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The image became the source of religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, primarily driven by non-mainline churches identified with [[Charismatic Movement|charismatic]], [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]], or [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist]] theology, including all branches of [[Pentecostalism]], due to the nature of Catholic [[Marian devotion]] associated with the religious image. |
The image became the source of religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, primarily driven by non-mainline churches identified with [[Charismatic Movement|charismatic]], [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]], or [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist]] theology, including all branches of [[Pentecostalism]], due to the nature of Catholic [[Marian devotion]] associated with the religious image. |
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On May 16, 1978, a person identified as a member of a Protestant sect took the statue from its niche on the |
On May 16, 1978, a person identified as a member of a Protestant sect took the statue from its niche on the Basilica after the last [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] of the day. He was chased by guards and some of the church goers.<ref name="Pli">[[Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira|Oliveira, Plinio Corrêa]]. [http://www.traditioninaction.org/SOD/j227sd_OLAparecida_10-12.html "Feast Days of Our Lady: Our Lady Aparecida – October 12"]. Tradition in Action, Inc.</ref> As he was caught, the statue fell to the ground breaking to pieces;<ref name="Pli" /> a group of artists and artisans pieced it together again.<ref name="Pli" /> |
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On her feast day in 1995, a public holiday, an incident later known as "[[kicking of the saint]]" took place when [[televangelist]] Sérgio Von Helder (or Helde), of the [[Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]] (UCKG), insulted and kicked a replica of Our Lady Aparecida, and said that "it could not do anything for you", on a late-night religious program broadcast by UCKG television station [[Rede Record]].<ref>Epstein, Jack (November 24, 1995). "Kicking of icon outrages Brazil Catholics". ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]''.</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9512/virgin_bashing/kicking.mov Video of Von Helder kicking the saint], hosted at CNN.</ref> On the following day, [[Rede Globo]]'s ''[[Jornal Nacional]]'' denounced the incident, causing a nationwide commotion. The event was perceived by Catholics as a major act of religious intolerance, causing a public outcry. Several temples of the UCKG were targeted by protesters, and Von Helder was transferred to [[South Africa]] until the end of the controversy.<ref name="NCR" /><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/864623.stm "Church makes airwaves"]. BBC. August 3, 2000. Retrieved 2009-01-06.</ref> |
On her feast day in 1995, a public holiday, an incident later known as "[[kicking of the saint]]" took place when [[televangelist]] Sérgio Von Helder (or Helde), of the [[Universal Church of the Kingdom of God]] (UCKG), insulted and kicked a replica of Our Lady Aparecida, and said that "it could not do anything for you", on a late-night religious program broadcast by UCKG television station [[Rede Record]].<ref>Epstein, Jack (November 24, 1995). "Kicking of icon outrages Brazil Catholics". ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]''.</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9512/virgin_bashing/kicking.mov Video of Von Helder kicking the saint], hosted at CNN.</ref> On the following day, [[Rede Globo]]'s ''[[Jornal Nacional]]'' denounced the incident, causing a nationwide commotion. The event was perceived by Catholics as a major act of religious intolerance, causing a public outcry. Several temples of the UCKG were targeted by protesters, and Von Helder was transferred to [[South Africa]] until the end of the controversy.<ref name="NCR" /><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/864623.stm "Church makes airwaves"]. BBC. August 3, 2000. Retrieved 2009-01-06.</ref> |
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In the mid-20th century, as the popularity of Our Lady Aparecida grew, the construction of a much larger building to shelter the image became necessary. In 1955, work on the present [[Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida|Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady Aparecida]] was begun. Architect [[Benedito Calixto]] designed a building in the form of a [[Greek cross]].<ref name="naza" /> It can hold up to 45,000 people.<ref name="naza" /> |
In the mid-20th century, as the popularity of Our Lady Aparecida grew, the construction of a much larger building to shelter the image became necessary. In 1955, work on the present [[Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida|Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady Aparecida]] was begun. Architect [[Benedito Calixto]] designed a building in the form of a [[Greek cross]].<ref name="naza" /> It can hold up to 45,000 people.<ref name="naza" /> |
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On July 4, 1980, while still under construction, the new church was consecrated by [[Pope John Paul II]] and given the title of |
