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→Early years: added more details on what aid was involved.
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{{Infobox bilateral relations|Russia–Vietnam|Russia|Vietnam|filetype=svg}} |
{{Infobox bilateral relations|Russia–Vietnam|Russia|Vietnam|filetype=svg|mission1=Russian embassy, [[Hanoi]]|mission2=Vietnamese embassy, [[Moscow]]}} |
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'''Russia–Vietnam relations''' ({{lang-ru|Российско-вьетнамские отношения}}, {{lang-vi|Quan hệ |
'''Russia–Vietnam relations''' ({{lang-ru|Российско-вьетнамские отношения|Rossiysko-v'yetnamskiye otnosheniya}}, {{lang-vi|Quan hệ Nga – Việt}}) date back formally to 30 January 1950, when the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] established an embassy to [[North Vietnam]].<ref name="vnembassy">{{cite news|url=http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/news/story.php?d=20010305003822|title=Vietnam-Russia traditional ties reach new heights|date=2001-03-05|access-date=2007-08-08|publisher=Embassy of Vietnam in the United States of America}}</ref> |
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The Soviet Union was one of the first countries in the world to recognize and formally establish diplomatic relations with Vietnam, laying the foundations for strong and cooperative friendship between the two countries. |
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{{Infobox bilateral relations|Soviet Union–Vietnam|Soviet Union|North Vietnam}} |
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{{Infobox bilateral relations|Soviet Union–Vietnam|Soviet Union|Vietnam}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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=== Early years === |
=== Early years === |
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{{Seealso|International participation in the Vietnam War}} |
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[[File:Nikita Khrushchev, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh and Soong Ching-ling.jpg|thumb|North Vietnam's leader [[Ho Chi Minh]] with Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and China's leader [[Mao Zedong]], 1959]] |
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The first Vietnamese appeared in the USSR in the early 1920s. These were students from [[Communist International|Comintern]] universities, mainly from the [[Communist University of the Toilers of the East]]. About 70 Vietnamese passed through this system of communist education in Soviet Russia. [[Ho Chi Minh]] studied in [[Moscow]] in the 1920s, along with other members of the [[Indochinese Communist Party]]. |
The first Vietnamese appeared in the USSR in the early 1920s. These were students from [[Communist International|Comintern]] universities, mainly from the [[Communist University of the Toilers of the East]]. About 70 Vietnamese passed through this system of communist education in Soviet Russia. [[Ho Chi Minh]] studied in [[Moscow]] in the 1920s, along with other members of the [[Indochinese Communist Party]]. |
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The Soviet Union was the first country, along with its [[Eastern Bloc|satellite states in Eastern Europe]] and the newly established [[China|People's Republic of China]], to diplomatically recognize the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] during the [[First Indochina War]] in January 1950.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bradley|first=Mark Philip|title=1. Setting the Stage: Vietnamese Revolutionary Nationalism and the First Vietnam War|date=2010-12-31|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/ande13480-003/html|work=The Columbia History of the Vietnam War|pages=93–119|editor-last=Anderson|editor-first=David L.|publisher=Columbia University Press|doi=10.7312/ande13480-003|isbn=978-0-231-13480-4|access-date=2021-11-09}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]] pressured the [[Viet Minh]] delegation to accept [[Partition (politics)|partition]] as a compromise solution to the conflict at the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]. Later, in 1964, Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]] visited [[Hanoi]] to try to dissuade [[Lê Duẩn]] against escalating the [[Vietnam War]] against [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hastings|first=Max|title=Vietnam: An Epic Tragedy, 1945-1975|publisher=Harper|year=2018|isbn=978-0062405661|location=New York}}</ref> Nevertheless, the USSR was traditionally one of Vietnam's strongest allies and offered crucial military aid to [[North Vietnam]] during the war. Aid included air-defense equipment such as [[radar]] and [[surface-to-air missiles]]. It also included pilot training and aircraft, such as "some all-weather [[List of Mikoyan and MiG aircraft|MIG fighters]]" and several [[Ilyushin Il-28|IL-28 light bombers]].<ref>CIA Special Report: Status of Soviet and Chinese Support to North Vietnam. |
