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{{Short description|Study of the geographic distribution of language(s)}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} |
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[[Image:Linguistic Map of Justinian I's Empire c. 560.png|right|thumb|300px|A map of the language divisions within [[Justinian I]]'s [[Byzantine Empire]] {{legend|#FFB4B4|Greek}}{{legend|#FFE5B4|Greek and native}}{{legend|#B4C0FF|Latin}}{{legend|#B4E9FF|Latin and native}}{{legend|#FFB4F9|Aramaic}}{{legend|#BBFFB4|Coptic}}{{legend|#EEFFB4|Caucasian and Armenian}}]] |
[[Image:Linguistic Map of Justinian I's Empire c. 560.png|right|thumb|300px|A map of the language divisions within [[Justinian I]]'s [[Byzantine Empire]] {{legend|#FFB4B4|Greek}}{{legend|#FFE5B4|Greek and native}}{{legend|#B4C0FF|Latin}}{{legend|#B4E9FF|Latin and native}}{{legend|#FFB4F9|Aramaic}}{{legend|#BBFFB4|Coptic}}{{legend|#EEFFB4|Caucasian and Armenian}}]] |
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'''Language geography''' is the branch of [[human geography]] that studies the geographic distribution of language(s) or its constituent elements. Linguistic geography can also refer to studies of how people talk about the landscape. For example, [[toponymy]] is the study of place names.<ref name="Toponymy">{{cite book|title=Toponymy : the lore, laws, and language of geographical names|last1=Kadmon|first1=Naftali|date=2000|publisher=Vantage Press|isbn=0533135311|edition=1st|location=New York}}</ref> Landscape ethnoecology, also known as ethnophysiography, is the study of landscape ontologies and how they are expressed in language.<ref>{{cite book|title=Landscape Ethnoecology: Concepts of Biotic and Physical Space|date=2012|publisher=Berghahn Books|editor1-last=Johnson|editor1-first=Leslie Main|location=New York|editor2-last=Hunn|editor2-first=Eugene S.}}</ref> |
'''Language geography''' is the branch of [[human geography]] that studies the geographic distribution of language(s) or its constituent elements. '''Linguistic geography''' can also refer to studies of how people talk about the landscape. For example, [[toponymy]] is the study of place names.<ref name="Toponymy">{{cite book|title=Toponymy : the lore, laws, and language of geographical names|last1=Kadmon|first1=Naftali|date=2000|publisher=Vantage Press|isbn=0533135311|edition=1st|location=New York}}</ref> Landscape ethnoecology, also known as ethnophysiography, is the study of landscape ontologies and how they are expressed in language.<ref>{{cite book|title=Landscape Ethnoecology: Concepts of Biotic and Physical Space|date=2012|publisher=Berghahn Books|editor1-last=Johnson|editor1-first=Leslie Main|location=New York|editor2-last=Hunn|editor2-first=Eugene S.}}</ref> |
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There are two principal fields of study within the geography of language: |
There are two principal fields of study within the geography of language: |
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#''geography of languages'', which deals with the distribution through history and space of languages,<ref>Delgado de Carvalho, C.M. (1962). ''The geography of languages''. In Wagner, P.L.; Mikesell, M.W. ''Readings in cultural geography.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 75–93.</ref> and/or is concerned with 'the analysis of the distribution patterns and spatial structures of languages in contact'.<ref>Williams, C.H. (1980). "Language contact and language change in Wales, 1901–1971: a study in historical geolinguistics". ''[[Welsh History Review]]'' 10, 207–238.</ref> |
#''geography of languages'', which deals with the distribution through history and space of languages,<ref>Delgado de Carvalho, C.M. (1962). ''The geography of languages''. In Wagner, P.L.; Mikesell, M.W. ''Readings in cultural geography.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 75–93.</ref> and/or is concerned with 'the analysis of the distribution patterns and spatial structures of languages in contact'.<ref>Williams, C.H. (1980). "Language contact and language change in Wales, 1901–1971: a study in historical geolinguistics". ''[[Welsh History Review]]'' 10, 207–238.</ref> |
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# ''[[geolinguistics]]'' being, when used as a sub-discipline of geography, the study of the 'political, economic and cultural processes that affect the status and distribution of languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gunnemark|first=Erik|year=1991|title=What is geolinguistics ?|journal=Geolinguistics, |
# ''[[geolinguistics]]'' being, when used as a sub-discipline of geography, the study of the 'political, economic and cultural processes that affect the status and distribution of languages'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gunnemark|first=Erik|author-link=Erik V. Gunnemark|year=1991|title=What is geolinguistics ?|journal=Geolinguistics, Journal of the American Society of Geolinguistics.|publisher=American Society of Geolinguistics|volume=17|page=12|issn=0190-4671}}</ref> When perceived as a sub-discipline of linguistics that incorporates contact linguistics, one definition appearing has been 'the study of languages and dialects in contact and in conflict with various societal, economic, ideological, political and other contemporary trends with regard to a particular geographic location and on a planetary scale'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://politlinguist.ru/announcements/17.doc|title=International Conference on multilingual perspectives in geolinguistics, April 11, 2015}}</ref> |
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Various other terms and subdisciplines have been suggested, but none gained much currency,<ref name="Dict">Withers, Charles W.J. [1981] (1993). Johnson, R.J. ''The Dictionary of Human Geography'', Gregory, Derek; Smith, David M., Second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 252–3.</ref> including: |
