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=== Growth within the retinal ganglion cell (optic fiber) layer === |
=== Growth within the retinal ganglion cell (optic fiber) layer === |
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Early progenitor RGCs will typically extend processes connecting to the inner and outer limiting membranes of the retina with the outer layer adjacent to the [[retinal pigment epithelium]] and inner adjacent to the future vitreous humor. The [[cell soma]] will pull towards the pigment epithelium, undergo a terminal cell division and differentiation, and then migrate backwards towards the inner limiting membrane in a process called [[Development of the nervous system|somal translocation]]. The kinetics of RGC somal translocation and underlying mechanisms are best understood in the [[zebrafish]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Icha J, Kunath C, Rocha-Martins M, Norden C | title = Independent modes of ganglion cell translocation ensure correct lamination of the zebrafish retina | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 215 | issue = 2 | pages = 259–275 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27810916 | pmc = 5084647 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.201604095 }}</ref> The RGC will then extend an axon in the retinal ganglion cell layer, which is directed by [[laminin]] contact.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Randlett O, Poggi L, Zolessi FR, Harris WA | title = The oriented emergence of axons from retinal ganglion cells is directed by laminin contact in vivo | language = English | journal = Neuron | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 266–80 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21521613 | pmc = 3087191 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.013 | url = }}</ref> The retraction of the apical process of the RGC is likely mediated by [[Slit-Robo|Slit–Robo]] signaling.<ref name=":0" /> |
Early progenitor RGCs will typically extend processes connecting to the inner and outer limiting membranes of the retina with the outer layer adjacent to the [[retinal pigment epithelium]] and inner adjacent to the future vitreous humor. The [[cell soma]] will pull towards the pigment epithelium, undergo a terminal cell division and differentiation, and then migrate backwards towards the inner limiting membrane in a process called [[Development of the nervous system|somal translocation]]. The kinetics of RGC somal translocation and underlying mechanisms are best understood in the [[zebrafish]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Icha J, Kunath C, Rocha-Martins M, Norden C | title = Independent modes of ganglion cell translocation ensure correct lamination of the zebrafish retina | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 215 | issue = 2 | pages = 259–275 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27810916 | pmc = 5084647 | doi = 10.1083/jcb.201604095 }}</ref> The RGC will then extend an axon in the retinal ganglion cell layer, which is directed by [[laminin]] contact.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Randlett O, Poggi L, Zolessi FR, Harris WA | title = The oriented emergence of axons from retinal ganglion cells is directed by laminin contact in vivo | language = English | journal = Neuron | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 266–80 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21521613 | pmc = 3087191 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.013 | url = https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(11)00253-4}}</ref> The retraction of the apical process of the RGC is likely mediated by [[Slit-Robo|Slit–Robo]] signaling.<ref name=":0" /> |
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RGCs will grow along glial end feet positioned on the inner surface (side closest to the future vitreous humor). [[Neural cell adhesion molecule]] (N-CAM) will mediate this attachment via homophilic interactions between molecules of like isoforms (A or B). Slit signaling also plays a role, preventing RGCs from growing into layers beyond the optic fiber layer.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thompson H, Andrews W, Parnavelas JG, Erskine L | title = Robo2 is required for Slit-mediated intraretinal axon guidance | journal = Developmental Biology | volume = 335 | issue = 2 | pages = 418–26 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19782674 | pmc = 2814049 | doi = 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.09.034 }}</ref> |
RGCs will grow along glial end feet positioned on the inner surface (side closest to the future vitreous humor). [[Neural cell adhesion molecule]] (N-CAM) will mediate this attachment via homophilic interactions between molecules of like isoforms (A or B). Slit signaling also plays a role, preventing RGCs from growing into layers beyond the optic fiber layer.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thompson H, Andrews W, Parnavelas JG, Erskine L | title = Robo2 is required for Slit-mediated intraretinal axon guidance | journal = Developmental Biology | volume = 335 | issue = 2 | pages = 418–26 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19782674 | pmc = 2814049 | doi = 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.09.034 }}</ref> |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}
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