Negative verb: Difference between revisions

{{Refimprove|date=June 2020}}

[[Matthew Dryer|Dryer]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schulze|first=Wolfgang|date=2007|title=Haspelmath, Martin & Matthew S. Dryer & Davil Gil & Bernard Comrie. 2005.The World Atlas of Language Structures|journal=Studies in Language|volume=31|issue=2|pages=445–463|doi=10.1075/sl.31.2.08sch|issn=0378-4177}}</ref> defined three different types of negative markers in language. Beside negative particles and negative [[affix]]es, '''negative verbs''' play a role in various languages. The negative verb is used to implement a '''clausal negation'''. The negative predicate counts as a semantic function and is localized and therefore grammaticalized in different languages. Negation verbs are often used as an [[Auxiliary verb|auxiliary]] type which also carries [[φ]]-feature content. This could be visualized for example in the [[inflection]]al character of the negation verb while combined with the main verb. Dryer<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dryer|first=Matthews|url=http://wals.info/chapter/143|title=Order of negative morpheme and verb|publisher=Max Planck Digital Library|year=2011|location=Munich}}</ref> observes a tendency to place the negation verb before the finite verb. Miestamo<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miestamo|first=Matti|title=Standard Negation|date=2008|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co.KG|doi=10.1515/9783110197631|isbn=978-3-11-019763-1}}</ref> researched four different types of negations and proposed a distinction between ''symmetric'' negation in which a negative marker is added and ''asymmetric'' negation in which, beside the added negation marker, other structural changes appear.

In English, a [[standard negation]] (SN) is used to negate [[Declarative sentence|declarative]] main clauses. The verbal negation predicate is '[[Yes and no|not]]'. To negate other clauses, the negation construction differs from SN. The English auxiliary 'do', in combination with the negative verb, indicates whether one or multiple individuals are involved, while the verb referring to the negated activity remains non-inflected. Concluding this, ordinary verbs take the auxiliary ''[[wikt:do|do]]'' when negated by ''[[wikt:not|not]]''.

Uralic languages differ from each other in the particulars of negation predicate use but continue to show specific similarities.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miestamo|title=Negation in Uralic Languages|last2=Tamm|last3=Wagner-Nagy|publisher=John Benjamin Publishing Company|year=2015|isbn=9789027206893|location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia|pages=13–22|chapter=3.2}}</ref> For defining different patterns of negation predicates it is necessary to know about the [[lexical verb]] (LV) and the [[Finite verb|finite form]] (FE). Miestamo defined four types of asymmetry in negation verbs. The first type shows a prominent appearance in Uralic languages. It is defined as A/Fin (A = asymmetry | Fin = finiteness) and describes that influenced by the negation verb, the finiteness of the LV is reduced or lost. For example, the LV loses the finiteness because the clause is marked by the de-verbalizing negative morpheme. Therefore, the [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] is added as a type that holds the finite status (FE). In some [[Uralic languages]], speakers produce{{Clarify|reason="speaker" and "produce" seem to refer to the subject and the finite verb, respectively, in this clause, but they do not match in number, which they should if they are indeed meant as subject and finite verb; unclear is whether they are meant as singular (in which case the finite verb gets an "s"-ending) or as plural (in which case the subject gets an "s"-ending|date=August 2020}} [[connegative]]s to construct the syntactically acceptable word form used in negative clauses.

=== Finnish ===

The standard negation (SN) in the [[Finnish language]] is realized by a verbal complex.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vilkuna|first=Maria|title=Negation in Uralic Languages|publisher=John Benjamin Publishing Company|year=2015|isbn=9789027206893|location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia|pages=457–487}}</ref> First the LV with a non-finite character is formed followed by the finite element which is presented as the negative auxiliary. The root of the auxiliary is 'e-'. The ending gives information about [[Grammatical person|person]] and [[Grammatical number|number]]. The marker for [[Grammatical tense|tense]] is not presented on the auxiliary and is only dependent on the clausal context. Therefore, tense is marked on the LV separated from the auxiliary and appears as connegative form in present tense and past participle in past tense.

==== Negative Verb - Overview for clausal negations ====

{| class="wikitable"

|'''SN in main clauses'''

| - AUX(iliary) 'ei': 'e-' + Person/Number marking

- Main verb: connegative or participle

- Asymmetric

|-

|'''Non-verbal predicates'''

<br />

|SN

|-

|'''Imperatives/Prohibitive sentences'''

|AUX 'äl-' + idiosyncratic Person and mood marking

|-

|'''Negation in dependent clauses'''

|Finite: SN

|}

The [[Estonian language]] uses a particle-like non-inflectional negative auxiliary<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anna|first=Tamm|title=Negation in Uralic Languages|publisher=John Benjamin Publishing Company|year=2015|isbn=9789027206893|location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia|pages=399–433}}</ref> which is hierarchically presented on a pre-verbal slot. The auxiliary is realized as 'ei'. A special form differs from the SN while forming the connegative in the present tense, in the past form, or in the active past participle. In the Estonian language, the flectional character doesn't seem to be a necessary feature for the negative auxiliary, which differs from other Uralic languages. This is important because the question appears, if the auxiliary has to show a flectional marker even if the LV is not showing any flectional marker without using the negation modus.

==== Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations ====

{| class="wikitable"

|'''Clausal SN; finite: indicative, conditional, evidental'''

|'ei-' (uninflected) + verb in connegative

|-

|'''Prohibitive sentences'''

<br />

|'ära' (inflected) + verb in connegative or inflected (variation)

|-

|'''Negation in locative, equative, inclusive, attributive constructions'''

|'ei' (uninflected) + copula in connegative

|}

|}

=== Skolt Saami ===

In [[Skolt Sami language|Skolt Saami]] the SN shows a negative auxiliary compared with a non-finite LV. For imperative a special case is provided.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miestamo|first=Matti|title=Negation in Uralic Languages|publisher=John Benjamin Publishing Company|year=2015|isbn=9789027206893|location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia|pages=353–377}}</ref>

==== Negative Verb - Summary ====

{| class="wikitable"

|'''SN'''

| - Negation AUX: 'ij' + LV

- Negation copula (replaces Positive copula) + verb

|-

|'''Negation of imperatives'''

<br />

|Negation AUX + Imperative + verb

|-

|'''Negation of non-verbal predicates'''

| -SN

- Negation copula (general stative negator, alternative to SN)

|-

|'''Negation in dependent clauses'''

| - finite: SN

- non-finite: verbal [[Abessive case|absessive]]

|}

=== South Saami ===

In [[Southern Sami language|South Saami]], the SN is realized by a negative auxiliary. This form is used in present tense and the preterite. The LV is presented as a connegative form. A special case is presented while creating the imperative.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blokland|first=Rogier|title=Negation in Uralic Languages|publisher=John Benjamin Publishing Company|year=2015|isbn=9789027206893|location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia|pages=377–399}}</ref> In this case the negative auxiliary gets a full personal paradigm except for the third person '[[Dual (grammatical number)|dual]]'. The third person in singular in present tense of the negative auxiliary is prohibited as a negative reply.

==== Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations ====

{| class="wikitable"

|'''SN'''

|Negative AUX + connegative verb

|-

|'''Imperative/prohibitive sentences'''

<br />

|<nowiki>- Negative AUX 'aell-' (prohibitive) + connegative verb</nowiki>

- Negative AUX 'oll-' (apprehensive) + connegative verb

|-

|'''Negation of non-verbal predicates'''

|Negative AUX + connegative verb

|-

|'''Negation in dependent clauses'''

|Negative AUX + connegative verb

The negative verb is conjugated in moods and personal forms in [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sami]].

===Lule Sami===

The negative verb is conjugated in moods and personal forms in [[Lule Sami language|Lule Sami]].

'''[[indicative mood|Indicative]], [[conditional mood|conditional]], and [[potential mood]]'''

{| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; border-collapse: collapse;"

! style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;" | Person

! style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;" | Singular

! style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;" | Dual

! style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px; background-color: #EFEFFF;" | Plural

|-

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | 1.

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | iv

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | en

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | ep

|-

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | 2.

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | i

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | ähppe

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | ehpit

|-

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | 3.

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | ij

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | äbá

| style="border: 1px #000000 solid; padding: 2px 10px 2px 4px;" | e

|}

=== Hungarian ===

Hungarian has lost most evidence of a negative verb, but the negation particle 'nem' becomes 'ne' before verbs in the jussive/imperative (also sometimes called the conditional mood or J-mood). Furthermore, the 3rd person present indicative of the copular verb ('lenni') has unique negative forms 'nincs(en)' and 'nincsenek' as opposed to 'nem van' and 'nem vannak', but only when the particle and verb would occur [[adjacently]]. In all other instances, the copular verb acts regularly. These forms are also unique in that they have an existential role "there is (not)" and "there are (not)". In the present indicative 3rd person, copular verbs are not used; rather the absence of a verb (with or without a negation particle) implies the copula.

===Komi===

In the [[Komi language]], the negative marker and the form of the negative construction are dependent on the clausal tense.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamari|first=Arja|title=Negation in Uralic Languages|publisher=John Benjamin Publishing Company|year=2015|isbn=9789027206893|location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia|pages=239–265}}</ref> If the corresponding affirmative predicate is based on a verbal form, a negative auxiliary is used. This is not convertible for affirmative verbs with nominal forms. The negative auxiliary is used in present tense, future tense, 1st past tense of indicative, and in the imperative and optative mood.

==== Negative Verb - Strategies in clausal negations ====

{| class="wikitable"

|'''SN'''<br />

| - present & future tense

- 1st past tense

- 2nd past tense

- 3rd past tense

- 4th past tense

- 5th past tense

- 6th past tense

|'o-' + V - Connegative (CNG)

'e-' + V - Connegative

'abu' + V

'veli' + 'o-' + V - Connegative

a) 'abu' + 'veli' + V

b) 'e-' + 'be' - CNG + V

'velem' + 'o-' + V - CNG

'velem' + 'ab' + V

|'''Negation of imperatives'''

<br />

|Imperative (2nd person only)

Optative (3rd person only)

Conditional (all tenses)

|'e-' + V - CNG

'med' + 'o-' + V - CNG

'(v)éske(u)' + SN

|'''Negation in dependent/subordinate clauses'''

| - finite subordinate clauses

- non-finite subordinate verb forms:

i. Infinitives

ii. participles

iii. converbs

|SN

'ńe' + V-infinitve

V + 'tem'

V + 'teg'

{{or section|date=May 2021}}

[[Korean verbs]] can be negated by the negative verbs [[wikt:않다|않다]] ''anta'' and [[wikt:못하다|못하다]] ''mothada'' or by the negative adverbs [[wikt:안|안]] ''an'' and [[wikt:못|못]] ''mot''. The [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] [[wikt:이다|이다]] ''ida'' has a corresponding negative copula [[wikt:아니다|아니다]] ''anida''. (''anida'' is an independent word like ''anta'' and ''mothada'', unlike ''ida'' which cannot stand on its own and must be attached to a noun.)

! rowspan="2" | 가다<br />''gada''<br />''to go''

! rowspan="2" | 먹다<br />''meokda''<br />''to eat''

|}<br />{{lexical categories|state=collapsed}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}