The Soviet Union was the first country, along with its [[Eastern Bloc|satellite states in Eastern Europe]] and the newly established [[China|People's Republic of China]], to diplomatically recognize the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] during the [[First Indochina War]] in January 1950.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bradley|first=Mark Philip|title=1. Setting the Stage: Vietnamese Revolutionary Nationalism and the First Vietnam War|date=2010-12-31|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/ande13480-003/html|work=The Columbia History of the Vietnam War|pages=93–119|editor-last=Anderson|editor-first=David L.|publisher=Columbia University Press|doi=10.7312/ande13480-003|isbn=978-0-231-13480-4|access-date=2021-11-09}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]] pressured the [[Viet Minh]] delegation to accept [[Partition (politics)|partition]] as a compromise solution to the conflict at the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]. Later, in 1964, Soviet Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]] visited [[Hanoi]] to try to dissuade [[Lê Duẩn]] against escalating the [[Vietnam War]] against [[South Vietnam]] and the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hastings|first=Max|title=Vietnam: An Epic Tragedy, 1945-1975|publisher=Harper|year=2018|isbn=978-0062405661|location=New York}}</ref> Nevertheless, the USSR was traditionally one of Vietnam's strongest allies and offered crucial military aid to [[North Vietnam]] during the war. Aid included air-defense equipment such as [[radar]] and [[surface-to-air missiles]]. It also included pilot training and aircraft, such as "some all-weather [[List of Mikoyan and MiG aircraft|MIG fighters]]" and several [[Ilyushin Il-28|IL-28 light bombers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000652931.pdf |title=CIA Special Report: Status of Soviet and Chinese Support to North Vietnam. |page=1 |publisher=[[CIA]] |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref> |
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The Soviet Union, although it did not take direct military action, provided intelligence and equipment support for Vietnam during the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dantri.com.vn/the-gioi/lien-xo-chia-lua-voi-viet-nam-trong-chien-tranh-bien-gioi-the-nao-1368336169.htm|title=Liên Xô『chia lửa』với Việt Nam trong chiến tranh biên giới thế nào?|work=dantri.com.vn|date=7 May 2013 |access-date=31 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705210313/http://dantri.com.vn/the-gioi/lien-xo-chia-lua-voi-viet-nam-trong-chien-tranh-bien-gioi-the-nao-727510.htm|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The Soviets deployed troops at the Sino-Soviet border as an act of showing support to Vietnam, as well as tying up Chinese troops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/events/1996_Symposium/96papers/elleviet.php|title=Sino-Soviet Relations and the February 1979 Sino-Vietnamese Conflict|work=ttu.edu|access-date=31 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428210200/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/events/1996_Symposium/96papers/elleviet.php|archive-date=28 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Soviet Pacific Fleet]] also deployed 15 ships to the Vietnamese coast to relay Chinese battlefield communications to Vietnamese forces.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelemen|first=Paul|jstor=2644070 |title=Soviet Strategy in Southeast Asia: The Vietnam Factor|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|volume=24|issue=3|page=342|date=March 1984|issn=0004-4687|doi=10.2307/2644070}}</ref> |
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=== Vietnam and Russia === |
=== Vietnam and Russia === |
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[[File:President Putin and General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng.jpg|thumb|Vietnam's Communist Party chief [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], 5 September 2018]] |
