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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} |
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} |
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[[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD).jpg|thumb|Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD) (six plates)|369x369px]] |
[[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD).jpg|thumb|Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD) (six plates)|369x369px]] |
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'''Kollam/Quilon Syrian copper plates''', also known as '''Kollam Tarisappalli copper plates''', or '''Kottayam inscription of Sthanu Ravi''', or '''Tabula Quilonensis''' record a royal grant issued by the chieftain of [[Venad|Kollam]] (Ayyan Adikal) to a [[Syriac_Christianity|Syrian Christian]] merchant magnate ([[Mar Sapir Iso]]) in [[Kerala]]. |
'''Kollam/Quilon Syrian copper plates''', also known as '''Kollam Tarisappalli copper plates''', or '''Kottayam inscription of Sthanu Ravi''', or '''Tabula Quilonensis''' record a royal grant issued by the chieftain of [[Venad|Kollam]] (Ayyan Adikal) to a [[Syriac_Christianity|Syrian Christian]] merchant magnate ([[Mar Sapir Iso]]) in [[Kerala]].{{sfn|Narayanan|2002|pp=66–76}} The royal charter is engraved in [[Malayalam|old Malayalam]] in Vattezhuthu (with some Grantha characters) on six copper plates.{{sfn|Narayanan|2002|pp=66–76}} The document is the oldest [[Chera/Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal]] inscription from Kerala.{{sfn|Devadevan|2020|pp= 126–27}} |
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The charter is dated to the 5th regnal year of the Chera Perumal ruler [[Sthanu Ravi Varma|Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara]] (849/50 AD). |
The charter is dated to the 5th regnal year of the Chera Perumal ruler [[Sthanu Ravi Varma|Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara]] (849/50 AD).{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=277, 278 and 295}} The sixth plate contains a number of signatures of the witnesses to the grant in [[Arabic]] (Kufic script), [[Middle Persian]] (cursive Pahlavi script) and [[Judeo-Persian]] (standard square Hebrew script).{{sfn|Cereti|2009|pp=31– 50}} Until recently (2013) it was believed that the six plates formed two separate grants (dated separately) issued by Kerala rulers to the [[Syriac_Christianity|Syrian Christian]] merchants.{{sfn|Varier|2013|pp=}} |
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One part (four plates) of the copper plates is kept at the Devalokam Aramana of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] while the other (two small plates) is at Poolatheen Aramana (Thiruvalla) of [[Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church]]. |
One part (four plates) of the copper plates is kept at the Devalokam Aramana of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] while the other (two small plates) is at Poolatheen Aramana (Thiruvalla) of [[Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church]]. |
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== Summarised prescription == |
== Summarised prescription == |
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[[File:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth East Syriac Persian Saints of the Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|A modern depiction of Mar Sabor and Mar Proth.]] |
[[File:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth East Syriac Persian Saints of the Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|A modern depiction of Mar Sabor and Mar Proth.]] |
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[[File:Quilon (Venatu) insignia from Syrian copper plates - Plate 5 (c. 883 CE).jpg|211x211px|thumb|Insignia from Syrian copper plates]] |
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The grant is dated the 5th regnal year of king Sthanu Ravi, 849-50 AD (old Malayalam: Ko Tanu Ravi).{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=435-37}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=277, 278 and 295}} It was drafted in the presence of [[Chera/Perumal|Chera Perumal]] prince [[Vijayaraga]], [[Venad]] chieftain Ayyan Adikal Thiruvadikal, junior chieftain Rama Thiruvadikal, other important officers of the chiefdom (the adhikarar, the prakrithi, the punnathala padi, and the pulakkudi padi) and the representatives of merchant guilds [[anjuvannam]] and [[manigramam]].{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=435-37}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=277, 278 and 295}} |
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The charter grants land to [[Mar Sapir Iso]], the founder the Kollam trading city (the nagara), to build the Church of Tarisa at [[Kollam]]. The land, evidently a large settlement with its occupants, is donated as an "attipperu" by Ayyan Adikal. |
The charter grants land to [[Mar Sapir Iso]], the founder the Kollam trading city (the nagara), to build the Church of Tarisa at [[Kollam]]. The land, evidently a large settlement with its occupants, is donated as an "attipperu" by Ayyan Adikal.{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=435-37}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=277, 278 and 295}} [[Mar Sapir Iso|Sapir Iso]] also recruited two merchant guilds (the [[anjuvannam]] and the [[manigramam]]) as the tenants of the nagara (the karanmai). The Six Hundred of [[Venad]], the [[Nair]] militia of the chiefdom, was entrusted with the protection of the nagara and the church. The charter also granted serfs to the nagara and the church. This included personnel like agricultural laborers (the vellalars), carpenters (the thachar), toddy tappers (the ezhavar) and salt-makers (the eruviyar).{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=277, 278 and 295}} |
