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'''Nine Lessons and Carols''', also known as the '''Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols''' and '''Service of Nine Lessons and Carols''', is a service of [[Christian worship]] traditionally celebrated on or near [[Christmas Eve]] |
'''Nine Lessons and Carols''', also known as the '''Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols''' and '''Service of Nine Lessons and Carols''', is a service of [[Christian worship]] traditionally celebrated on or near [[Christmas Eve]]. The story of the [[fall of man|fall of humanity]], the [[Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament|promise of the Messiah]], and the [[nativity of Jesus|birth of Jesus]] is told in nine short [[Bible]] readings or [[Lection|lessons]] from Genesis, the prophetic books and the Gospels, interspersed with the singing of [[Christmas carol]]s, [[hymn]]s and [[choir]] [[anthem]]s. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Order of service=== |
===Order of service=== |
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The format of the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols |
The format of the first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols did not differ substantially from the one known at King's College, Cambridge today. The order of the lessons was revised in 1919, and since that time the service has always begun with the hymn "[[Once In Royal David's City|Once in Royal David's City]]".<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/> Today the first verse is sung unaccompanied by a solo boy chorister. To avoid putting him under undue stress, the chorister is not told that he will be singing the solo until immediately before the service is to begin.<ref>{{citation|author=Peter Kingston|title=The world's greatest carol event|url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,2231099,00.html|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] (EducationGuardian)|date=21 December 2007}}.</ref> |
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The |
The Nine Lessons, which are the same every year, are read by representatives of the college and of the [[Cambridge|City of Cambridge]] from the 1611 [[Authorized King James Version]] of the Bible. The singing is divided into "carols" which are sung by the choir and "hymns" sung by the choir and congregation. Some services have also included [[anthem]]s between the carols and hymns, such as a performance of "[[E'en So, Lord Jesus, Quickly Come]]" in 2004.<ref name=LC2004>{{cite web|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols 2004|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/events/chapel-services/nine-lessons/order-service-2004.html|website=King's College, Cambridge|publisher=University of Cambridge|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024073528/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/events/chapel-services/nine-lessons/order-service-2004.html|archive-date=24 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1982, Director of Music [[Stephen Cleobury]] commissioned a new carol each year on behalf of the college for the choir. The carols vary from year to year, although some music is repeated. The service ends with the hymn "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]". The following is from the service in 2008.<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2008">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2008|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/festival-nine-lessons-2008.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2008|access-date=25 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105081101/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/festival-nine-lessons-2008.pdf|archive-date=5 November 2010|url-status=dead}}. For the songs sung in earlier years, see "[[List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]".</ref> |
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*Organ preludes |
*Organ preludes |
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⚫ | :*[[Processional hymn|Processional Hymn]]: "[[Once in Royal David's City]]" – words by [[Cecil Frances Alexander]]; melody by [[Henry Gauntlett]]; harmonised by Henry Gauntlett and A. H. Mann; [[descant]] by [[Stephen Cleobury]]. |
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::*"Fantasia in C, BK 25" – music by [[William Byrd]] (c. 1540−1623) |
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⚫ | |||
::*'La vierge et l'enfant' from『[[La Nativité du Seigneur]]』– music by Olivier Messaien (1908−1992) |
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:*Carol: "If Ye would Hear the Angels Sing" – wordsbyD. Greenwell; music by P. Tranchell |
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*'''First Lesson from [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 3: 8–19''' (readbya chorister) |
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:: |
:*Carol: "Remember, O Thou Man" – words, 16th century; music by [[Thomas Ravenscroft]] |
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:*Carol: "[[Adam lay ybounden]]" – words, 15th century; music by [[Boris Ord]] |
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⚫ | *'''Second Lesson from Genesis 22: 15–18''' (read by a choral scholar) |
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⚫ |
:*[[Processional hymn]]: "[[Once in Royal David's City]]" – words by [[Cecil Frances Alexander]] |
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:*Carol: "[[Angels from the Realms of Glory]]" – words by [[James Montgomery (poet)|James Montgomery]]; music, old French tune arranged by [[Philip Ledger|Philip S. Ledger]] |
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⚫ | |||
:*Carol: " |
:*Carol: "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]" – words, 14th-century German; music by [[Hieronymus Praetorius]] |
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*''' |
*'''Third Lesson from [[Isaiah]] 9: 2; 6–7''' (read by a representativeofCambridge churches) |
