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Efficient and resilient research depends on long-term, trusting research partnerships of equals. Such partnerships enable ongoing research to be better sustained during periods of crisis (e.g., the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]) and new research can build on existing collaborations. |
Efficient and resilient research depends on long-term, trusting research partnerships of equals. Such partnerships enable ongoing research to be better sustained during periods of crisis (e.g., the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]) and new research can build on existing collaborations. |
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From an [[Ethics|ethical]] point of view, equality in partnerships is also |
From an [[Ethics|ethical]] point of view, equality in partnerships is also ‘the right thing to do’ and necessary to prevent the exploitation and abuse of researchers in more vulnerable positions and resource-poor settings (so-called [[ethics dumping]]).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-64731-9|title=Ethics Dumping: Case Studies from North-South Research Collaborations|date=2018|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-64730-2|editor-last=Schroeder|editor-first=Doris|series=SpringerBriefs in Research and Innovation Governance|location=Cham|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-64731-9|editor-last2=Cook|editor-first2=Julie|editor-last3=Hirsch|editor-first3=François|editor-last4=Fenet|editor-first4=Solveig|editor-last5=Muthuswamy|editor-first5=Vasantha}}</ref> Equitable partnerships are grounded in the fair and equal distribution of participation, exposure to risk, and personal benefit (e.g., [[authorship]] of publications, career advancement, wages, etc.) as well as social benefits derived from research activities.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=KFPE Guide – 11 Principles & 7 Questions|url=https://kfpe.scnat.ch/en/id/JaMhL|access-date=2022-02-24|website=kfpe.scnat.ch|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Schroeder|first=Doris|title='Ethics dumping' – the dark side of international research|url=http://theconversation.com/ethics-dumping-the-dark-side-of-international-research-88675|access-date=2022-02-24|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> "[[Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement|Access and benefit sharing]]" is a critical consideration of such cooperation: all researchers, research institutions and countries involved in a given initiative should have equal access to the data generated, as well as the social benefits and financial gains derived from these data.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Unit|first=Biosafety|date=22 February 2022|title=The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing|url=https://www.cbd.int/abs/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=www.cbd.int|language=en}}</ref> |
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Equality in cooperation between all parties in research partnerships is challenging and often difficult to achieve in practice. To support researchers and research funding institutions in addressing these challenges, the Swiss Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries (KFPE) has outlined 11 principles. These principles serve as a guideline and an international model for equal partnerships in research cooperation.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Stöckli|first1=Bruno|last2=Wiesmann|first2=Urs|last3=Lys|first3=Jon-Andri|year=2012|title=A Guide for Transboundary Research Partnerships|url=https://portal-cdn.scnat.ch/asset/4d8372ee-27d7-558a-b9db-77bf409ceef4/KFPE-11P-7Q-3d2018.pdf?b=370a2788-58f3-581e-85d7-2418b87c662e&v=8ef687bc-7b14-5a4f-ad9e-bf494cddc1d7_0&s=gLwVbtPON190F6auadVe-DPd_IOknFA_pssGzeBGB68h8nfbZIcnUaztPkFbUOKFef8V2w2-5NzkK61J2WEdN4JXXheHl2gX1f6cLTTro8WFmDkhlKvHQjqRQDZdPmPo3whl0-P3PWWEWWinhvJ5hWLGC5hYwVTAPC0kLEC-F7g|publisher=Swiss Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries, KFPE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=KFPE: A Guide for Transboundary Research Partnerships|url=https://www.ukcdr.org.uk/resource/a-guide-for-transboundary-research-partnerships-by-kfpe/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=www.ukcdr.org.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Portrait – NFP [Nr.]|url=http://www.r4d.ch/r4d-programme/portrait|access-date=2022-02-24|website=www.r4d.ch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SPIRIT|url=https://www.snf.ch/de/nlghrhyzbD90TM9D/foerderung/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=Schweizerischer Nationalfonds (SNF)|language=de}}</ref> |
