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{{short description|Former NASA |
{{short description|Former NASA mission}} |
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{{Infobox spaceflight |
{{Infobox spaceflight |
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| name = Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer |
| name = Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer |
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The '''Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer''' ('''LADEE'''; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|æ|d|i}})<ref name="nasa-overview" /> was a [[NASA]] [[lunar exploration]] and [[technology demonstration]] mission. It was launched on a [[Minotaur V]] rocket from the [[Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport]] on September 7, 2013.<ref name="gsfc-ladee" /> During its seven-month mission, LADEE [[orbit]]ed the Moon's equator, using its instruments to study the [[Atmosphere of the Moon|lunar exosphere]] and dust in the Moon's vicinity. Instruments included a dust detector, neutral [[mass spectrometer]], and ultraviolet-visible [[spectrometer]], as well as a technology demonstration consisting of a [[laser]] [[satellite communications|communications]] terminal.<ref name="nasa-science" /> The mission ended on April 18, 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the [[far side of the Moon]],<ref name="nyt20140418" /><ref name="abc20140418" /> which, later, was determined to be near the eastern rim of [[Sundman (crater)|Sundman V crater]].<ref name="NASA-20141028-NNJ" /> |
The '''Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer''' ('''LADEE'''; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|æ|d|i}})<ref name="nasa-overview" /> was a [[NASA]] [[lunar exploration]] and [[technology demonstration]] mission. It was launched on a [[Minotaur V]] rocket from the [[Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport]] on September 7, 2013.<ref name="gsfc-ladee" /> During its seven-month mission, LADEE [[orbit]]ed around the Moon's equator, using its instruments to study the [[Atmosphere of the Moon|lunar exosphere]] and dust in the Moon's vicinity. Instruments included a dust detector, neutral [[mass spectrometer]], and ultraviolet-visible [[spectrometer]], as well as a technology demonstration consisting of a [[laser]] [[satellite communications|communications]] terminal.<ref name="nasa-science" /> The mission ended on April 18, 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the [[far side of the Moon]],<ref name="nyt20140418" /><ref name="abc20140418" /> which, later, was determined to be near the eastern rim of [[Sundman (crater)|Sundman V crater]].<ref name="NASA-20141028-NNJ" /> |
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==Planning and preparations== |
==Planning and preparations== |
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LADEE was announced during the presentation of NASA's {{abbr|FY09|fiscal year 2009}} budget in February 2008. |
LADEE was announced during the presentation of NASA's {{abbr|FY09|fiscal year 2009}} budget in February 2008.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} It was initially planned to be launched with the [[Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory]] (GRAIL) satellites.<ref name="nasa-2008" /> |
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Mechanical tests including [[Direct Field Acoustic Testing|acoustic]], [[Vibration#Vibration testing|vibration]] and [[Shock (mechanics)|shock]] tests were completed prior to full-scale [[thermal vacuum chamber]] testing at NASA's [[Ames Research Center]] in April 2013.<ref name="nasa20130430" /> During August 2013, LADEE underwent final balancing, fuelling and mounting on the launcher, and all pre-launch activities were complete by August 31, ready for the launch window which opened on September 6.<ref name="nasa-ready" /> |
Mechanical tests including [[Direct Field Acoustic Testing|acoustic]], [[Vibration#Vibration testing|vibration]] and [[Shock (mechanics)|shock]] tests were completed prior to full-scale [[thermal vacuum chamber]] testing at NASA's [[Ames Research Center]] in April 2013.<ref name="nasa20130430" /> During August 2013, LADEE underwent final balancing, fuelling and mounting on the launcher, and all pre-launch activities were complete by August 31, ready for the launch window which opened on September 6.<ref name="nasa-ready" /> |
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===Atmospheric glow=== |
===Atmospheric glow=== |
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[[File:Apollo 17 twilight ray sketch.jpg|thumb|left|upright|At sunrise and sunset various Apollo crews saw glows and rays.<ref name="storm" /> This |
[[File:Apollo 17 twilight ray sketch.jpg|thumb|left|upright|At sunrise and sunset various Apollo crews saw glows and rays.<ref name="storm" /> This Apollo 17 sketch depicts the mysterious twilight rays.]] |