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:*Carol: " |
:*Carol: "Nowell Sing We Now All and Some" – words and music medieval, editedbyJohn Stevens |
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:*Hymn: "[[Unto Us is Born a Son]]" – words, 15th-century Latin, translated by G.R. Woodward; music from ''[[Piae Cantiones]]'' arranged by [[David Willcocks|David V. Willcocks]] |
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⚫ |
*'''Second |
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[[File:William Blake - Songs of Innocence and Experience - The Lamb.jpg|thumb|200px|The fourth lesson employed [[John Tavener]]'s choral arrangement "[[The Lamb (Tavener)|The Lamb]]" of [[William Blake]]'s ''[[The Lamb (poem)|The Lamb]]'' from Blake's collection''' [[Songs of Innocence and of Experience]]''. This image represents copy C, object 8 of that original poem, currently held by the [[Library of Congress]]. The poem was published during 1794 and hand painted by Blake and his wife.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=songsie.c.illbk.09&java=no| title = Songs of Innocence and of Experience, copy C, object 9 (Bentley 8, Erdman 8, Keynes 8) "The Lamb"| publisher = [[William Blake Archive]]|editor1= Morris Eaves |editor2=Robert N. Essick |editor3=Joseph Viscomi| access-date = 26 September 2013}}</ref>]] |
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:*Carol: "Illuminare Jerusalem" – words, 16th century Scots, modernised by Eleanor Parker; music by [[Judith Weir]] |
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*''' |
*'''Fourth Lesson from Isaiah 11: 1–3a; 4a; 6–9''' (read by a representative of the City of Cambridge) |
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:*Carol: " |
:*Carol: "[[The Lamb (Tavener)|The Lamb]]" – words by [[William Blake]]; music by [[John Tavener]] |
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:*Carol: "[[Es ist ein Ros entsprungen|Lo, How a Rose E'er Blooming]]" – words, 15th-century German, translated by C. Winkworth; music by Philip S. Ledger |
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:*Hymn: "[[O Little Town of Bethlehem]]" – words by [[Phillips Brooks]] (1835−1893); melody ('Forest Green'), English traditional; arranged by [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] (1872−1958); descant by [[Thomas Armstrong (musician)|Thomas Armstrong]] (1898−1994) |
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*''' |
*'''Fifth Lesson from the [[Gospel of Luke]]1: 26–35; 38''' (read by a representative of King's College's [[Eton College|sister college at Eton]]) |
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:*Carol: " |
:*Carol: "[[I Sing ofaMaiden]]" – words, 15th century; music by [[Lennox Berkeley]] |
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:*Carol: " |
:*Carol: "The Night when She First Gave Birth" ("Mary") – words by [[Bertolt Brecht]], translated by [[Michael Hamburger]]; music by [[Dominic Muldowney]] |
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*''' |
*'''Sixth Lesson from Luke 2: 1; 3–7''' (read by the Chaplain) |
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:*Carol: " |
:*Carol: "Sweet Baby, Sleep! What Ails My Dear?" ("Wither's Rocking Hymn)" – words by [[George Wither]]; music by [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] |
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:*Carol: " |
:*Carol: "What Sweeter Music can We Bring" – words by [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]]; music by [[John Rutter]] |
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*''' |
*'''Seventh Lesson from Luke 2: 8–16''' (read by the DirectorofMusic) |
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:*Carol: "[[ |
:*Carol: "[[Infant Holy, Infant Lowly]]" – words, Polish traditional, translated by Edith M.G. Reed; music arranged by Stephen Cleobury |
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:*Hymn: "[[ |
:*Hymn: "[[God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen|God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen]]" – English traditional; arranged by David V. Willcocks |
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*''' |
*'''Eighth Lesson from the [[Gospel of Matthew]] 2: 1–12''' (read by a [[Fellow#Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin|fellow]]ofthe college) |
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:*Carol: " |
:*Carol: "Illuminare Jerusalem" – words adapted from the Bannatyne manuscript in John and Winifred MacQueen, ''A Choice of Scottish Verse, 1470–1570'' (1972); music by [[Judith Weir]] |
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:*Carol: "Glory, Alleluia to the Christ Child" – words, 17th century; music by A. Bullard |
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*''' |
*'''Ninth Lesson from the [[Gospel of John]] 1: 1–14''' (read by the [[Provost (education)|Provost]]ofthe college) |
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:*Carol: "The Christ-Child lay on Mary's lap" – words, 'A Christmas Carol' by [[G. K. Chesterton]] (1874−1936); music by [[John Rutter]] (written in memory of Stephen Cleobury) |
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:* |
:*Hymn: "[[Adeste Fideles|O Come, All Ye Faithful]]" ("Adeste Fideles") – words, 18th-century Latin, translated by [[Frederick Oakeley]]; melody by [[John Francis Wade]], arranged by Stephen Cleobury |
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⚫ | |||
*'''Ninth lesson from the [[Gospel of John]] 1: 1–14''' (read by the [[Provost (education)|Provost]] of King's College) |
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:*Hymn: "[[ |
:*Hymn: "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]" – words by [[Charles Wesley]] and [[George Whitefield]]; music by [[Felix Mendelssohn]]; descant by Stephen Cleobury |
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*Organ Voluntaries: "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]" (BWV 729) by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]],『[[La nativité du seigneur|Dieu Parmi Nous]]』by [[Olivier Messiaen]] |
