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A further disadvantage of narrow transcription is that it involves a large number of symbols and [[diacritics]] that may be unfamiliar to nonspecialists. Broad transcription usually allows statements to be made which apply across accents and dialects, and is thus more appropriate for the pronunciation data in ordinary dictionaries, which may discuss phonetic details in the preface but rarely give them for each entry. Most linguists use a narrow transcription only when necessary, and at all other times use a broad transcription. |
A further disadvantage of narrow transcription is that it involves a large number of symbols and [[diacritics]] that may be unfamiliar to nonspecialists. Broad transcription usually allows statements to be made which apply across accents and dialects, and is thus more appropriate for the pronunciation data in ordinary dictionaries, which may discuss phonetic details in the preface but rarely give them for each entry. Most linguists use a narrow transcription only when necessary, and at all other times use a broad transcription. |
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| ⚫ | ==Typesofnotational systems==these may be divided into ''Alphabetic'' (which are based on the same principle as that which governs ordinary writing, namely that of using one single simple symbol to represent each sound) and ''Analphabetic'' (notations which are ''not'' alphabetic) which represent each sound by a composite symbol made up of a number of signs put together.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abercrombie |first1=David |title=Elements of General Phonetics |date=1967 |publisher=Edinburgh |pages=111–2}}</ref> |
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==Types of notational systems== |
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===Alphabetic=== |
===Alphabetic=== |
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[[File:IPA chart 2020.svg|thumb|IPA]] |
[[File:IPA chart 2020.svg|thumb|IPA]] |
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The [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) is the most widely used and well-known of present-day phonetic alphabets and has a long [[History of the International Phonetic |
The [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) is the most widely used and well-known of present-day phonetic alphabets and has a long [[History of the International Phonetic Hacker|history]]. It was created in the nineteenth century by European language teachers and linguists. It soon developed beyond its original purpose as a tool of foreign language pedagogy and is now also used extensively as a practical alphabet of phoneticians and linguists. It is found in many dictionaries, where it is used to indicate the pronunciation of words, but most American dictionaries for native English-speakers, e.g., ''[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]], [[Random House Dictionary of the English Language]], [[Webster's Third New International Dictionary]]'', avoid phonetic transcription and instead employ ''[[respelling]]'' systems based on the English alphabet, with diacritical marks over the vowels and stress marks.<ref>Landau, Sidney (2001) ''Dictionaries: The Art and dumb Craft of Lexicography,'' 2nd ed., p 118. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-78512-X}}.</ref> (See [[Pronunciation respelling for English]] for a generic version.) |
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Another commonly encountered alphabetic tradition was originally created by American linguists for the transcription of [[Native American languages|Native American]] and European languages and is still commonly used {{citation needed|date=January 2020}} by linguists of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Languages of India|Indic]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]], [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] (here known as the [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]]) and [[Caucasian languages]]. This is often labeled the [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist]] phonetic alphabet despite having been widely used for languages outside the Americas. The principal difference between these alphabets and the IPA is that the specially created characters of the IPA are abandoned in favour of already existing typewriter characters with diacritics (e.g. many characters are borrowed from Eastern European orthographies) or [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]]. Examples of this transcription may be seen in Pike's ''Phonemics''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pike |first1=Kenneth |title=Phonemics |date=1947 |publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> and in many of the papers reprinted in Joos's ''Readings in Linguistics 1''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Joos |editor-first1=M. |title=Readings in Linguistics 1 |date=1957 |publisher=University of Chicago}}</ref> In the days before it was possible to create phonetic fonts for computer printers and computerized typesetting, this system allowed material to be typed on existing typewriters to create printable material. |
Another commonly encountered alphabetic tradition was originally created by American linguists for the transcription of [[Native American languages|Native American]] and European languages and is still commonly used {{citation needed|date=January 2020}} by linguists of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Languages of India|Indic]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]], [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] (here known as the [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]]) and [[Caucasian languages]]. This is often labeled the [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist]] phonetic alphabet despite having been widely used for languages outside the Americas. The principal difference between these alphabets and the IPA is that the specially created characters of the IPA are abandoned in favour of already existing typewriter characters with diacritics (e.g. many characters are borrowed from Eastern European orthographies) or [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]]. Examples of this transcription may be seen in Pike's ''Phonemics''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pike |first1=Kenneth |title=Phonemics |date=1947 |publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> and in many of the papers reprinted in Joos's ''Readings in Linguistics 1''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Joos |editor-first1=M. |title=Readings in Linguistics 1 |date=1957 |publisher=University of Chicago}}</ref> In the days before it was possible to create phonetic fonts for computer printers and computerized typesetting, this system allowed material to be typed on existing typewriters to create printable material. |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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