On July 4, 1980, while still under construction, the new church was consecrated by [[Pope John Paul II]] and given the title of Minor Basilica.<ref name="NCR" /> It is currently the largest Marian temple and the second largest Basilica in the world, second only to [[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]] in the [[Vatican City]].<ref name="NCR" /> |
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Since then, the two Basilicas in the city of Aparecida have been known as the "Old Basilica" and the "New Basilica". Upon its completion, the Brazilian Conference of Catholic Bishops declared the new Basilica a National Shrine. |
Since then, the two Basilicas in the city of Aparecida have been known as the "Old Basilica" and the "New Basilica". Upon its completion, the Brazilian Conference of Catholic Bishops declared the new Basilica a National Shrine. |
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As the National Shrine, dedicated to the patroness of Brazil, one of the functions of the |
As the National Shrine, dedicated to the patroness of Brazil, one of the functions of the Basilica is to function as a site of pilgrimage for laborers. The traditional pilgrimage of the laborers takes place each year on [[Independence Day (Brazil)|Brazil's independence holiday]], September 7.<ref name="naza" /> According to recent estimates, the Basilica attracts about 8 million pilgrims a year.<ref name="NCR" /><ref>Lugo, Luis. [http://pewforum.org/Christian/Catholic/Pope-to-Visit-Pentecostalized-Brazil.aspx "Pope to Visit 'Pentecostalized' Brazil"]. [[Pew Research Center|Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]]. April 19, 2007.</ref> |
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The influence of Our Lady Aparecida on Brazilian Catholic society is incalculable. In 1992 a study showed that 296 parishes were dedicated to her while five [[cathedral]]s had the same title. In addition, many towns are named after the Virgin and so are many Brazilian women and girls. The modern art styled [[cathedral of Brasília]] designed by [[Oscar Niemeyer]] is dedicated to Our Lady Aparecida, as [[Brasília]] is the national capital and she is invoked as Brazil's special protector. |
The influence of Our Lady Aparecida on Brazilian Catholic society is incalculable. In 1992 a study showed that 296 parishes were dedicated to her while five [[cathedral]]s had the same title. In addition, many towns are named after the Virgin and so are many Brazilian women and girls. The modern art styled [[cathedral of Brasília]] designed by [[Oscar Niemeyer]] is dedicated to Our Lady Aparecida, as [[Brasília]] is the national capital and she is invoked as Brazil's special protector. |
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In 2004, to commemorate the centennial of the pontifical coronation commanded by Pope Pius X and the 150th anniversary of the dogmatic definition of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the statue of Our Lady Aparecida was granted a renewed canonical coronation by the Holy See. The renewed coronation was presided by the Archbishop emeritus of Rio de Janeiro, [[Eugênio de Araújo Sales|Cardinal Eugênio Sales]], in the capacity of [[Papal legate|special papal envoy]] of Pope John Paul II. |
In 2004, to commemorate the centennial of the pontifical coronation commanded by Pope Pius X and the 150th anniversary of the dogmatic definition of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the statue of Our Lady Aparecida was granted a renewed canonical coronation by the Holy See. The renewed coronation was presided by the Archbishop emeritus of Rio de Janeiro, [[Eugênio de Araújo Sales|Cardinal Eugênio Sales]], in the capacity of [[Papal legate|special papal envoy]] of Pope John Paul II. |
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On May 12, 2007 [[Pope Benedict XVI]] granted the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady Aparecida a [[Golden Rose]]. The "Old Basilica" also possesses a Golden Rose, awarded by [[Pope Paul VI]] on August 12, 1967 |
On May 12, 2007 [[Pope Benedict XVI]] granted the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady Aparecida a [[Golden Rose]]. The "Old Basilica" also possesses a Golden Rose, awarded by [[Pope Paul VI]] on August 12, 1967 and presented by the Apostolic Nuncio; it was a gift of the Holy See to mark the Pope's participation in the commemorations of the 250th anniversary of the devotion to the Virgin of Aparecida. The "New Basilica"'s Golden Rose was presented by Pope Benedict, who visited the Basilica and celebrated Mass there during his 2007 Apostolic visit to Brazil. [[Pope Francis]] celebrated Mass at the shrine on July 24, 2013 and entrusted his pontificate as well as the World Youth Day to the maternal protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2013/07/24/wyd-2013-pope-entrusts-youth-to-virgin-mary-at-aparecida-shrine |title=WYD 2013: Pope entrusts youth to Virgin Mary at Aparecida shrine|work=[[Catholic Herald]] |access-date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> |
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==Feast day== |
==Feast day== |
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Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
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