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⚫ | |||
*Organ Postlude |
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:*Hymn: "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]" – words by [[Charles Wesley]] (1707−1788), et al.; melody ('Mendelssohn') by [[Felix Mendelssohn|Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy]] (1809−1847); descant by David Willcocks |
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*Organ voluntaries |
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::*"[[In Dulci Jubilo]], BWV 729" – music by Johann Sebastian Bach |
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::*'Dieu parmi nous' from『La Nativité du Seigneur』– music by Olivier Messaien |
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===Commissioned carols and organ postludes=== |
===Commissioned carols and organ postludes=== |
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{{See also|List of carols at the Nine Lessons and Carols, King's College Chapel}} |
{{See also|List of carols at the Nine Lessons and Carols, King's College Chapel}} |
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The table below shows the new carols commissioned by King's College, Cambridge, since 1983. |
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<!--Please arrange in chronological order. Thanks.--> |
<!--Please arrange in chronological order. Thanks.--> |
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|- |
|- |
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!width=60px|Year |
!width=60px|Year |
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!width=| |
!width=|Titles |
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!width=| |
!width=|Authors |
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|- valign=top |
|- valign=top |
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|align=center|1983 |
|align=center|1983 |
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|align=center|1985 |
|align=center|1985 |
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|Illuminare Jerusalem<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2001">{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2001|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2001/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2001|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209052818/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2001/|archive-date=9 December 2007}}.</ref> |
|Illuminare Jerusalem<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2001">{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2001|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2001/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2001|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209052818/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2001/|archive-date=9 December 2007}}.</ref> |
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|Words: Adapted from the [[Bannatyne Manuscript]]<ref>{{citation|author=John MacQueen|author2=Winifred MacQueen|title=A Choice of Scottish Verse, 1470–1570|location=London|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|year=1972|isbn=0-571-09532-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/choiceofscottish0000macq}}</ref><br />Music: [[Judith Weir]] |
|Words: Adapted from the [[Bannatyne Manuscript]] <ref>{{citation|author=John MacQueen|author2=Winifred MacQueen|title=A Choice of Scottish Verse, 1470–1570|location=London|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|year=1972|isbn=0-571-09532-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/choiceofscottish0000macq}}</ref><br />Music: [[Judith Weir]] |
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|- valign=top |
|- valign=top |
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|align=center|1986 |
|align=center|1986 |
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|Words: [[Angelus Silesius]]<br />Music: [[Judith Bingham]] |
|Words: [[Angelus Silesius]]<br />Music: [[Judith Bingham]] |
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|- valign=top |
|- valign=top |
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|align=center|2005 |
|rowspan=2 align=center|2005 |
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|[[Away in a Manger]]<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005"/> |
|'''Carol''': [[Away in a Manger]]<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005"/> |
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|Words: 19th century<br />Music: [[John Tavener]] |
|Words: 19th century<br />Music: [[John Tavener]] |
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|- valign=top |
|- valign=top |
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⚫ | |'''Organ postlude''': Improvisation on "[[Adeste Fideles]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005"/> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |Misere' Nobis<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2006|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2006/NineLessonsCarols2006.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2006|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204013517/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2006/NineLessonsCarols2006.pdf|archive-date=4 February 2007}}.</ref><br />(Jesu of a Maiden Thou Wast Born) |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |'''Carol''': Misere' Nobis<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2006|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2006/NineLessonsCarols2006.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2006|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204013517/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2006/NineLessonsCarols2006.pdf|archive-date=4 February 2007}}.</ref><br />(Jesu of a Maiden Thou Wast Born) |
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|Words: English mediaeval carol<br />Music: [[Mark-Anthony Turnage]] |
|Words: English mediaeval carol<br />Music: [[Mark-Anthony Turnage]] |
