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{{short description|Traditional Christmas service of Christian worship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox recurring event
|name = Nine Lessons and Carols
|image = RLR 3928 (5261224609).jpg
|image_size = 
|alt = church choir singing by candlelight
|caption = A service of Nine Lessons in 2010 at [[St. George's School (Rhode Island)|St. George's School]], Rhode Island, US
|status = 
|genre = Religious service/[[Anglican church music]]
|date = 
|begins = 
|ends = 
|frequency = 
|venue = Christian churches worldwide, notably [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]
|location = 
|coordinates =  
|country = 
|years_active = 
|first = {{start date|df=yes|1880|12|24}}
|founder_name = [[Edward White Benson]]
|prev = 
|next = 
|website = 
|current = 
|footnotes = 
}}

'''Nine Lessons and Carols''', also known as the '''Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols''' and '''Service of Nine Lessons and Carols''', is a service of [[Christian worship]] traditionally celebrated on or near [[Christmas Eve]] in England. The story of the [[fall of man|fall of humanity]], the [[Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament|promise of the Messiah]], and the [[nativity of Jesus|birth of Jesus]] is told in nine short [[Bible]] readings or [[Lection|lessons]] from Genesis, the prophetic books and the Gospels, interspersed with the singing of [[Christmas carol]]s, [[hymn]]s and [[choir]] [[anthem]]s.

==History==
[[File:Edward Benson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Edward White Benson]], credited with devising the service of Nine Lessons and Carols in 1880]]
[[File:Order of Service for Nine Lessons and Carols 1880.JPG|thumb|upright|Order of Service for the first Nine Lessons and Carols in 1880 on display in [[Truro Cathedral]]]]
Although the tradition of Nine Lessons and Carols is popularly associated with [[King's College, Cambridge]], its origins are attributed to [[Truro Cathedral]] in [[Cornwall]]. Up to the late 19th century, the singing of Christmas carols was normally performed by singers visiting people's houses, and carols — generally considered to be secular in content — had been excluded from Christian worship. In the [[Victorian era]], the rising popularity of [[hymnody]] encouraged church musicians to introduce carols into worship. An 1875 book of carols, ''Carols for Use in Church During Christmas and Epiphany'' by Richard Chope and [[Sabine Baring-Gould]], was an influential publication. At around this time, the composer and organist [[John Stainer]] was compiling a collection, ''Christmas Carols New and Old'', and during Christmas 1878 he introduced carols into the service of [[Choral Evensong]] at [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in London.{{sfn|Dibble|2017|p=399}} Other cathedrals also began to adopt carols at [[Christmastide]] that year and the ''[[Royal Cornwall Gazette]]'' reported that the choir of Truro Cathedral would sing a service of carols at 10:00&nbsp;pm on Christmas Eve:

{{Blockquote|The Choir of the Cathedral will sing a number of carols in the Cathedral on Christmas Eve, the service commencing at 10pm. We understand that this is at the wish of many of the leading parishioners and others. A like service has been instituted in other cathedral and large towns, and has been much appreciated. It is the intention of the choir to no longer continue the custom of singing carols at the residences of members of the congregation.|source=''[[Royal Cornwall Gazette]]'', 20 December 1878<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Christmas at the Cathedral |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000180/18781220/039/0004 |newspaper=Royal Cornwall Gazette |location=Falmouth |date=20 December 1878 |access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref>}}

Two years later, the Right Rev. [[Edward White Benson]], at that time [[Bishop of Truro]], conducted the first formal service of "Nine Lessons and Carols" on [[Christmas Eve]] (24 December) 1880. Benson, concerned at the excessive consumption of alcohol in Cornish [[pub]]s during the [[festive season]], sought a means of attracting revellers out of the pubs and into church by offering a religious celebration of Christmas. The idea for a service consisting of Christmas music interspersed with Bible readings was proposed by the [[succentor]] of the cathedral, the Rev. [[Somerset Walpole|George Walpole]] (who later became [[Bishop of Edinburgh]]). The cathedral — a [[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian gothic]] building — was still under construction, and services were being held in a temporary wooden structure which served as a [[pro-cathedral]]. The first Nine Lessons and Carols service took place there at 10:00&nbsp;p.m. on Christmas Eve and was attended by over 400 people.<ref>{{citation|author=Alex Webb|title=Choir that sings to the world|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1703517.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=24 December 2001}}.</ref><ref name="guardian-truro">{{cite web |last1=Gray |first1=Christopher |title=How Truro created Christmas musical history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2013/nov/29/truro-nine-lessons-carols-christmas-history |website=The Guardian |access-date=9 May 2019 |date=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="trurocathedral-ninelessons">{{cite web |title=Nine Lessons and Carols |url=https://www.trurocathedral.org.uk/history/nine-lessons-and-carols |website=www.trurocathedral.org.uk}}</ref>