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The Moon may have a tenuous atmosphere of moving particles constantly leaping up from and falling back to the Moon's surface, giving rise to a "dust atmosphere" that looks static but is composed of dust particles in constant motion. According to models proposed starting from 1956,<ref name="townsendbrown" /> on the daylit side of the Moon, solar [[ultraviolet]] and [[X-ray]] radiation is energetic enough to knock [[electron]]s out of atoms and molecules in the lunar soil. Positive charges build up until the tiniest particles of lunar dust (measuring 1 micrometre and smaller) are repelled from the surface and lofted anywhere from metres to kilometres high, with the smallest particles reaching the highest altitudes.<ref name="townsendbrown" /><ref name="moonfountains" /><ref name="ref002" /><ref name="ref001" /> Eventually they fall back toward the surface where the process is repeated. On the night side, the dust is negatively charged by electrons in the [[solar wind]]. Indeed, the "fountain model" suggests that the night side would charge up to higher voltages than the day side, possibly launching dust particles to higher velocities and altitudes.<ref name="moonfountains"/> This effect could be further enhanced during the portion of the Moon's orbit where it passes through Earth's [[magnetotail]];<ref name="tail" /> see [[Magnetic field of the Moon]] for more detail. On the terminator there could be significant horizontal electric fields forming between the day and night areas, resulting in horizontal dust transport.<ref name="tail" /> |
The Moon may have a tenuous atmosphere of moving particles constantly leaping up from and falling back to the Moon's surface, giving rise to a "dust atmosphere" that looks static but is composed of dust particles in constant motion. According to models proposed starting from 1956,<ref name="townsendbrown" /> on the daylit side of the Moon, solar [[ultraviolet]] and [[X-ray]] radiation is energetic enough to knock [[electron]]s out of atoms and molecules in the lunar soil. Positive charges build up until the tiniest particles of lunar dust (measuring 1 micrometre and smaller) are repelled from the surface and lofted anywhere from metres to kilometres high, with the smallest particles reaching the highest altitudes.<ref name="townsendbrown" /><ref name="moonfountains" /><ref name="ref002" /><ref name="ref001" /> Eventually they fall back toward the surface where the process is repeated. On the night side, the dust is negatively charged by electrons in the [[solar wind]]. Indeed, the "fountain model" suggests that the night side would charge up to higher voltages than the day side, possibly launching dust particles to higher velocities and altitudes.<ref name="moonfountains"/> This effect could be further enhanced during the portion of the Moon's orbit where it passes through Earth's [[magnetotail]];<ref name="tail" /> see [[Magnetic field of the Moon]] for more detail. On the terminator there could be significant horizontal electric fields forming between the day and night areas, resulting in horizontal dust transport.<ref name="tail" /> |
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LADEE was launched on September 7, 2013, at 03:27 UTC (September 6, 11:27 p.m. EDT), from the [[Wallops Flight Facility]] at the [[Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport]] on a [[Minotaur V]] carrier rocket.<ref name="propsow" /> This was the first lunar mission to be launched from that facility. The launch had the potential for visibility along much of the U.S. eastern seaboard, from Maine to South Carolina; clear weather allowed numerous observers from New York City to Virginia to observe the ascent, first stage cutoff and second stage ignition.<ref name="nbc" /> |
LADEE was launched on September 7, 2013, at 03:27 UTC (September 6, 11:27 p.m. EDT), from the [[Wallops Flight Facility]] at the [[Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport]] on a [[Minotaur V]] carrier rocket.<ref name="propsow" /> This was the first lunar mission to be launched from that facility. The launch had the potential for visibility along much of the U.S. eastern seaboard, from Maine to South Carolina; clear weather allowed numerous observers from New York City to Virginia to observe the ascent, first stage cutoff and second stage ignition.<ref name="nbc" /> |
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As the Minotaur V is a [[solid-propellant rocket]], spacecraft [[ |