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After the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, friendly relations were established between Vietnam and the Russian Federation, the USSR's main [[successor state]]. Nearly 5% of the official count of the [[Vietnamese people in Russia|Vietnamese population in Russia]] is composed of students with Russian government scholarships.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/nr040807104143/nr040807105001/ns050128090140|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Vietnam|date=2006-01-25|access-date=2007-08-08|title=Russian FM stresses traditional relations with Vietnam}}</ref> In January 2001, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Soviet-Vietnam ties, [[President of Russia|Russian president]] [[Vladimir Putin]] made an official visit to [[Hanoi]], where he was received by [[President of Vietnam|Vietnamese president]] [[Trần Đức Lương]].<ref name="vnembassy" /> Bilateral trade amounted to [[United states dollar|$]]550 million in 2001; Russian exports to Vietnam included machinery and steel, while Vietnam sold textiles and rice. The two countries also maintained relations in the energy sector, with joint venture [[Vietsovpetro]] pumping [[crude oil]] from the [[Bạch Hổ oil field]].<ref name="AsiaTimes">{{cite news|work=Asia Times|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/DG12Ag01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020806062612/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/DG12Ag01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2002-08-06|title=Russia committed to Vietnamese oil|last=Blagov|first=Sergei|date=2002-07-12|access-date=2008-01-04}}</ref> |
After the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, friendly relations were established between Vietnam and the Russian Federation, the USSR's main [[successor state]]. Nearly 5% of the official count of the [[Vietnamese people in Russia|Vietnamese population in Russia]] is composed of students with Russian government scholarships.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/nr040807104143/nr040807105001/ns050128090140|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Vietnam|date=2006-01-25|access-date=2007-08-08|title=Russian FM stresses traditional relations with Vietnam}}</ref> In January 2001, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Soviet-Vietnam ties, [[President of Russia|Russian president]] [[Vladimir Putin]] made an official visit to [[Hanoi]], where he was received by [[President of Vietnam|Vietnamese president]] [[Trần Đức Lương]].<ref name="vnembassy" /> Bilateral trade amounted to [[United states dollar|$]]550 million in 2001; Russian exports to Vietnam included machinery and steel, while Vietnam sold textiles and rice. The two countries also maintained relations in the energy sector, with joint venture [[Vietsovpetro]] pumping [[crude oil]] from the [[Bạch Hổ oil field]].<ref name="AsiaTimes">{{cite news|work=Asia Times|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/DG12Ag01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020806062612/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/DG12Ag01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=2002-08-06|title=Russia committed to Vietnamese oil|last=Blagov|first=Sergei|date=2002-07-12|access-date=2008-01-04}}</ref> |
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After the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the [[Soviet Union]] became a benefactor to the country during the 1980s until the USSR collapsed in 1991, leaving Vietnam with a weakened ideological, economic and military ally. In rhetoric, Vietnam officially remains one of the world's last communist countries{{spaced ndash}}the communist [[Hammer and sickle|hammer-and-sickle]] flag can still be seen{{spaced ndash}}but it has embraced a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]" along with Asian and Western investment over the past two decades. |
After the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the [[Soviet Union]] became a benefactor to the country during the 1980s until the USSR collapsed in 1991, leaving Vietnam with a weakened ideological, economic and military ally. In rhetoric, Vietnam officially remains one of the world's last communist countries{{spaced ndash}}the communist [[Hammer and sickle|hammer-and-sickle]] flag can still be seen{{spaced ndash}}but it has embraced a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]" along with Asian and Western investment over the past two decades. |
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[[Sergey Lavrov]], [[Foreign Minister of Russia]], visited Vietnam in July 2009. "Relations between the two countries have developed positively," Lavrov said. "We are convinced that the bilateral cooperation will be at a high level."<ref>[http://www.isria.com/pages/24_July_2009_77.php Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, S. Lavrov visits Vietnam]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, |