Benson's son, [[A. C. Benson]], later recalled: 
{{Blockquote|My father arranged from ancient sources a little services for Christmas Eve, nine carols and nine tiny lessons. They were read by various officers of the church, beginning with a chorister and ending, through different grades, with the bishop.|author=[[A. C. Benson]]|source=<ref name="bbc-faith-feature">{{cite news|title=Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/articles/2005/12/16/faith_nine_lessons_feature.shtml|publisher=[[bbc.co.uk]]|date=16 December 2005}}</ref>}}

Bishop Benson was appointed [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in 1883, and the Nine Lessons service began to gain in popularity across the [[Church of England]] and the wider [[Anglican Communion]], as well as [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|Roman Catholic]] churches in [[England and Wales]]. The original liturgy has since been adapted and used by other churches all over the world, particularly in English-speaking countries. Lessons and Carols most often occur in [[Anglican]] churches. However, numerous Christian denominations have adopted the service, or a variation of it, as part of their Christmas celebrations. In the UK, the service has become the standard format for school carol services.

In 1916, a service of Nine Lessons and Carols was held at [[Brown University]] in [[Providence, Rhode Island]]; the institution celebrated the 100th anniversary of its Lessons and Carols in 2016.<ref name="brown.edu">{{cite web |title=100th Annual Service of Lessons and Carols {{!}} Office of the Chaplains and Religious Life |url=https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/spiritual-life/chaplains/upcoming-events/100th-annual-service-lessons-and-carols |website=www.brown.edu |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

Notably in 1918, the Rev. [[Eric Milner-White]] the new [[Dean (education)|dean]] of King's College, Cambridge, introduced the service to the college chapel, taking advantage of the established choral tradition of the [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge]]. It proved highly successful, and began an annual tradition — albeit with some alterations to Benson's original format from 1919 onwards. The [[BBC]] began to broadcast the service on the radio from 1928 and on television from 1954, establishing ''Carols from King's'' as the most popular and widely recognised presentation of the service.<ref name="McGrath" /><ref name="guardian-truro" />

In North America, the Lessons and Carols tradition spread to other US and Canadian institutions. In 1928, organist and choirmaster Twining Lynes, introduced the service to [[Groton School]] in [[Groton, Massachusetts]], after being inspired by services in England.<ref name="groton">{{cite web |title=Spiritual Life at Groton |url=https://www.groton.org/student-life/spiritual-life |website=Groton School |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

In Canada, the Festival of Nine Lessons and carols is done multilingually at [[Bishop's College School]], [[Quebec]], with the nine lessons read in nine languages or dialects.

In December 2013, Truro Cathedral staged a reconstruction of Bishop Benson's original 1880 Nine Lessons with Carols Service which was attended by a congregation of over 1,500 people.<ref name="trurocathedral-ninelessons" />

==Service at King's College, Cambridge==
[[File:Kings College Chapeljh.jpg|thumb|[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]] (left), from where the popular Nine Lessons and Carols service is broadcast annually on Christmas Eve]]
The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at [[King's College, Cambridge]], was held on [[Christmas Eve]] in 1918. During [[World War I]] the dean, Eric Milner-White, had served as [[army chaplain]] in the [[7th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|7th Infantry Division]] and he was concerned that the distress of the "Great War" had hardened attitudes against religion. Taking advantage of the established choral tradition of the [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge]], he introduced Benson's carol service to King's as a means of attracting people back to Christian worship. The first Nine Lessons service in [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]] was held on Christmas Eve, 1918, directed by [[Arthur Henry Mann]] who was the [[organist]] from 1876 to 1929.<ref name="King's College Chapel: History">{{citation|title=Nine lessons and carols: History of the service|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/choir/index.html|publisher=[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]]|access-date=9 March 2008}}.</ref>