As the Minotaur V is a [[solid-propellant rocket]], spacecraft [[attitude control]] on this mission operated a bit differently from a typical liquid-fueled rocket with more continuous [[Closed-loop controller|closed-loop feedback]]. The first three Minotaur stages "fly a pre-programmed attitude profile" to gain velocity and deliver the vehicle to its preliminary trajectory, while the fourth stage is used to [[3-axis stabilized spacecraft|modify]] the flight profile and deliver the LADEE spacecraft into [[perigee]] for the [[Spin-stabilized satellite|spin-stabilized]] fifth stage to then put the spacecraft into a [[Elliptic orbit|highly elliptical]] [[Geocentric orbit|orbit around Earth]]—the first of three—to begin a month-long Lunar transit.<ref name="sf1-20130921" /> |
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While now separated from the LADEE spacecraft, both the fourth and fifth stages of the Minotaur V reached orbit, and are now [[space debris]] in [[ |
While now separated from the LADEE spacecraft, both the fourth and fifth stages of the Minotaur V reached orbit, and are now [[space debris]] in [[Earth orbit]].<ref name="nsf20130906" /> |
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A launch photo with a frog thrown high by the pressure wave became popular on social media. The frog's condition is uncertain<ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/eKfsSLIaB9</ref><ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/eKZ8DMt_N5</ref>. |
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A launch photo with a frog thrown high by the pressure wave became popular on social media. The frog's condition is uncertain.<ref>[https://www.instagram.com/p/eKfsSLIaB9 NASA on Instagram: “A still camera on a sound trigger captured this intriguing photo of an airborne frog as NASA's LADEE spacecraft lifts off from Pad 0B at…”<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://www.instagram.com/p/eKZ8DMt_N5 NASA Goddard on Instagram: “Frog Photobombs NASA's LADEE Launch - A still camera on a sound trigger captured this intriguing photo of an airborne frog as NASA's…”<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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===Lunar transit=== |
===Lunar transit=== |
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[[File:LADEE fires small engines.jpg|thumb|Artist concept of LADEE firing thrusters]] |
[[File:LADEE fires small engines.jpg|thumb|Artist concept of LADEE firing thrusters]] |
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{{multiple images |direction=horizontal |align=right |total_width=450 |
{{multiple images |direction=horizontal |align=right |total_width=450 |
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|image1=Animation of LADEE trajectory.gif |caption1=Animation of LADEE{{'s}} trajectory from September 7, 2013, to October 31, 2013 <br /> {{legend2|magenta|LADEE}}{{·}}{{legend2| |
|image1=Animation of LADEE trajectory.gif |caption1=Animation of LADEE{{'s}} trajectory from September 7, 2013, to October 31, 2013 <br /> {{legend2|magenta|LADEE}}{{·}}{{legend2|Lime|[[Moon]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|RoyalBlue|[[Earth]]}} |
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|image2=Animation of LADEE trajectory around Moon.gif |caption2=Animation of LADEE{{'s}} trajectory around [[Moon]] from October 1, 2013, to April 17, 2014 <br /> {{legend2|magenta|LADEE}}{{·}}{{legend2|DarkKhaki|[[Moon]]}} |
|image2=Animation of LADEE trajectory around Moon.gif |caption2=Animation of LADEE{{'s}} trajectory around [[Moon]] from October 1, 2013, to April 17, 2014 <br /> {{legend2|magenta|LADEE}}{{·}}{{legend2|DarkKhaki|[[Moon]]}} |
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}} |
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LADEE took an unusual approach in its transit of the [[Moon]]. Launched into a [[Elliptic orbit|highly elliptical]] [[ |
LADEE took an unusual approach in its transit of the [[Moon]]. Launched into a [[Elliptic orbit|highly elliptical]] [[Earth orbit]], the spacecraft made three increasingly larger laps around Earth<ref name="nsf20130906" /> before getting close enough to enter into [[Selenocentric orbit|Lunar orbit]]. The transit required approximately one month.<ref name="st20130907" /> |
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After separating from the Minotaur, high electrical currents were detected in the satellite's [[reaction wheel]]s causing them to be shut down. There was no indication of a fault, and after the protection limits were adjusted, orientation with reaction wheels was resumed the following day.<ref name="sfn-20130907" /> |
After separating from the Minotaur, high electrical currents were detected in the satellite's [[reaction wheel]]s causing them to be shut down. There was no indication of a fault, and after the protection limits were adjusted, orientation with reaction wheels was resumed the following day.<ref name="sfn-20130907" /> |
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===Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration=== |
===Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration=== |
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{{ |