[[Sergey Lavrov]], [[Foreign Minister of Russia]], visited Vietnam in July 2009. "Relations between the two countries have developed positively," Lavrov said. "We are convinced that the bilateral cooperation will be at a high level."<ref>[http://www.isria.com/pages/24_July_2009_77.php Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, S. Lavrov visits Vietnam]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ISRIA</ref> |
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[[File:Võ Văn Thưởng and Putin in 2023.jpg|thumb|Vietnamese President [[Võ Văn Thưởng]] with Russian President Putin, 17 October 2023]] |
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In July 2022, [[Sergey Lavrov]] met with Vietnamese Foreign Minister [[Bùi Thanh Sơn]] in Hanoi. Lavrov called Vietnam a "key partner" of Russia in [[ASEAN]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia FM Lavrov calls for efforts to protect international laws during Vietnam visit |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/russias-lavrov-calls-for-efforts-to-protect-international-laws-during-vietnam-visit |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=6 July 2022}}</ref> |
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In March 2022 and February 2023, Vietnam abstained from UN votes to condemn the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How Did Asian Countries Vote on the UN's Ukraine Resolution? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/03/how-did-asian-countries-vote-on-the-uns-ukraine-resolution/ |work=[[The Diplomat]] |date=3 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UN tells Russia to leave Ukraine: How did countries vote? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/24/un-tells-russia-to-leave-ukraine-how-did-countries-vote |work=Al Jazeera |date=24 February 2023}}</ref> The Vietnamese government told reporters not to say "invasion", and to minimize coverage of the war in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |last=Eligon |first=John |title=In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/17/world/war-russia-china-putin-support.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 March 2022}}</ref> |
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Favorable perceptions of Russia in Vietnam have increased dramatically, with 93% of Vietnamese people viewing Russia's influence positively and only 8% of Vietnamese viewing [[Vladimir Putin]]'s influence negatively- making Russia one of the most liked countries by Vietnam.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} |
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Between 21 – 23 May 2023, deputy chairman of Russia's Security Council, [[Dmitry Medvedev]], visited Hanoi and met with Vietnam's [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] chief [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]. They discussed the strengthening of ties between Russia and Vietnam and the current international situation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Party chief Trong meets United Russia leader Medvedev |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/party-chief-trong-meets-united-russia-leader-medvedev-4608394.html |work=[[VnExpress]] |date=22 May 2023}}</ref> |
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On 19 – 20 June 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Vietnam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's Putin praises Vietnam for its stance on Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/russias-putin-praises-vietnam-its-stance-ukraine-2024-06-19/ |work=Reuters |date=19 June 2024}}</ref> He met with Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV)'s General Secretary [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]] and President [[Tô Lâm]]. Putin thanked Vietnam for its "balanced position" on Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin arrives in Vietnam as Russia seeks support in face of Western isolation |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/19/asia/vietnam-russia-putin-visit-intl-hnk/index.html |work=CNN |date=20 June 2024}}</ref> According to Vietnamese officials, Putin "is expected to announce agreements in sectors including trade, investment, technology and education," and talks will also focus on energy and arms.<ref>{{cite news |title=US Government Criticizes Vietnam’s Decision to Host Russia’s Putin |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/06/us-government-criticizes-vietnams-decision-to-host-russias-putin/ |work=The Diplomat |date=18 June 2024}}</ref> |