The King's College service was immensely successful, and the following year Milner-White made some changes to Benson's original format, notably introducing the tradition of opening the service with a solo treble singing "[[Once in Royal David's City]]". This was then followed by a [[bidding prayer]] penned by Milner-White himself, and re-ordering the lessons.<ref name="McGrath">{{cite book |last1=McGrath |first1=Alister E. |title=Christianity: An Introduction |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781405108997 |page=293 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v26doW8jIyYC&q=Edward%20White%20Benson%20nine%20lessons%20archbishop%20of%20canterbury&pg=PT234 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In the Chapel: Carols |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/archive-centre/online-resources/online-exhibitions/in-the-chapel-carols |website=King's College Cambridge |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="guardian-truro" /> The choir had 16 [[boy soprano|trebles]] as specified in statutes laid down by [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], and until 1927 the men's voices were provided by [[choral scholar]]s and [[lay clerk]]s. Today, 14 [[undergraduate]]s from the choir sing the men's parts.<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/>

===Broadcasting of the service===
The popularity of the service was established when the service began to be broadcast by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] in 1928, and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since. During the 1930s the service reached a worldwide audience when the BBC began broadcasting the service on its [[BBC World Service|Overseas Service]]. Even throughout the [[Second World War]], despite the [[stained glass]] having been removed from the chapel and the lack of heating, the broadcasts continued. For security reasons, the name "King's" was not mentioned during wartime broadcasts.<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/>

Nine Lessons and Carols from King's College was first televised by [[BBC Television]] in 1954, conducted by the director of music, [[Boris Ord]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Humphreys |first1=Garry |title=The Choir of King's College, Cambridge made world-famous by Boris Ord. |url=https://www.semibrevity.com/2012/05/the-choir-of-king%E2%80%99s-college-cambridge-and-the-man-who-made-it-famous-part-1/ |website=www.semibrevity.com |access-date=2 October 2019 |date=20 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Coghlan |first1=Alexandra |title=Carols From King's |date=2016 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9781473530515 |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvmpCwAAQBAJ&q=boris+ord+nine+lessons+1954+televised&pg=PA168 |access-date=2 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 009.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[The Adoration of the Magi]]'' (1634) by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], which hangs behind the [[Altar#In Western Christian churches|altar]] in [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]]]
Since the Second World War, it has been estimated that each year there are millions of listeners worldwide who listen to the service live on the [[BBC World Service]]. Domestically, the service is broadcast live on [[BBC Radio 4]], and a recorded broadcast is made on Christmas Day on [[BBC Radio 3]].<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/> In the US, a 1954 service was put into the [[National Recording Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news | first=Natasha | last=Metzler | title=New National Recording Registry entries announced | date=9 June 2009 | publisher=Associated Press, San Francisco Chronicle | url =http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2009/06/09/national/w124722D20.DTL&type=business | access-date =17 March 2017 }}</ref> The broadcast has been heard live on public radio stations affiliated with [[American Public Media]] since 1979, and most stations broadcast a repeat on Christmas Day. Since 1963, the service has been periodically filmed for television broadcast in the UK.<ref>{{citation|title=History of A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/events/chapel-services/nine-lessons/history.html|publisher=[[King's College, Cambridge]]|access-date=25 December 2010}}.</ref> Presently, each year a programme entitled ''Carols from King's'' is pre-recorded in early or mid-December then shown on Christmas Eve in the UK on [[BBC Two]] and [[BBC Four]]. The programme is weighted more heavily in favour of carols sung by the choir, with only seven readings in total, not all of which are from the Bible.

In 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the service was conducted, for the first time, without a congregation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000qrxc|access-date=2020-12-25|website=BBC|title=Carols from King's}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-29|title=Carols from King's to be sung in empty chapel for first time in a century|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/nov/29/first-time-100-years-kings-carollers-coronavirus|access-date=2020-12-25|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The service did not take place live, but instead a pre-recorded service produced by King's College was broadcast at the usual time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Radio to broadcast recorded version of Christmas Eve service|url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2020/radio-broadcast-recorded-version-christmas-eve-service|access-date=2021-08-31|website=King's College Cambridge|language=en}}</ref> It was the first time since 1930 that the service had not been broadcast live.