{{see also|Laser communication in space}} |
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{{split section|Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration|date=July 2020}} |
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[[File:LADEE's LLCD optical module rendering.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:LADEE's LLCD optical module rendering.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the optical module of the LLCD]] |
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LADEE's ''Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration'' (LLCD) [[pulsed laser]] system conducted a successful test on October 18, 2013, transmitting data between the spacecraft and its ground station on Earth at a distance of {{convert|239000|mi|km|order=flip}}. This test set a [[downlink]] record of 622 [[megabit]]s per second (Mbps) from spacecraft to ground, and an "error-free data upload rate of 20 Mbps" from ground station to spacecraft.<ref name="parabolic 20131022" /> Tests were carried out over a 30-day test period.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1113034994/lunar-laser-communication-demonstration-reveals-bright-future-for-space-communication-122413/ |title=Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration Reveals Bright Future For Space Communication |work=NASA |publisher=Red Orbit |date=December 24, 2013 |access-date=October 12, 2014}}</ref> |
LADEE's ''Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration'' (LLCD) [[pulsed laser]] system conducted a successful test on October 18, 2013, transmitting data between the spacecraft and its ground station on Earth at a distance of {{convert|239000|mi|km|order=flip}}. This test set a [[downlink]] record of 622 [[megabit]]s per second (Mbps) from spacecraft to ground, and an "error-free data upload rate of 20 Mbps" from ground station to spacecraft.<ref name="parabolic 20131022" /> Tests were carried out over a 30-day test period.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1113034994/lunar-laser-communication-demonstration-reveals-bright-future-for-space-communication-122413/ |title=Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration Reveals Bright Future For Space Communication |work=NASA |publisher=Red Orbit |date=December 24, 2013 |access-date=October 12, 2014}}</ref> |
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The LLCD is a [[free-space optical communication]] system. It is NASA's first attempt at two-way space communication using an [[laser|optical laser]] instead of [[radio wave]]s. It is expected to lead to operational laser systems on future NASA satellites. |
The LLCD is a [[free-space optical communication]] system. It is NASA's first attempt at two-way space communication using an [[laser|optical laser]] instead of [[radio wave]]s. It is expected to lead to operational laser systems on future NASA satellites. The next iteration of the concept will be the [[Laser Communications Relay Demonstration]] scheduled for 2017.<ref name="parabolic 20131022" /> Also, it has been proposed as payload for the [[Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment]] (PADME) orbiter.<ref name="Reyes 2014">{{cite news |last=Reyes |first=Tim |url=http://www.universetoday.com/114871/making-the-case-for-a-mission-to-the-martian-moon-phobos/ |title=Making the Case for a Mission to the Martian Moon Phobos |work=Universe Today |date=October 1, 2014 |access-date=October 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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===Science phase=== |
===Science phase=== |
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===Propulsion system=== |
===Propulsion system=== |
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The LADEE propulsion system consisted of an orbit control system (OCS) and a reaction control system (RCS). The OCS provided velocity control along the +[[Z axis]] for large velocity adjustments. The RCS provided three-axis [[ |
The LADEE propulsion system consisted of an orbit control system (OCS) and a reaction control system (RCS). The OCS provided velocity control along the +[[Z axis]] for large velocity adjustments. The RCS provided three-axis [[attitude control]] during burns of the OCS system, and also provided momentum dumps for the [[reaction wheel]]s which were the primary attitude control system between OCS burns.<ref name="propsow" /> |
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The main engine was a 455[[Newton (unit)|N]] High Performance Apogee Thruster (HiPAT). The high efficiency 22N attitude control thrusters are manufactured using high temperature materials and similar to the HiPAT. The main engine provided the majority of the thrust for spacecraft trajectory correction maneuvers. The control system thrusters were used for the small maneuvers planned for the science phase of the mission.<ref name="FAQ" /> |