Equality in cooperation between all parties in research partnerships is challenging and often difficult to achieve in practice. To support researchers and research funding institutions in addressing these challenges, the Swiss Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries (KFPE) has outlined 11 principles. These principles serve as a guideline and an international model for equal partnerships in research cooperation.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Stöckli|first1=Bruno|last2=Wiesmann|first2=Urs|last3=Lys|first3=Jon-Andri|year=2012|title=A Guide for Transboundary Research Partnerships|url=https://portal-cdn.scnat.ch/asset/4d8372ee-27d7-558a-b9db-77bf409ceef4/KFPE-11P-7Q-3d2018.pdf?b=370a2788-58f3-581e-85d7-2418b87c662e&v=8ef687bc-7b14-5a4f-ad9e-bf494cddc1d7_0&s=gLwVbtPON190F6auadVe-DPd_IOknFA_pssGzeBGB68h8nfbZIcnUaztPkFbUOKFef8V2w2-5NzkK61J2WEdN4JXXheHl2gX1f6cLTTro8WFmDkhlKvHQjqRQDZdPmPo3whl0-P3PWWEWWinhvJ5hWLGC5hYwVTAPC0kLEC-F7g|publisher=Swiss Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries, KFPE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=KFPE: A Guide for Transboundary Research Partnerships|url=https://www.ukcdr.org.uk/resource/a-guide-for-transboundary-research-partnerships-by-kfpe/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=www.ukcdr.org.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Portrait – NFP [Nr.]|url=http://www.r4d.ch/r4d-programme/portrait|access-date=2022-02-24|website=www.r4d.ch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SPIRIT|url=https://www.snf.ch/de/nlghrhyzbD90TM9D/foerderung/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=Schweizerischer Nationalfonds (SNF)|language=de}}</ref> |
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Funding mechanisms for north–south research collaborations include government [[Research Grants]], private and philanthropic foundations as well as individuals. Private-sector companies also support various research projects and collaborations. |
Funding mechanisms for north–south research collaborations include government [[Research Grants]], private and philanthropic foundations as well as individuals. Private-sector companies also support various research projects and collaborations. |
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One challenge for north–south research is that it straddles research and [[Development aid|development cooperation]]. The requirements for projects in these two areas sometimes differ greatly. Consequently, it is difficult for north–south research to do justice to both areas in each case. This makes finding funding for north–south research more challenging. This challenge is exacerbated in the case of ''[[Transdisciplinarity|transdisciplinary]]'' North-South research, because, as the name implies, such research does not fit into any single discipline. Moreover, in some cases, applied research in the global south is considered to be |
One challenge for north–south research is that it straddles research and [[Development aid|development cooperation]]. The requirements for projects in these two areas sometimes differ greatly. Consequently, it is difficult for north–south research to do justice to both areas in each case. This makes finding funding for north–south research more challenging. This challenge is exacerbated in the case of ''[[Transdisciplinarity|transdisciplinary]]'' North-South research, because, as the name implies, such research does not fit into any single discipline. Moreover, in some cases, applied research in the global south is considered to be ‘inferior’ compared to basic research undertaken at renowned research institutions in the global north, and receives correspondingly less funding support. |
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North–south research is mostly funded in the form of research projects. Short project cycles and the pressure to generate findings quickly and cheaply make it difficult not only to build long-term research partnerships on an equal footing, but also to establish sustainable structures and strengthen relevant skills and capacities on the ground. In addition to project funding, north–south research would therefore benefit from more funding instruments targeted at strengthening the long-term cooperation between organisations as well as supporting the development of sustainable structures and relevant expertise on site.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sieber |first1=Priska |title=Choosing the Right Projects. Designing Selection Processes for North-South Research Partnership Programmes |last2=Braunschweig |first2=Thomas |publisher=Swiss Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries, KFPE |year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Upreti |first=Bishnu Raj |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/823742842 |title=Partnerships in development-oriented research : lessons learnt and challenges ahead |date=2012 |others=NCCR North-South. South Asia Regional Coordination Office |isbn=978-9937-8174-4-8 |location=Kathmandu |oclc=823742842}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|year=2020|title=Confronting our Common Challenges: a new Approach to Strengthening Africa's Research, Innovation and Higher Education Capacity|url=https://www.the-guild.eu/publications/arua-guild-concept-note-common-challenges.pdf|publisher=The Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities and Bern Open Publishing}}</ref> |