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The charter granted Sapir Iso several titles, rights and aristocratic privileges. |
The charter granted Sapir Iso several titles, rights and aristocratic privileges.{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=277, 278 and 295}} All revenues from the donated land and its occupants were 'exempted' (which perhaps meant that these were to be made over to the church).{{sfn|Devadevan|2020|pp= 126–27}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=277, 278 and 295}} |
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[[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 CE) plate 1.jpg|thumb|645x645px|center|Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD, plate 1)]] |
[[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 CE) plate 1.jpg|thumb|645x645px|center|Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD, plate 1)]] |
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=== Witnesses to grant === |
=== Witnesses to grant === |
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The vertical plate contains a number of signatures of the witnesses to the grant in [[Arabic]] (Kufic script), [[Middle Persian]] (cursive Pahlavi script) and [[Judeo-Persian]] (standard square Hebrew script). |
The vertical plate contains a number of signatures of the witnesses to the grant in [[Arabic]] (Kufic script), [[Middle Persian]] (cursive Pahlavi script) and [[Judeo-Persian]] (standard square Hebrew script).{{sfn|Cereti|2009|pp=31– 50}} |
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[[File:Quilon Syrian copper plates - plate 6 (9th century AD)..jpg|thumb|Quilon Syrian copper plates (Plate 6)|383x383px]] |
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<blockquote> |
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'''Arabic signatures''' ― Kufic script |
'''Arabic signatures''' ― Kufic script |
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[[File:Vellala witnesses in Tharisappally Copper plates of Ayyan Atikal (CE 849).jpg|thumb|Du Perron's Translation Mentioning Thomas of Cana (1758)]] |
[[File:Vellala witnesses in Tharisappally Copper plates of Ayyan Atikal (CE 849).jpg|thumb|Du Perron's Translation Mentioning Thomas of Cana (1758)]] |
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Thomas of Cana copper plates (early 9th century AD) are a lost set of [[Copper-plate grant|copper-plate grants]] issued by the unidentified [[Chera/Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal]] king to the Christian merchants in the city of "Makotayar Pattinam" (present day [[Kodungallur]]). |
Thomas of Cana copper plates (early 9th century AD) are a lost set of [[Copper-plate grant|copper-plate grants]] issued by the unidentified [[Chera/Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal]] king to the Christian merchants in the city of "Makotayar Pattinam" (present day [[Kodungallur]]).{{sfn|Narayanan|2013|pp=302-303}} |
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Translations of the Kollam Syrian Plates made by the Syrian Christian priest Ittimani in 1601 as well as the [[Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron |French Indologist Abraham Anquetil Duperron]] in 1758 both note that the fourth plate mentioned a brief of the arrival of [[Thomas of Cana]].{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-679}}{{sfn|Vellian|1986|pp=54–55}}It is believed that this was a notation of the previous rights bestowed upon the Christians by Cheraman Perumal.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|pp=54–55}} The contemporary fourth plate however does not mention this paragraph and is believed to be a later copy. Scholar of Early Christian history Istavan Percvel theorizes that at one time the Kollam Syrian plates and the [[Thomas of Cana copper plates]] were kept together.{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-679}} |
Translations of the Kollam Syrian Plates made by the Syrian Christian priest Ittimani in 1601 as well as the [[Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron |French Indologist Abraham Anquetil Duperron]] in 1758 both note that the fourth plate mentioned a brief of the arrival of [[Thomas of Cana]].{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-679}}{{sfn|Vellian|1986|pp=54–55}}It is believed that this was a notation of the previous rights bestowed upon the Christians by Cheraman Perumal.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|pp=54–55}} The contemporary fourth plate however does not mention this paragraph and is believed to be a later copy. Scholar of Early Christian history Istavan Percvel theorizes that at one time the Kollam Syrian plates and the [[Thomas of Cana copper plates]] were kept together.{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-679}} |
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===Text of the |
===Text of the brief=== |
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1758 translation by Indologist Abraham Duperron: {{sfn|Kollaparambil|2015|p=179}} |