The main engine was a 455[[Newton (unit)|N]] High Performance Apogee Thruster (HiPAT). The high efficiency 22N attitude control thrusters are manufactured using high temperature materials and similar to the HiPAT. The main engine provided the majority of the thrust for spacecraft trajectory correction maneuvers. The control system thrusters were used for the small maneuvers planned for the science phase of the mission.<ref name="FAQ" /> |
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LADEE carried three scientific instruments and a technology demonstration payload. |
LADEE carried three scientific instruments and a technology demonstration payload. |
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The science payload consists of:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/science/ |title=LADEE's Science and Instruments |
The science payload consists of:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/science/ |title=LADEE's Science and Instruments |publisher=NASA |access-date=July 26, 2015}}</ref> |
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* The Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS), which performed in situ measurements of [[exosphere|exospheric]] atoms and molecules via [[mass spectroscopy]]. Parts of NMS were based on the SAM instrument on the [[Mars Science Laboratory]]. |
* The Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS), which performed in situ measurements of [[exosphere|exospheric]] atoms and molecules via [[mass spectroscopy]]. Parts of NMS were based on the SAM instrument on the [[Mars Science Laboratory]]. |
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* The UV-Vis Spectrometer (UVS), which measured both the dust and exosphere by [[ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy]]. The instrument was based on the UV-Vis spectrometer on the [[LCROSS]] mission. |
* The UV-Vis Spectrometer (UVS), which measured both the dust and exosphere by [[ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy]]. The instrument was based on the UV-Vis spectrometer on the [[LCROSS]] mission. |
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* Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX), which directly measured dust using an impact ionization detector. This functions by measuring the ionization of particles hitting the detector.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=2013-047A-03 |title=Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX) |work=[[National Space Science Data Center]] |access-date=July 26, 2015}}</ref> The instrument built on experience gained from similar |
* Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX), which directly measured dust using an impact ionization detector. This functions by measuring the ionization of particles hitting the detector.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=2013-047A-03 |title=Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX) |work=[[National Space Science Data Center]] |access-date=July 26, 2015}}</ref> The instrument built on experience gained from similar instruments on ''[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]]'', ''[[Ulysses (spacecraft)|Ulysses]]'', and ''[[Cassini (spacecraft)|Cassini]]''. |
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===Technology demonstration payload=== |
===Technology demonstration payload=== |
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LADEE also carried a technology demonstration payload for testing an [[optical communication]] system. The [[Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration]] (LLCD) used a laser to transmit and receive data as pulses of light, in much the same way as data is transferred in a [[fiber optic]] cable. Three ground stations were used. This method of communication could potentially provide data rates five times higher than the previous [[radio frequency]] communication system.<ref name="llcd" /><ref name="gsfc-335" /> The technology is a direct predecessor to NASA's [[Laser Communications Relay Demonstration]] (LCRD) system which |
LADEE also carried a technology demonstration payload for testing an [[optical communication]] system. The [[Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration]] (LLCD) used a laser to transmit and receive data as pulses of light, in much the same way as data is transferred in a [[fiber optic]] cable. Three ground stations were used. This method of communication could potentially provide data rates five times higher than the previous [[radio frequency]] communication system.<ref name="llcd" /><ref name="gsfc-335" /> The technology is a direct predecessor to NASA's [[Laser Communications Relay Demonstration]] (LCRD) system which is due to launch in 2017.<ref name="esa-laser" /><ref name="nasa-lcd" /> |
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<gallery class="center" heights="140px" mode="packed"> |
