36]
The Sunni scholar Yusuf ibn abd al-Barr says: "His children born of Khadīja are four daughters; there is no difference of opinion about that."[55]
"O Prophet! Say to azwājika (Arabic: أَزْوَاجِكَ, your wives) and banātika (Arabic: بَنَاتِكَ, your daughters) and the nisāʾil-muʾminīn (Arabic: نِسَاءِ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِيْن, women of the believers) ..."
According to some Shi'ite sources, Khadija and Muhammad adopted two daughters of Halah, a sister of Khadija.[57] The Shi'i scholar Abu'l-Qasim al-Kufi writes:
When the Messenger of Allah married Khadija, then some time thereafter Halah died leaving two daughters, one named Zaynab and the other named Ruqayyah and both of them were brought up by Muhammad and Khadija and they maintained them, and it was the custom before Islam that a child was assigned to whoever brought him up.[58]
The adopted daughters attributed to Muhammad, by Shia sources, are:
It is stated that Waraqah said, "There has come to him the greatest law that came to Moses; surely he is the prophet of this people."[64]
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
أخبرنا هشام بن محمد بن السائب عن أبيه عن أبي صالح عن ابن عباس قال:كانت خديجة يوم تزوجها رسول الله – صلى الله عليه وسلم – ابنة ثمان وعشرين سنة
عن محمد بن إسحاق، أن أبا طالب وخديجة بنت خويلد هلكا في عام واحد، وذلك قبل مهاجر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى المدينة بثلاث سنين، ودفنت خديجة بالحجون، ونزل في قبرها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، وكان لها يوم تزوجها ثمان وعشرون سنة
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Islamic honored women
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Generations of Adam |
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Generations of Ibrāhīm and his sons |
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Generation of Mūsa |
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Reign of Kings |
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House of Imran |
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Time of Muhammad |
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International |
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National |
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Other |
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