===Order of service===
The format of the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols has not changed substantially since 1918. The order of the lessons was revised in 1919, since when the service has always begun with the hymn "[[Once In Royal David's City|Once in Royal David's City]]".<ref name="King's College Chapel: History"/> Today the first verse is sung unaccompanied by a solo boy chorister. To avoid putting him under undue stress, the chorister is not told that he will be singing the solo until immediately before the service.<ref>{{citation|author=Peter Kingston|title=The world's greatest carol event|url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,,2231099,00.html|newspaper=[[The Guardian]] (EducationGuardian)|date=21 December 2007}}.</ref>

The nine lessons, which are the same every year, are read by representatives of the College and of the city of Cambridge using the text of the [[King James Version]] of the [[Bible]] published in 1611. The singing is made up of "carols" sung by the choir and "hymns" sung by the choir and congregation. Some services have also included [[anthems]] sung between the carols and hymns, such as a performance of "[[E'en So, Lord Jesus, Quickly Come]]" in 2004.<ref name=LC2004>{{cite web|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols 2004|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/events/chapel-services/nine-lessons/order-service-2004.html|website=King's College, Cambridge|publisher=University of Cambridge|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024073528/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/events/chapel-services/nine-lessons/order-service-2004.html|archive-date=24 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 1983, a new carol has been commissioned by the College and premiered at the service. The carols vary from year to year, although some music is repeated, and the service ends with the hymn "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]". The order of service in 2023 was as follows:<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2023">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2023|url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/48431|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2023|access-date=24 December 2023}}. For the songs sung in earlier years, see "[[List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]".</ref>