<gallery class="center" heights="140px" mode="packed"> |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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==Preliminary results== |
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==Results== |
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{{update section|date=November 2023}} |
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The LADEE science teams continued to analyze data acquired at the time of the Chang'e 3 landing on December 14, 2013.<ref name="results Jan 2014" /> |
The LADEE science teams continued to analyze data acquired at the time of the Chang'e 3 landing on December 14, 2013.<ref name="results Jan 2014" /> |
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* The Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX) team noted an increase in dust around the time of the landing. However, the rise preceded the landing time by many hours, suggesting a different origin. Indeed, the [[Geminids]] meteor shower coincided with this landing event and produced elevated dust counts before, during and after the landing period.<ref name="results Jan 2014" /> The team reported that "if LADEE did encounter any lunar soil particles thrown up by the final descent of Chang'e 3, they would have been lost in the background of Geminid-produced events."<ref name="results Jan 2014" /> |
* The Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX) team noted an increase in dust around the time of the landing. However, the rise preceded the landing time by many hours, suggesting a different origin. Indeed, the [[Geminids]] meteor shower coincided with this landing event and produced elevated dust counts before, during and after the landing period.<ref name="results Jan 2014" /> The team reported that "if LADEE did encounter any lunar soil particles thrown up by the final descent of Chang'e 3, they would have been lost in the background of Geminid-produced events."<ref name="results Jan 2014" /> |
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* The Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS) team has been searching the data for exhaust gas species such as water, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO and CO<sub>2</sub>) as well as nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>).<ref name="results Jan 2014" /> |
* The Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS) team has been searching the data for exhaust gas species such as water, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO and CO<sub>2</sub>) as well as nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>).<ref name="results Jan 2014" /> |
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* The Ultraviolet and Visible light Spectrometer (UVS) carried out a series of before/after observations looking for effects of both the landing and meteor showers. Analysis revealed an increase in sodium in the exosphere in connection with the Geminid meteor shower, as well as evidence of increased light scattering due to dust. The UVS also monitored emission lines of atomic oxygen, and saw emissions that may have indicated the presence of both iron (Fe) and titanium ([[Titanium|Ti]]), which were expected but they had never before been observed.<ref name="results Jan 2014" /> |
* The Ultraviolet and Visible light Spectrometer (UVS) carried out a series of before/after observations looking for effects of both the landing and meteor showers. Analysis revealed an increase in sodium in the exosphere in connection with the Geminid meteor shower, as well as evidence of increased light scattering due to dust. The UVS also monitored emission lines of atomic oxygen, and saw emissions that may have indicated the presence of both iron (Fe) and titanium ([[Titanium|Ti]]), which were expected but they had never before been observed.<ref name="results Jan 2014" /> |
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*[[Helium |
*[[Helium]], [[argon]] and [[neon]] gases were determined to be the most abundant species in the lunar exosphere.<ref name="update">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/ladee/ladee-project-scientist-update-december-2014 |title=LADEE Project Scientist Update: December 2014 |publisher=NASA |first=Rick |last=Elphic |date=December 16, 2014 |access-date=July 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Texas 2014">{{cite conference |url=http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/2677.pdf |title=The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE): Initial Science Results |conference=45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. The Woodlands, Texas. March 17–21, 2014. |publisher=Lunar and Planetary Institute |first1=R. C. |last1=Elphic |first2=B. |last2=Hine |first3=G. T. |last3=Delory |first4=J. S. |last4=Salute |first5=S. |last5=Noble |first6=A. |last6=Colaprete |first7=M. |last7=Horanyi |first8=P. |last8=Mahaffy |author9=LADEE Science Team |display-authors=5 |date=2014}}</ref> The helium and neon were found to be supplied by the [[solar wind]].<ref name="update"/> |