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|- valign=top |
|- valign=top |
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⚫ | |'''Organ postlude''': Recessional on "[[In the Bleak Midwinter]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006"/> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |Noël (Now Comes the Dawn)<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/><br />(Stardust and Vaporous Light) |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |'''Carol''': Noël (Now Comes the Dawn)<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/><br />(Stardust and Vaporous Light) |
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|Words: [[Richard Watson Gilder]]<br />Music: [[Brett Dean]] |
|Words: [[Richard Watson Gilder]]<br />Music: [[Brett Dean]] |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |'''Organ postlude''': Sortie on "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/> |
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⚫ | |||
|- valign=top |
|- valign=top |
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|align=center|2008 |
|align=center|2008 |
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|Mary<br /> |
|Mary<br /> |
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(The Night When She First Gave Birth)<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2008"/> |
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(The Night When She First Gave Birth)<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2008">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2008|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/festival-nine-lessons-2008.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2008|access-date=25 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105081101/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/festival-nine-lessons-2008.pdf|archive-date=5 November 2010|url-status=dead}}. For the songs sung in earlier years, see "[[List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]".</ref> |
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|Words: [[Bertolt Brecht]], translated by [[Michael Hamburger]]<br />Music: [[Dominic Muldowney]] |
|Words: [[Bertolt Brecht]], translated by [[Michael Hamburger]]<br />Music: [[Dominic Muldowney]] |
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|- valign=top |
|- valign=top |
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|The Cradle |
|The Cradle |
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|Words: Anonymous, 17th century Austrian, translated by [[Robert Graves]]<br />Music: [[Cheryl Frances-Hoad]]<ref>[https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2023/kings-commissions-new-carol-christmas-eve King's College, Cambridge, "King's commissions a new carol for Christmas Eve"], 28 November 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</ref> |
|Words: Anonymous, 17th century Austrian, translated by [[Robert Graves]]<br />Music: [[Cheryl Frances-Hoad]]<ref>[https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2023/kings-commissions-new-carol-christmas-eve King's College, Cambridge, "King's commissions a new carol for Christmas Eve"], 28 November 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</ref> |
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|} |
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Organ postludes have also been commissioned in certain years, as shown in the table below. |
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<!--Please arrange in chronological order. Thanks.--> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="max-width: 1000px;" |
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|- |
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!width=60px|Year |
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!width=|Title of postlude |
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!width=|Composer |
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⚫ | |||
|align=center|2005 |
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⚫ | |Improvisation on "[[Adeste Fideles]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005"/> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|align=center|2006 |
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⚫ | |Recessional on "[[In the Bleak Midwinter]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006"/> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|align=center|2007 |
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⚫ | |Sortie on "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/> |
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⚫ | |||
|} |
|} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Nine Lessons and Carols}} |
{{Commons category|Nine Lessons and Carols}} |
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*[https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/a-festival-of-nine-lessons-and-carols King's College |
*[https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/a-festival-of-nine-lessons-and-carols King's College Chapel's webpage about the service] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171115221800/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/files/services/nine-lessons-2009.pdf Detailed order of service for 2009] |
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{{Christmas}} |
{{Christmas}} |
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[[Category:Anglican liturgy]] |
[[Category:Anglican liturgy]] |
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[[Category:Anglican church music]] |
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[[Category:Church music]] |
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[[Category:Christmas carols]] |
[[Category:Christmas carols]] |
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[[Category:Christmas in England]] |
[[Category:Christmas in England]] |
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Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
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