North–south research is mostly funded in the form of research projects. Short project cycles and the pressure to generate findings quickly and cheaply make it difficult not only to build long-term research partnerships on an equal footing, but also to establish sustainable structures and strengthen relevant skills and capacities on the ground. In addition to project funding, north–south research would therefore benefit from more funding instruments targeted at strengthening the long-term cooperation between organisations as well as supporting the development of sustainable structures and relevant expertise on site.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sieber |first1=Priska |title=Choosing the Right Projects. Designing Selection Processes for North-South Research Partnership Programmes |last2=Braunschweig |first2=Thomas |publisher=Swiss Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries, KFPE |year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Upreti |first=Bishnu Raj |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/823742842 |title=Partnerships in development-oriented research : lessons learnt and challenges ahead |date=2012 |others=NCCR North-South. South Asia Regional Coordination Office |isbn=978-9937-8174-4-8 |location=Kathmandu |oclc=823742842}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|year=2020|title=Confronting our Common Challenges: a new Approach to Strengthening Africa's Research, Innovation and Higher Education Capacity|url=https://www.the-guild.eu/publications/arua-guild-concept-note-common-challenges.pdf|publisher=The Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities and Bern Open Publishing}}</ref> |
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* The quality and efficiency of north–south research is not on par with the demonstrated research excellence at renowned research institutions in the global north. North–south research is not undertaken with the same scientific rigour and independence as basic or fundamental disciplinary research. North–south research is too practice-oriented and produces too few publications in [[Scientific journal|high-impact scientific journals]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientific and technical journal articles {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IP.JRN.ARTC.SC?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_low_desc=true |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> This is countered by the argument that North-South researchers are more likely to step out of the [[ivory tower]] of academia, tackle real world problems and offer viable solutions. Moreover, scientific performance should not only be evaluated based on the [[impact factor]] of scientific publications, but also according to the tangible benefits generated for society.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Read the Declaration |url=https://sfdora.org/read/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=DORA |language=en-US}}</ref> |
* The quality and efficiency of north–south research is not on par with the demonstrated research excellence at renowned research institutions in the global north. North–south research is not undertaken with the same scientific rigour and independence as basic or fundamental disciplinary research. North–south research is too practice-oriented and produces too few publications in [[Scientific journal|high-impact scientific journals]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientific and technical journal articles {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IP.JRN.ARTC.SC?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_low_desc=true |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> This is countered by the argument that North-South researchers are more likely to step out of the [[ivory tower]] of academia, tackle real world problems and offer viable solutions. Moreover, scientific performance should not only be evaluated based on the [[impact factor]] of scientific publications, but also according to the tangible benefits generated for society.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Read the Declaration |url=https://sfdora.org/read/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=DORA |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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* North–south research is too [[Theory|theoretical]] and removed from [[Praxis (process)|practice]]. From the perspective of practitioners, research findings are too theoretical and lack tangible application(s). This highlights the dilemma facing applied north–south research. From the |
* North–south research is too [[Theory|theoretical]] and removed from [[Praxis (process)|practice]]. From the perspective of practitioners, research findings are too theoretical and lack tangible application(s). This highlights the dilemma facing applied north–south research. From the ‘scientific’ perspective, it does not qualify as excellent research, while from the ‘applied’ perspective, it is too theoretical. Applied north–south research in fact benefits both science and practice. In well-implemented projects, scientific knowledge critically informs on the ground practice and current development problems inspire key research questions.<ref name=":2" /> |