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* On August 17, 2015, based on studies with the LADEE spacecraft, NASA scientists reported the detection of [[neon]] in the [[exosphere]] of the Moon.<ref name="NASA-20150817">{{cite web |last=Steigerwald |first=William |title=NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon |date=August 17, 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref> |
* On August 17, 2015, based on studies with the LADEE spacecraft, NASA scientists reported the detection of [[neon]] in the [[exosphere]] of the Moon.<ref name="NASA-20150817">{{cite web |last=Steigerwald |first=William |title=NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon |date=August 17, 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref> |
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{{Portal|Spaceflight|Solar System}} |
{{Portal|Spaceflight|Solar System}} |
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* [[List of artificial objects on the Moon]] |
* [[List of artificial objects on the Moon]] |
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* [[List of missions to the Moon]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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<ref name="ag20131009">{{cite web |title=LADEE Trajectory Update 10-9-13: LOI-2 nominal |url=http://astrogatorsguild.com/?p=1061 |publisher=The Astrogator's Guild |date=October 9, 2013 |access-date=October 18, 2013}}</ref> |
<ref name="ag20131009">{{cite web |title=LADEE Trajectory Update 10-9-13: LOI-2 nominal |url=http://astrogatorsguild.com/?p=1061 |publisher=The Astrogator's Guild |date=October 9, 2013 |access-date=October 18, 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="airspace20131030">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.airspacemag.com/moon/2013/10/unplanned-but-controlled-experiments-the-role-of-serendipity/|title=Unplanned (But Controlled) Experiments: The Role of Serendipity|work=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian|Air & Space]]{{\}}The Once and Future Moon|first=Paul D.|last=Spudis|date=October 30, 2013|access-date=December 6, 2013 |
<ref name="airspace20131030">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.airspacemag.com/moon/2013/10/unplanned-but-controlled-experiments-the-role-of-serendipity/|title=Unplanned (But Controlled) Experiments: The Role of Serendipity|work=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian|Air & Space]]{{\}}The Once and Future Moon|first=Paul D.|last=Spudis|date=October 30, 2013|access-date=December 6, 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="bbc-363105">{{cite news |title=Moon's tail spotted |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/363105.stm |work=[[BBC]] |date=June 9, 1999 |access-date=November 15, 2009}}</ref> |
<ref name="bbc-363105">{{cite news |title=Moon's tail spotted |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/363105.stm |work=[[BBC]] |date=June 9, 1999 |access-date=November 15, 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="busistandard20131206">{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-12/06/c_132947629.htm |
<ref name="busistandard20131206">{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-12/06/c_132947629.htm |title=Chang'e-3 enters lunar orbit |work=Xinhua |date=December 6, 2013 |access-date=December 6, 2013}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="csmonitor20140418">{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2014/0418/Moon-orbiter-LADEE-crashes-triumphantly-after-amazing-mission |title=Moon orbiter LADEE crashes triumphantly after 'amazing' mission |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |first=Liz |last=Fuller-Wright |date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 18, 2014}}</ref> |
<ref name="csmonitor20140418">{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2014/0418/Moon-orbiter-LADEE-crashes-triumphantly-after-amazing-mission |title=Moon orbiter LADEE crashes triumphantly after 'amazing' mission |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |first=Liz |last=Fuller-Wright |date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 18, 2014}}</ref> |
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| Line 236: | Line 236: | ||
<ref name="nasa-lcd">{{cite web |title=NASA's First Laser Communication System Integrated, Ready for Launch |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LADEE/news/llcd-integrated.html |publisher=NASA |date=March 3, 2013 |access-date=July 30, 2013}}</ref> |
<ref name="nasa-lcd">{{cite web |title=NASA's First Laser Communication System Integrated, Ready for Launch |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LADEE/news/llcd-integrated.html |publisher=NASA |date=March 3, 2013 |access-date=July 30, 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="nasa-missionpages">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/spacecraft/index.html |title=LADEE Spacecraft |