Various other terms and subdisciplines have been suggested, but none gained much currency,<ref name="Dict">Withers, Charles W.J. [1981] (1993). Johnson, R.J. ''The Dictionary of Human Geography'', Gregory, Derek; Smith, David M., Second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 252–3.</ref> including: |
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* ''linguistic geography'',<ref>Dell'Aquila, V. (1997). ''[https://www.academia.edu/2013163/Mapping_the_languages_of_Europe Mapping the languages of Europe]'' in Herberts K., Laurén C., Laurén U, Strömann S. (Eds.): "Flerspråkighetens dimensioner. Individ, familj och samhälle", Vaasan Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Vaasa/Vasa, 103–131.</ref> which deals with regional linguistic variations within languages,<ref>Pei, M. (1966). ''Glossary of linguistic terminology''. New York: John Wiley.</ref><ref>Trudgill, P. (1974). ''Linguistic change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography.'' Language in Society 3:2, 215–46.</ref><ref name="Trud3">Trudgill, P. (1983). ''On dialect: social and geographical perspectives.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell; New York: New York University Press.</ref><ref name="Trud2">Trudgill, P. (1975). ''Linguistic geography and geographical linguistics.'' Progress in Geography 7, 227–52</ref><ref name="Dict" /> also called 'dialect geography' which some consider a subdivision of geolinguistics<ref name=":0" /> |
* ''linguistic geography'',<ref>Dell'Aquila, V. (1997). ''[https://www.academia.edu/2013163/Mapping_the_languages_of_Europe Mapping the languages of Europe]'' in Herberts K., Laurén C., Laurén U, Strömann S. (Eds.): "Flerspråkighetens dimensioner. Individ, familj och samhälle", Vaasan Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Vaasa/Vasa, 103–131.</ref> which deals with regional linguistic variations within languages,<ref>Pei, M. (1966). ''Glossary of linguistic terminology''. New York: John Wiley.</ref><ref>Trudgill, P. (1974). ''Linguistic change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography.'' Language in Society 3:2, 215–46.</ref><ref name="Trud3">Trudgill, P. (1983). ''On dialect: social and geographical perspectives.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell; New York: New York University Press.</ref><ref name="Trud2">Trudgill, P. (1975). ''Linguistic geography and geographical linguistics.'' Progress in Geography 7, 227–52</ref><ref name="Dict" /> also called '''dialect geography''', which some consider a subdivision of geolinguistics<ref name=":0" /> |
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* a division within the examination of linguistic geography separating the studies of change over time and space;<ref>Iordan, I.; Orr, J. (1970). ''An introduction to romance linguistics.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell; Berkeley: University of California Press.</ref> |
* a division within the examination of linguistic geography separating the studies of change over time and space;<ref>Iordan, I.; Orr, J. (1970). ''An introduction to romance linguistics.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell; Berkeley: University of California Press.</ref> |
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Many studies in what is now called contact linguistics have researched the effect of [[language contact]],<ref>Weinrich, U. (1974). ''Languages in contact''. The Hague: Mouton.</ref> as the languages or dialects (varieties) of peoples have interacted.<ref name=Dict/> This territorial expansion of language groups has usually resulted in the overlaying of languages upon existing speech areas, rather than the replacement of one language by another. |
Many studies in what is now called contact linguistics have researched the effect of [[language contact]],<ref>Weinrich, U. (1974). ''Languages in contact''. The Hague: Mouton.</ref> as the languages or dialects (varieties) of peoples have interacted.<ref name=Dict/> This territorial expansion of language groups has usually resulted in the overlaying of languages upon existing speech areas, rather than the replacement of one language by another. For example, after the [[Norman Conquest of England]], [[Old French]] became the language of the aristocracy but [[Middle English]] remained the language of a majority of the population.<ref>Burchfield, Robert [1985] (2003). ''The English Language'', New York: Oxford University Press, 14.</ref> |
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== Linguistic geography == |
== Linguistic geography == |
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== Geolinguistic organizations == |
== Geolinguistic organizations == |
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Most [[geolinguistic organizations]] identify themselves as associations of linguists rather than of geographers. This includes the two oldest which both date to 1965 with "Amici Linguarum" (language friends) being founded by [ |
Most [[geolinguistic organizations]] identify themselves as associations of linguists rather than of geographers. This includes the two oldest which both date to 1965 with "Amici Linguarum" (language friends) being founded by [[Erik V. Gunnemark]] and The American Society of Geolinguistics by [[Mario A. Pei]]. The research in [[geolinguistics]] which these organizations and others, which are more geographically oriented, promote is often interdisciplinary, being at times simultaneously both linguistic and geographic, and also being at times linked to other sub-disciplines of linguistics as well as going beyond linguistics to connect to sociology, anthropology, ethnology, history, demographics, political science, studies of cognition and communication, etc. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.geolectos.com/atlas.htm Linguistic atlas of the world] |