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* [[Traditional knowledge]] and [[Culture|local cultural ideas]] often hold little value in [[Western world|Western-influenced]] research.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothari |first=Uma |title=Power, Knowledge and Social Control in Participatory Development |work=Participation. The New Tyranny? |publisher=Zed Books |year=2001 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Bill |location=London |pages=139–152 |editor-last2=Kothari |editor-first2=Uma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosse |first=David |title=Authority, Gender and Knowledge. Theoretical Reflections on the Practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal |work=Development and Change |year=1994 |volume=25 |pages=497–526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fairhead |first1=James |title=Culturing Trees. Socialized Knowledge in the Political Ecology of Kissia and Kuranko Forest Islands of Guinea |last2=Leach |first2=Melissa |work=Nature is culture: indigenous knowledge and socio-cultural aspects of trees and forests in non-European cultures |publisher=Intermediate Technology Publications |year=1997 |editor-last=Seeland |editor-first=Klaus |location=London |pages=7–18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Haller |first1=Tobias |title=Challenges for Participatory Conservation in Times of Global Change: Lessons from a Comparative Analysis and New Developments |last2=Galvin |first2=Marc |work=Research for Sustainable Development. Foundations, Experiences, and Perspectives. Perspectives of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research NCCR North-South University of Bern |publisher=Geographica Bernensia |year=2011 |editor-last=Wiesmann |editor-first=Urs Martin |location=Bern |pages=467–503 |editor-last2=Hurni |editor-first2=Hans}}</ref> Critics warn that important knowledge is therefore ignored and equal partnerships not possible. There are, however, an increasing number of efforts to integrate across multiple forms of knowledge (western-based scientific, indigenous, local and traditional), different systems of thought, as well as [[Cultural practice|cultural practises]] and beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Towards Food Sustainability |url=https://www.cde.unibe.ch/research/projects/towards_food_sustainability/index_eng.html |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Centre for Development and Environment (CDE)}}</ref> In general, however, research and science follow Western-style patterns of thought. |
* [[Traditional knowledge]] and [[Culture|local cultural ideas]] often hold little value in [[Western world|Western-influenced]] research.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothari |first=Uma |title=Power, Knowledge and Social Control in Participatory Development |work=Participation. The New Tyranny? |publisher=Zed Books |year=2001 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Bill |location=London |pages=139–152 |editor-last2=Kothari |editor-first2=Uma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosse |first=David |title=Authority, Gender and Knowledge. Theoretical Reflections on the Practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal |work=Development and Change |year=1994 |volume=25 |pages=497–526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fairhead |first1=James |title=Culturing Trees. Socialized Knowledge in the Political Ecology of Kissia and Kuranko Forest Islands of Guinea |last2=Leach |first2=Melissa |work=Nature is culture: indigenous knowledge and socio-cultural aspects of trees and forests in non-European cultures |publisher=Intermediate Technology Publications |year=1997 |editor-last=Seeland |editor-first=Klaus |location=London |pages=7–18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Haller |first1=Tobias |title=Challenges for Participatory Conservation in Times of Global Change: Lessons from a Comparative Analysis and New Developments |last2=Galvin |first2=Marc |work=Research for Sustainable Development. Foundations, Experiences, and Perspectives. Perspectives of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research NCCR North-South University of Bern |publisher=Geographica Bernensia |year=2011 |editor-last=Wiesmann |editor-first=Urs Martin |location=Bern |pages=467–503 |editor-last2=Hurni |editor-first2=Hans}}</ref> Critics warn that important knowledge is therefore ignored and equal partnerships not possible. There are, however, an increasing number of efforts to integrate across multiple forms of knowledge (western-based scientific, indigenous, local and traditional), different systems of thought, as well as [[Cultural practice|cultural practises]] and beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Towards Food Sustainability |url=https://www.cde.unibe.ch/research/projects/towards_food_sustainability/index_eng.html |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Centre for Development and Environment (CDE)}}</ref> In general, however, research and science follow Western-style patterns of thought. |
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