1758 translation by Indologist Abraham Duperron: {{sfn|Kollaparambil|2015|p=179}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{reflist|40em}} |
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=== Works cited === |
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* Narayanan, M. G. S., 2013 [1972]. ''Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. |
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* {{Cite book|last=Cereti|first=C. G.|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Exegisti+Monumenta:+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+Nicholas+Sims-+Williams&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXk6-D5MXuAhUJ6XMBHcSmBZMQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams|publisher=Harrassowitz|year=2009|isbn=|editor-last=Sundermann|editor-first=W.|location=Wiesbaden|pages=|chapter=The Pahlavi Signatures on the Quilon Copper Plates|editor-last2=Hintze|editor-first2=A.|editor-last3=de Blois|editor-first3=F.}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+%E2%80%98Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwip7LOc06fuAhXG6XMBHatsA6IQ6AEwAHoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=|location=|pages=|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State}} |
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*{{Cite journal|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|date=2002|title=Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/037698360202900204|journal=Indian Historical Review|volume=29 (1-2)|pages=|via=}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&dq=Perumals+of+Kerala&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilvo7l48XuAhXDmeYKHeV8AssQ6AEwAXoECAYQAQ|title=Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=|ref=|orig-year=1972}} |
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*{{cite book |last=King |first=Daniel|year=2018|title=The Syriac World|publisher=Routledge Press|isbn= 9781138899018 |ref={{sfnRef|King|2018}}}} |
*{{cite book |last=King |first=Daniel|year=2018|title=The Syriac World|publisher=Routledge Press|isbn= 9781138899018 |ref={{sfnRef|King|2018}}}} |
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* {{cite book | last=Kollaparambil |first= Jacob|year=2015|title= Sources of the Syro Malabar Law|publisher= Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India|isbn= 9789382762287 |ref={{sfnRef|Kollaparambil|2015}}}} |
* {{cite book | last=Kollaparambil |first= Jacob|year=2015|title= Sources of the Syro Malabar Law|publisher= Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India|isbn= 9789382762287 |ref={{sfnRef|Kollaparambil|2015}}}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Varier|first=M. R. Raghava|title=Tharissappally Pattayam|last2=Veluthat|first2=Kesavan|publisher=National Book Stall|year=2013|isbn=|location=Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala)|pages=}} |
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* |
*{{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1986|title= Symposium on Knanites|series= Syrian Church Series |volume=12|publisher= Jyothi Book House|url= https://books.google.com/books/about/Symposium_on_Knanites.html?id=3PIMGwAACAAJ |ref={{sfnRef|Vellian|1986}}}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
||
{{Portal|India}} |
{{Portal|India}} |
||
* Varier |
* {{Cite book|last=Varier|first=M. R. Raghava|title=Tharissappally Pattayam|last2=Veluthat|first2=Kesavan|publisher=National Book Stall|year=2013|isbn=|location=Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala)|pages=}} |
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* Veluthat, Kesavan, 2009. ''The Early Medieval in South India.'' Delhi: Oxford University Press. |
* Veluthat, Kesavan, 2009. ''The Early Medieval in South India.'' Delhi: Oxford University Press. |
||
* |
* {{cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&dq=Perumals+of+Kerala&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilvo7l48XuAhXDmeYKHeV8AssQ6AEwAXoECAYQAQ|title=Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=|ref=|orig-year=1972}} |
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{{commons category}} |
{{commons category}} |
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{{Kollam|state=collapsed}} |
{{Kollam|state=collapsed}} |
||
Kollam/Quilon Syrian copper plates, also known as Kollam Tarisappalli copper plates, or Kottayam inscription of Sthanu Ravi, or Tabula Quilonensis record a royal grant issued by the chieftain of Kollam (Ayyan Adikal) to a Syrian Christian merchant magnate (Mar Sapir Iso) in Kerala.[1] The royal charter is engraved in old Malayalam in Vattezhuthu (with some Grantha characters) on six copper plates.[1] The document is the oldest Chera Perumal inscription from Kerala.[2]
The charter is dated to the 5th regnal year of the Chera Perumal ruler Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara (849/50 AD).[3] The sixth plate contains a number of signatures of the witnesses to the grant in Arabic (Kufic script), Middle Persian (cursive Pahlavi script) and Judeo-Persian (standard square Hebrew script).[4] Until recently (2013) it was believed that the six plates formed two separate grants (dated separately) issued by Kerala rulers to the Syrian Christian merchants.[5]
One part (four plates) of the copper plates is kept at the Devalokam Aramana of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church while the other (two small plates) is at Poolatheen Aramana (Thiruvalla) of Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church.