*[http://www.geolectos.com/atlas.htm Linguistic atlas of the world] |
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*[ |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200803195616/https://geolinguistics.info/ American Society of Geolinguistics] |
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{{Geographical distribution of languages}} |
{{Geographical distribution of languages}} |
Language geography is the branch of human geography that studies the geographic distribution of language(s) or its constituent elements. Linguistic geography can also refer to studies of how people talk about the landscape. For example, toponymy is the study of place names.[1] Landscape ethnoecology, also known as ethnophysiography, is the study of landscape ontologies and how they are expressed in language.[2]
There are two principal fields of study within the geography of language:
Various other terms and subdisciplines have been suggested, but none gained much currency,[7] including:
Many studies in what is now called contact linguistics have researched the effect of language contact,[14] as the languages or dialects (varieties) of peoples have interacted.[7] This territorial expansion of language groups has usually resulted in the overlaying of languages upon existing speech areas, rather than the replacement of one language by another. For example, after the Norman Conquest of England, Old French became the language of the aristocracy but Middle English remained the language of a majority of the population.[15]
Linguistic geography, as a field, is dominated by linguists rather than geographers.[11] Charles W. J. Withers describes the difference as resulting from a focus on "elements of language, and only then with their geographical or social variation, as opposed to investigation of the processes making for change in the extent of language areas."[7] Peter Trudgill says, "linguistic geography has been geographical only in the sense that it has been concerned with the spatial distribution of linguistic phenomena."[12] Greater emphasis has been laid upon explanation rather than mere description of the patterns of linguistic change.[11][7] That move has paralleled similar concerns in geography and language studies.[16] Some studies have paid attention to the social use[17] of language and to variations in dialect within languages in regard to social class or occupation.[18] Regarding such variations, lexicographer Robert Burchfield notes that their nature "is a matter of perpetual discussion and disagreement" and notes that "most professional linguistic scholars regard it as axiomatic that all varieties of English have a sufficiently large vocabulary for the expression of all the distinctions that are important in the society using it." He contrasts this with the view of the historian John Vincent, who regards such a view as
"a nasty little orthodoxy among the educational and linguistic establishment. However badly you need standard English, you will have the merits of non-standard English waved at you. The more extravagantly your disadvantages will be lauded as 'entirely adequate for the needs of their speakers', to cite the author of Sociolinguistics. It may sound like a radical cry to support pidgin, patois, or dialect, but translated into social terms, it looks more like a ploy to keep Them (whoever Them may be) out of the middle-class suburbs."
— John Vincent, The Times[19]
Burchfield concludes, "Resolution of such opposite views is not possible.... future of dialect studies and the study of class-marked distinctions are likely to be of considerable interest to everyone."[20]
InEngland, linguistic geography has traditionally focused upon rural English, rather than urban English.[21] A common production of linguistic investigators of dialects is the shaded and dotted map showing to show where one linguistic feature ends and another begins or overlaps. Various compilations of these maps for England have been issued over the years, including Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (1896–1905), the Survey of English Dialects (1962–8), and The Linguistic Atlas of England (1978).[22]
Most geolinguistic organizations identify themselves as associations of linguists rather than of geographers. This includes the two oldest which both date to 1965 with "Amici Linguarum" (language friends) being founded by Erik V. Gunnemark and The American Society of Geolinguistics by Mario A. Pei. The research in geolinguistics which these organizations and others, which are more geographically oriented, promote is often interdisciplinary, being at times simultaneously both linguistic and geographic, and also being at times linked to other sub-disciplines of linguistics as well as going beyond linguistics to connect to sociology, anthropology, ethnology, history, demographics, political science, studies of cognition and communication, etc.
Geographical distribution of languages
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Romance-speaking world |
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Germanic-speaking world |
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Slavic-speaking world |
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Celtic-speaking world |
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Other languages |
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Sub-fields of and approaches to human geography
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Approaches |
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