*Organ preludes
::*"Fantasia in C, BK 25" &ndash; music by [[William Byrd]] (c. 1540−1623)
::*'La vierge et l'enfant' from『[[La Nativité du Seigneur]]』&ndash; music by Olivier Messaien (1908−1992)
::*"Prelude in D, BuxWV 139" &ndash; music by [[Dieterich Buxtehude]] (c. 1637−1707)
::*'Les anges' from『La Nativité du Seigneur』&ndash; music by Olivier Messaien
::*"Prelude and Fugue in G, BWV 550" &ndash; music by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] (1685−1750)
::*"In dulci jubilo, BuxWV 197" &ndash; music by Dieterich Buxtehude
:*[[Processional hymn]]: "[[Once in Royal David's City]]" &ndash; words by [[Cecil Frances Alexander]] (1818−1895); melody ('Irby') by [[Henry Gauntlett]] (1805−1876); harmonised by [[Arthur Henry Mann]] (1850−1929); [[descant]] by [[Philip Ledger]] (1937−2012)
*[[Bidding prayer]], concluding with the [[Lord's Prayer]]
:*Carol: "Out of your sleep arise and wake" &ndash; words, anonymous 15th century English, modernised by [[Eleanor Parker (historian)|Eleanor Parker]]; music by Robin Nelson
*'''First lesson from [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 3: 8&ndash;15, 17&ndash;19''' (read by a chorister of King's College)
:*Carol: "[[Adam lay ybounden]]" &ndash; words, 15th century English, modernised by [[Edith Rickert]] (1871-1938); music by Matthew Martin
*'''Second lesson from Genesis 22: 15&ndash;18''' (read by the Chaplain of King's College)
:*Carol: "Illuminare Jerusalem" &ndash; words, 16th century Scots, modernised by Eleanor Parker; music by [[Judith Weir]]
*'''Third lesson from [[Isaiah]] 9: 2, 6&ndash;7''' (read by a member of the King's College staff)
:*Carol: "O Radiant Dawn" &ndash; words from ''[[Liber Usualis]]'', based on Isaiah 9:2; music by [[James MacMillan]]
:*Hymn: "[[O Little Town of Bethlehem]]" &ndash; words by [[Phillips Brooks]] (1835−1893); melody ('Forest Green'), English traditional; arranged by [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] (1872−1958); descant by [[Thomas Armstrong (musician)|Thomas Armstrong]] (1898−1994)
*'''Fourth lesson from Isaiah 11: 1&ndash;4a, 6&ndash;9''' (read by a representative of [[Eton College]])
:*Carol: "King Jesus hath a garden" &ndash; words and music, traditional Dutch; translated by [[George Ratcliffe Woodward]] (1848−1934); arranged by [[Stephen Cleobury]] (1948−2019)
:*Carol: "[[Es ist ein Ros entsprungen|A Spotless Rose is Blooming]]" &ndash; words, 14th century German, translated by [[Catherine Winkworth]] (1827−1878); music by Philip Ledger
*'''Fifth lesson from [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 1: 26&ndash;35, 38''' (read by a [[Fellow]] of King's College)
:*Carol: "[[Gabriel's Message]]" &ndash; words by [[Sabine Baring-Gould]] (1834−1924); music, Basque carol, arranged by [[David Willcocks]] (1919−2015)
:*Carol: "Come all you faithful Christians" &ndash; words, English traditional; music by [[Christopher Robinson (musician)|Christopher Robinson]]
*'''Sixth lesson from Luke 2: 1&ndash;7''' (read by the [[List of mayors of Cambridge|Mayor of Cambridge]])
:*Carol:『[[Sir Christèmas]]』 &ndash; words, 15th century English; music by [[William Mathias]] (1934−1992)
:*Hymn: "[[The First Noel|The First Nowell]]" &ndash; words and melody ('The First Nowell'), Cornish traditional; arranged by David Willcocks
*'''Seventh lesson from Luke 2: 8&ndash;16''' (read by the Director of Music of King's College)
:*Carol: "The Cradle" &ndash; words, 17th century Austrian, translated by [[Robert Graves]] (1895−1985); music by [[Cheryl Frances-Hoad]] (commissioned for the 2023 service)
*'''Eighth lesson from [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 2: 1&ndash;12''' (read by the Vice-Provost of King's College)
:*Carol: "The Christ-Child lay on Mary's lap" &ndash; words, 'A Christmas Carol' by [[G. K. Chesterton]] (1874−1936); music by [[John Rutter]] (written in memory of Stephen Cleobury)
:*Carol: "Procedenti puero" &ndash; words, 15th century English; music by [[Peter Warlock]] (1894−1930)
*'''Ninth lesson from the [[Gospel of John]] 1: 1&ndash;14''' (read by the [[Provost (education)|Provost]] of King's College)
:*Hymn: "[[Adeste Fideles|O Come, All Ye Faithful]]" &ndash; words, translated by [[Frederick Oakeley]] (1802−1880), William Thomas Brooke (1848−1917), et al.; melody ('Adeste, fideles') by [[John Francis Wade]] (1711−1786); arranged by David Willcocks; descant by [[Daniel Hyde (organist)|Daniel Hyde]]
*[[Collect]] and [[blessing]]
:*Hymn: "[[Hark! The Herald Angels Sing]]" &ndash; words by [[Charles Wesley]] (1707−1788), et al.; melody ('Mendelssohn') by [[Felix Mendelssohn|Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy]] (1809−1847); descant by David Willcocks
*Organ voluntaries
::*"[[In Dulci Jubilo]], BWV 729" &ndash; music by Johann Sebastian Bach
::*'Dieu parmi nous' from『La Nativité du Seigneur』&ndash; music by Olivier Messaien

===Commissioned carols and organ postludes===

{{See also|List of carols at the Nine Lessons and Carols, King's College Chapel}}