The grant is dated the 5th regnal year of king Sthanu Ravi, 849-50 AD (old Malayalam: Ko Tanu Ravi).[6][3] It was drafted in the presence of Chera Perumal prince Vijayaraga, Venad chieftain Ayyan Adikal Thiruvadikal, junior chieftain Rama Thiruvadikal, other important officers of the chiefdom (the adhikarar, the prakrithi, the punnathala padi, and the pulakkudi padi) and the representatives of merchant guilds anjuvannam and manigramam.[6][3]
The charter grants land to Mar Sapir Iso, the founder the Kollam trading city (the nagara), to build the Church of Tarisa at Kollam. The land, evidently a large settlement with its occupants, is donated as an "attipperu" by Ayyan Adikal.[6][3] Sapir Iso also recruited two merchant guilds (the anjuvannam and the manigramam) as the tenants of the nagara (the karanmai). The Six Hundred of Venad, the Nair militia of the chiefdom, was entrusted with the protection of the nagara and the church. The charter also granted serfs to the nagara and the church. This included personnel like agricultural laborers (the vellalars), carpenters (the thachar), toddy tappers (the ezhavar) and salt-makers (the eruviyar).[3]
The charter granted Sapir Iso several titles, rights and aristocratic privileges.[3] All revenues from the donated land and its occupants were 'exempted' (which perhaps meant that these were to be made over to the church).[2][3]
The vertical plate contains a number of signatures of the witnesses to the grant in Arabic (Kufic script), Middle Persian (cursive Pahlavi script) and Judeo-Persian (standard square Hebrew script).[4]
Arabic signatures ― Kufic script
- Maymun, son of Ibrahim
- Muhammad, son of Manih
- Sulh, son of Ali
- Uthman, son of al-Marzuban
- Muhammad, son of Yahya
- Amr, son of Ibrahm
- Ibrahim, son of al-Tayy
- Bakr, son of Mansur
- al-Qasim, son of Hamid
- Mansur, son of Isa
- Ismail, son of Yaqub
Middle Persian signatures ― Pahlavi script
- Farrox, son of Narseh, son of Sahraban
- Yohanan, son of Masya, son of Wehzad
- Sahdost, son of Mardweh, son of Farroxig
- Senmihr, son of Bayweh
- Sina, son of Yakub
- son of Mardweh
- Mareo, son of Yohanan
- Farrbay, son of Windad-Ohrmazd
- Mard-Farroz, son of Boysad
- Azadmard, son of Ahla
Judeo-Persian signatures ― Hebrew script
- Hasan Ali
- Sahaq
- Samael
- Abraham Quwami
- Kurus Yahiya
Thomas of Cana copper plates (early 9th century AD) are a lost set of copper-plate grants issued by the unidentified Chera Perumal king to the Christian merchants in the city of "Makotayar Pattinam" (present day Kodungallur).[7]
Translations of the Kollam Syrian Plates made by the Syrian Christian priest Ittimani in 1601 as well as the French Indologist Abraham Anquetil Duperron in 1758 both note that the fourth plate mentioned a brief of the arrival of Thomas of Cana.[8][9]It is believed that this was a notation of the previous rights bestowed upon the Christians by Cheraman Perumal.[9] The contemporary fourth plate however does not mention this paragraph and is believed to be a later copy. Scholar of Early Christian history Istavan Percvel theorizes that at one time the Kollam Syrian plates and the Thomas of Cana copper plates were kept together.[8]
1758 translation by Indologist Abraham Duperron: [10]
“The History of the founding of the Town of Cranganore when Pattanam was the city, (he) visited, revered and requested the Emperor and the Minister at Kolla Kodungalloor for a marsh where thickets grow. Measured by Anakol (elephant kol) 4,444 kols of land was granted in the year of the Jupiter in Kubham, on the 29th of Makaram, 31 the Saturday, Rohini and Saptami (7th day of the moon),' the palace, great temple and school at Irinjalakuda also were founded. The same day that place was called Makothevar pattanam (the town of the Great God), and it was made the city (capital). From there privileges such as drawbridge at gates, ornamented arches, mounted horse with two drums, cheers, conch blowing, salutes were granted in writing to the Christian foreigner called Kynai Thomma with sacred threat and libation of water and flower. The sun and the moon are witnesses to this. Written to the kings of all times.”
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