<ref name="nasa-missionpages">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/spacecraft/index.html |title=LADEE Spacecraft |publisher=NASA}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="nasa-overview">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/mission-overview/ |title=LADEE Mission Overview |work=NASA.gov |date=September 6, 2013 |access-date=December 4, 2013}}</ref> |
<ref name="nasa-overview">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/mission-overview/ |title=LADEE Mission Overview |work=NASA.gov |date=September 6, 2013 |access-date=December 4, 2013}}</ref> |
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| Line 278: | Line 278: | ||
<ref name="space20131121">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/23675-china-moon-lander-trouble-nasa-ladee.html |title=China's 1st Moon Lander May Cause Trouble for NASA Lunar Dust Mission |work=Space.com |first=Leonard |last=David |date=November 21, 2013 |access-date=November 25, 2013}}</ref> |
<ref name="space20131121">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/23675-china-moon-lander-trouble-nasa-ladee.html |title=China's 1st Moon Lander May Cause Trouble for NASA Lunar Dust Mission |work=Space.com |first=Leonard |last=David |date=November 21, 2013 |access-date=November 25, 2013}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="spaceref-27450">{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=27450 |title=NASA Solicitation: Instruments for LADEE Lunar Mission |publisher=SpaceRef |date=March 25, 2008 |access-date=July 30, 2011 |
<ref name="spaceref-27450">{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=27450 |title=NASA Solicitation: Instruments for LADEE Lunar Mission |publisher=SpaceRef |date=March 25, 2008 |access-date=July 30, 2011}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="space-trouble">{{cite news |first=Leonard |last=David |title=China's 1st Moon Lander May Cause Trouble for NASA Lunar Dust Mission |date=November 21, 2013 |url=http://m.space.com/23675-china-moon-lander-trouble-nasa-ladee.html |work=Space |quote=LADEE also has the potential to measure dust that might be lofted above the lunar surface by the Chang'e 3 touchdown. |access-date=December 7, 2013 |
<ref name="space-trouble">{{cite news |first=Leonard |last=David |title=China's 1st Moon Lander May Cause Trouble for NASA Lunar Dust Mission |date=November 21, 2013 |url=http://m.space.com/23675-china-moon-lander-trouble-nasa-ladee.html |work=Space |quote=LADEE also has the potential to measure dust that might be lofted above the lunar surface by the Chang'e 3 touchdown. |access-date=December 7, 2013}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="spf101-traj">{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/ladee-mission-and-trajectory-design.html |title=LADEE - Mission and Trajectory Design |work=Spaceflight 101 |first=Patrick |last=Blau |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref> |
<ref name="spf101-traj">{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceflight101.com/ladee-mission-and-trajectory-design.html |title=LADEE - Mission and Trajectory Design |work=Spaceflight 101 |first=Patrick |last=Blau |access-date=April 19, 2014}}</ref> |
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| Line 295: | Line 295: | ||
<ref name="voanews20140418">{{cite news |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/robotic-mission-kicks-up-lunar-dust/1896373.html |title=Robotic Mission Kicks Up Lunar Dust |work=[[Voice of America]] |first=Rosanne |last=Skirble |date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 18, 2014}}</ref> |
<ref name="voanews20140418">{{cite news |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/robotic-mission-kicks-up-lunar-dust/1896373.html |title=Robotic Mission Kicks Up Lunar Dust |work=[[Voice of America]] |first=Rosanne |last=Skirble |date=April 18, 2014 |access-date=April 18, 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="nasa20211207">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-laser-communications-tech-science-experiment-safely-in-space-0 |title=NASA's Laser Communications Tech, Science Experiment Safely in Space |publisher=NASA/GSFC |date=December 7, 2021 |access-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> |
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Copy and paste: – — ° ′ ″ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · § Cite your sources: <ref></ref>
{{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span>
Symbols: ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶ # ∞ ‹› «» ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ 𝄫 ♭ ♮ ♯ 𝄪 © ® ™
Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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