{| class="wikitable" style="max-width: 1000px;"
|-
!width=60px|Year
!width=|Titles
!width=|Authors
|- valign=top
|align=center|1983
|In Wintertime{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} (When Thou Wast Born in Wintertime)
|Words: [[Betty Askwith]] Music: [[Lennox Berkeley]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1984
|One Star, At Last{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} (Fix on One Star)
|Words: [[George Mackay Brown]] Music: [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1985
|Illuminare Jerusalem<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2001">{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2001|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2001/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2001|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209052818/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2001/|archive-date=9 December 2007}}.</ref>
|Words: Adapted from the [[Bannatyne Manuscript]]<ref>{{citation|author=John MacQueen|author2=Winifred MacQueen|title=A Choice of Scottish Verse, 1470&ndash;1570|location=London|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|year=1972|isbn=0-571-09532-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/choiceofscottish0000macq}}</ref> Music: [[Judith Weir]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1986
|Nowel, Nowel, Holly Dark{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: [[Walter de la Mare]] Music: [[Richard Rodney Bennett]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1987
|What Sweeter Music Can We Bring<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2005|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2005/NineLessonsCarols2005.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2005|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211001315/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2005/NineLessonsCarols2005.pdf|archive-date=11 December 2006}}.</ref>
|Words: [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]] Music: [[John Rutter]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1988
|The Birthday of Thy King{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} (Awake, Glad Heart, Get up, and Sing!)
|Words: After [[Henry Vaughan]] Music: [[Peter Sculthorpe]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1989
|Carol of St. Steven{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Adapted from [[William Sandys (antiquarian)|William Sandys]] Music: [[Alexander Goehr]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1990
|Богородице Дево, радуйся<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2007|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/assets/7/7c/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols_2007.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2007|access-date=24 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607220420/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/assets/7/7c/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols_2007.pdf|archive-date=7 June 2011}}.</ref> (Rejoice, O Virgin Mary)
|Words: [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Liturgy]] (in [[Russian language|Russian]]) Music: [[Arvo Pärt]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1991
|A Gathering{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: [[Lancelot Andrewes]] Music: [[John Casken]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1992
|Swetë Jesu{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Anonymous, 13th century Music: [[Nicholas Maw]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1993
|Christo Paremus Cantica{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: Anonymous, 15th century Music: [[Diana Burrell]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1994
|The Angels{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} (Should you Hear them Singing Among Stars)
|Words: [[John V. Taylor]] Music: [[Jonathan Harvey (composer)|Jonathan Harvey]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1995
|Seinte Marie Moder Milde{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
|Words: 13th century manuscript in the library of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] Music: [[James MacMillan (composer)|James MacMillan]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1996
|Pilgrim Jesus{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} (Iesus! Christus! In the Manger of my Body)
|Words: [[Kevin Crossley-Holland]] Music: [[Stephen Paulus]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1997
|The Fayrfax Carol<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 1997|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1997/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=1997|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928142402/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1997/|archive-date=28 September 2006}}.</ref>
|Words: Anonymous, [[Tudor period|early Tudor]] Music: [[Thomas Adès]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1998
|Winter Solstice Carol<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 1998|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1998/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=1998|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813171723/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1998/|archive-date=13 August 2007}}.</ref>
|Words: English translation of the [[Magnificat]] [[antiphon]] for Christmas Day Music: [[Giles Swayne]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|1999
|On Christmas Day to My Heart<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 1999|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1999/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=1999|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216001631/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/1999/|archive-date=16 December 2007}}.</ref>
|Words: [[Clement Paman]] Music: [[Richard Rodney Bennett]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2000
|[[The Three Kings (Dove)|The Three Kings]]<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2000|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2000/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2000|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808233206/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2000/|archive-date=8 August 2007}}.</ref>
|Words:[[Dorothy L. Sayers]] Music: [[Jonathan Dove]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2001
|Spring in Winter<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2001"/>
|Words: [[Christopher Smart]] Music: [[John Woolrich]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2002
|The Angel Gabriel Descended to a Virgin<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2002|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2002/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2002|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117232733/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2002/|archive-date=17 November 2007}}.</ref>
|Words: 15th&ndash;17th century Music: [[Robin Holloway]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2003
|The Gleam<ref>{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2003|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2003/|publisher=[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]|year=2003|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225122620/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2003/|archive-date=25 December 2007}}.</ref> (Not yet shepherds the gilded kings)
|Words: [[Stephen Plaice]] Music: [[Harrison Birtwistle]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2004
|God Would be Born in Thee<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2004">{{citation|title=Nine Lessons and Carols 2004|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2004/|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|year=2004|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117224654/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2004/|archive-date=17 January 2008}}.</ref><ref>In addition, a carol entitled ''Starry Night O'er Bethlehem'' with words by Anne Willcocks and music by [[David Willcocks]] was also specially written for the service.</ref> (Lo, In the Silent Night a Child in God is Born)
