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Police, on reasonable and probable grounds, can exercise discretionary powers including arrest, searches, requests for identity and investigating terrorist activity. These powers are conferred with legislation regulating police officers (such as the Law Enforcement [Powers and Responsibilities] Act 2002 for [[New South Wales]])<ref name="NSW LE(P&R)">{{cite Legislation AU|NSW|act|leara2002451|Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002}}.</ref> or regulating specific powers, such as the Terrorism (Police Powers) Act 2002 (also NSW).<ref name="NSW Terror">{{cite Legislation AU|NSW|act|tpa2002291|Terrorism (Police Powers) Act 2002}}.</ref> Regardless of the type of police power, reasonable grounds is the only doctrine with which police officers can function as law enforcers.<ref name="Sanders 2018"/> |
Police, on reasonable and probable grounds, can exercise discretionary powers including arrest, searches, requests for identity and investigating terrorist activity. These powers are conferred with legislation regulating police officers (such as the Law Enforcement [Powers and Responsibilities] Act 2002 for [[New South Wales]])<ref name="NSW LE(P&R)">{{cite Legislation AU|NSW|act|leara2002451|Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002}}.</ref> or regulating specific powers, such as the Terrorism (Police Powers) Act 2002 (also NSW).<ref name="NSW Terror">{{cite Legislation AU|NSW|act|tpa2002291|Terrorism (Police Powers) Act 2002}}.</ref> Regardless of the type of police power, reasonable grounds is the only doctrine with which police officers can function as law enforcers.<ref name="Sanders 2018"/> |
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=== Arrest without a Warrant === |
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Under the legislation, police have the power to arrest, without a warrant, on reasonable and probable grounds.<ref>LexisNexis, Halsbury’s Laws of Australia, (online at 5 February 2015) 320 Police and Emergency Services, ‘2 Functions and Powers of Police’ [235]-[400].</ref> In Australia, this is preserved by statutory reforms which create a standard by which police can exercise an arrest without a warrant.<ref name="Sanders 2018"/> This can be found under s 99 of the ''Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act'' 2002 (NSW).<ref name="NSW LE(P&R) s99"/> Reasonable grounds for exercising such an arrest involves what is reasonably necessary for the relevant situation.<ref name="Sanders 2018"/> This is an objective test by which police officers must be satisfied that an arrest is the best conceivable option.<ref name="Griffith 2013">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Griffith |title=Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Amendment (Arrest without Warrant) Bill 2013 |url=https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/researchpapers/Documents/law-enforcement-powers-and-responsibilities-amen/Arrest%20without%20warrant.pdf |series=Research Paper No 4 |publisher=Parliamentary Library Research Service |year=2013 |ref=CITEREFGriffith "Arrest without Warrant" (2013)}}</ref> |
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However, the common law requires that this power is to be exercised only as a last resort, where it is necessary to deprive the freedomofthe individual.{{sfn|Brown et al. ''Criminal Laws''|page=439}} |
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=== <span id="Search without a Warrant"></span>Search without a warrant === |
=== <span id="Search without a Warrant"></span>Search without a warrant === |
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