|Words: [[Angelus Silesius]] Music: [[Judith Bingham]]
|- valign=top
|rowspan=2 align=center|2005
|'''Carol''': [[Away in a Manger]]<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005"/>
|Words: 19th century Music: [[John Tavener]]
|- valign=top
|'''Organ postlude''': Improvisation on "[[Adeste Fideles]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2005"/>
|[[Francis Pott (composer)|Francis Pott]]
|- valign=top
|rowspan=2 align=center|2006
|'''Carol''': Misere' Nobis<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2006|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2006/NineLessonsCarols2006.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2006|access-date=1 January 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204013517/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2006/NineLessonsCarols2006.pdf|archive-date=4 February 2007}}.</ref> (Jesu of a Maiden Thou Wast Born)
|Words: English mediaeval carol Music: [[Mark-Anthony Turnage]]
|- valign=top
|'''Organ postlude''': Recessional on "[[In the Bleak Midwinter]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2006"/>
|[[Lionel Steuart Fothringham]]
|- valign=top
|rowspan=2 align=center|2007
|'''Carol''': Noël (Now Comes the Dawn)<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/> (Stardust and Vaporous Light)
|Words: [[Richard Watson Gilder]] Music: [[Brett Dean]]
|- valign=top
|'''Organ postlude''': Sortie on "[[In Dulci Jubilo]]"<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2007"/>
|[[David Briggs (musician)|David Briggs]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2008
|Mary 
(The Night When She First Gave Birth)<ref name="Nine Lessons and Carols 2008">{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2008|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/festival-nine-lessons-2008.pdf|publisher=Provost and Fellows of [[King's College, Cambridge]]|date=24 December 2008|access-date=25 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105081101/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/festival-nine-lessons-2008.pdf|archive-date=5 November 2010|url-status=dead}}. For the songs sung in earlier years, see "[[List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge]]".</ref>
|Words: [[Bertolt Brecht]], translated by [[Michael Hamburger]] Music: [[Dominic Muldowney]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2009
|The Christ Child<ref name="OUP Choral News Oct 2009">{{citation|title=OUP Choral News E-mail October 2009|date=9 October 2009}}.</ref>
|Words: [[G. K. Chesterton]] Music: [[Gabriel Jackson (composer)|Gabriel Jackson]]<ref>{{citation|title=Oxford Music Now|url=http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/music/OMN33.pdf|date=Spring 2009|issue=33|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=5|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726010030/http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/music/OMN33.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}.</ref>
|- valign=top
|align=center|2010
|Christmas Carol (Offerings They Brought of Gold)
|Words: [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]], translated by Hanni-Mari and Christopher Latham Music: Einojuhani Rautavaara<ref>{{citation|title=Boosey & Hawkes - Performance Calendar|url=http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/calendar/perf_results.asp|access-date=24 October 2010}}.</ref>
|- valign=top
|align=center|2011
|Christmas Hath a Darkness
|Words: [[Christina Rossetti]] Music: [[Tansy Davies]]<ref>{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons & Carols, Order of Service, 2011|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/files/services/festival-nine-lessons-2011.pdf|access-date=25 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131002742/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/files/services/festival-nine-lessons-2011.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012|url-status=dead}}.</ref>
|- valign=top
|align=center|2012
|Ring Out, Wild Bells
|Words: [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] Music: [[Carl Vine]]<ref>{{citation|title=A Festival of Nine Lessons & Carols, Order of Service, 2012|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/files/services/festival-nine-lessons-2012.pdf|access-date=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181748/http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/files/services/festival-nine-lessons-2012.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2013|url-status=dead}}.</ref>
|- valign=top
|align=center|2013
|Hear the Voice of the Bard
|Words: [[William Blake]] Music: [[Thea Musgrave]]<ref>{{citation|title=Commissioned carol sets Blake poem to music|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2013/blake-carol.html|access-date=5 December 2013}}.</ref>
|- valign=top
|align=center|2014
|De Virgine Maria
|Words: 12th-century Latin, translated by [[Ronald Knox]] Music: [[Carl Rütti]]
|- valign=top
|align=center|2015
|The Flight
|Words: [[George Szirtes]] Music: [[Richard Causton (composer)|Richard Causton]]<ref>{{citation|title=Richard Causton composes 2015 commissioned carol|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2015/causton-carol.html|access-date=29 November 2015}}.</ref>
|- valign=top
|align=center|2016
|This Endernight
|Words: Anonymous c. 1400 Music: [[Michael Berkeley]]<ref>{{citation|title=Michael Berkeley composes Christmas commissioned carol|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2016/michael-berkeley-composes-christmas-commissioned-carol.html|access-date=19 November 2016}}.</ref>
|- valign=top
|align=center|2017
|Carol Eliseus
|Words: Welsh Music: [[Huw Watkins]]<ref>{{citation|title=New Christmas Eve carol announced|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/huw-watkins-commissioned-carol.htm|access-date=9 December 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>
|-
|align=center|2018
|O Mercy Divine
|Words: [[Charles Wesley]]<ref>http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/9lc_order_of_service_2018.pdf|access-date=15{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} December 2018</ref> Music: [[Judith Weir]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2018/king%E2%80%99s-announces-christmas-eve-carol-composer|title=News}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|2019
|The Angel Gabriel
|Words: [[Sabine Baring-Gould]] Music: [[Philip Moore (organist)|Philip Moore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2019/kings-commissions-new-carol-christmas-eve|title = King's commissions a new carol for Christmas Eve}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|2020
|''No new commission''<ref>Interview with Daniel Hyde > 'The Irregular Christmas'; [[BBC Music Magazine]], Christmas 2020, p 35</ref>
|-
|align=center|2021
|There is no Rose
|Words: 15th century Music: [[Cecilia McDowall]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2021/kings-announces-commissioned-carol-christmas-eve|title = King's announces commissioned carol for Christmas Eve}}</ref>
|-
|align=center|2022
|Angelus ad Virginem
|Words: Mediaeval Music: [[Matthew Martin (composer)|Matthew Martin]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christmas Religious Programming on the BBC 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/christmas-religious-programming/ |access-date=2022-11-29 }}</ref>
|-
|align=center|2023
|The Cradle
|Words: Anonymous, 17th century Austrian, translated by [[Robert Graves]] Music: [[Cheryl Frances-Hoad]]<ref>[https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/news/2023/kings-commissions-new-carol-christmas-eve King's College, Cambridge, "King's commissions a new carol for Christmas Eve"], 28 November 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</ref>
|}

===Attendance at the service===
Attendance at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols held on Christmas Eve is now by ticket only, many of which are allocated by public ballot; standby tickets are also made available to those who applied for in the ballot.<ref name=kingsattendance>[https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/a-festival-of-nine-lessons-and-carols King's College, Cambridge, A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Attending in Person]. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</ref> Owing to the service's popularity, demand for seats greatly exceeds the number of tickets available. In previous years, when tickets were available at the door, some people began queuing the night before,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hallows |first1=Neil |title=Queuing for King's |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6202751.stm |website=BBC News |access-date=5 October 2019 |date=22 December 2006}}</ref> but now only those with standby tickets are permitted to stand in the queue.<ref name=kingsattendance/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity|Cornwall}}
*[[Anglican church music]]
*[[List of carols at the Nine Lessons and Carols, King's College Chapel]]
*[[100 Years of Nine Lessons and Carols]]

==References==
{{notelist}}

===Citations===

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Dibble|first=Jeremy |editor=Rowan Strong|title=The Oxford History of Anglicanism, Volume III: Partisan Anglicanism and its Global Expansion 1829-c. 1914|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5an_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA399|volume=III|year=2017|publisher=University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-108462-1|chapter=Music and Anglicanism in the Nineteenth Century}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|last=Cleobury|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Cleobury|title=Nine Lessons and Carols at King's: 70 Years On|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|volume=129|issue=1750|date=December 1988|pages=687–689|doi=10.2307/966672|publisher=The Musical Times, Vol. 129, No. 1750|jstor=966672}}.
*{{citation|last=Barnett|first=Laura|title=My week: Stephen Cleobury|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/12/09/bmweek109.xml|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] (Weekend)|date=9 December 2006}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nine Lessons and Carols}}
*[https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/a-festival-of-nine-lessons-and-carols King's College, Cambridge: "A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols" webpage]

[[Category:Anglican liturgy]]
[[Category:Anglican church music]]
[[Category:Church music]]
[[Category:Christmas carols]]
[[Category:Christmas in England]]
[[Category:Nativity of Jesus in worship and liturgy]]

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