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==Military cooperation== |
==Military cooperation== |
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A group of [[Soviet Armed Forces]] military specialists in Vietnam came at the invitation of Ho Chi Minh personally to render military and engineering assistance to the [[Vietnamese People's Army]].<ref name="Куминов">{{cite book| author = Куминов И. Я. | chapter = Советская военно-техническая помощь Вьетнаму в годы войны| chapter-url = | format = | url = http://www.biblio.nhat-nam.ru/Voina_vo_Vietname_Conference-2000.pdf | title = Война во Вьетнаме: Взгляд сквозь годы | orig-year = | agency = [[Институт военной истории МО РФ]] ; Ответственный за выпуск Н. Н. Колесник | edition = Материалы научно-практической конференции «Советско-вьетнамское военное и экономическое сотрудничество в годы агрессии США против ДРВ (1963—1973 гг.)» {{nowrap|400 экз}} |location= М. |date = 2000 |publisher= Межрегиональная общественная организация ветеранов войны во Вьетнаме |volume= | pages = 39–45| series = Без грифа «секретно» | isbn = }}</ref> From July 1965 to December 1974, more than 6000 generals and officers and more than 4,500 soldiers were sent to Vietnam as specialists. Small contingents of auxiliary forces from other states like [[Bulgaria]] and [[Cuba]] accompanied the Soviets.<ref>{{Cite journal |author = Лященко А. |editor= |url= http://old.redstar.ru/2003/07/29_07/3_02.html |title=『Буря на Карибах』|newspaper= Krasnai︠a︡ Zvezda : T︠s︡entralýĭ Organ Revoli︠u︡t︠s︡ionnogo Voennogo Soveta SSSR|type= Центральный печатный орган [[Министерство обороны Российской Федерации|Министерства обороны Российской Федерации]] |orig-year= | agency = |edition= [[Красная звезда (газета)|Красная звезда]] |location= М. |date= 29 July 2003 |publisher= Редакционно-издательский центр МО РФ |at= |volume= |issue= |number= |pages = |page= |series= |isbn = |issn = 0023-4559 |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |language= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Иванов С. В. | chapter = Годы учёбы| chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Боевое применение МиГ-17, МиГ-19 во Вьетнаме | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= М. |date = 2000 |publisher= ООО «АРС» |volume= | pages = 7| series = Война в воздухе | isbn = }}</ref> From 1975-2002, forty-four Soviet servicemen were killed in Vietnam, mainly in aviation accidents.<ref name="Мемориал-Камрань">{{Cite journal |author = Нгуен Куинь Хыонг. |editor= |url= http://www.nhat-nam.ru/vietnamwar/vietnam21.html |title= Открытие Мемориала в Камрани |type= Иллюстрированный журнал. Печатный орган Министерства культуры СРВ и вьетнамского комитета по культурным связям с зарубежными странами |orig-year= | agency = |edition= Вьетнам |location= Ханой |year= 2009 |publisher= Вьетнамское информационное агентство |at= |volume= |issue= |number= |pages = |page= |series= |isbn = |issn = 1728-726X |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |language= |quote= }}</ref> |
A group of [[Soviet Armed Forces]] military specialists in Vietnam came at the invitation of Ho Chi Minh personally to render military and engineering assistance to the [[Vietnamese People's Army]].<ref name="Куминов">{{cite book| author = Куминов И. Я. | chapter = Советская военно-техническая помощь Вьетнаму в годы войны| chapter-url = | format = | url = http://www.biblio.nhat-nam.ru/Voina_vo_Vietname_Conference-2000.pdf | title = Война во Вьетнаме: Взгляд сквозь годы | orig-year = | agency = [[Институт военной истории МО РФ]] ; Ответственный за выпуск Н. Н. Колесник | edition = Материалы научно-практической конференции «Советско-вьетнамское военное и экономическое сотрудничество в годы агрессии США против ДРВ (1963—1973 гг.)» {{nowrap|400 экз}} |location= М. |date = 2000 |publisher= Межрегиональная общественная организация ветеранов войны во Вьетнаме |volume= | pages = 39–45| series = Без грифа «секретно» | isbn = }}</ref> From July 1965 to December 1974, more than 6000 generals and officers and more than 4,500 soldiers were sent to Vietnam as specialists. Small contingents of auxiliary forces from other states like [[Bulgaria]] and [[Cuba]] accompanied the Soviets.<ref>{{Cite journal |author = Лященко А. |editor= |url= http://old.redstar.ru/2003/07/29_07/3_02.html |title=『Буря на Карибах』|newspaper= Krasnai︠a︡ Zvezda : T︠s︡entralýĭ Organ Revoli︠u︡t︠s︡ionnogo Voennogo Soveta SSSR|type= Центральный печатный орган [[Министерство обороны Российской Федерации|Министерства обороны Российской Федерации]] |orig-year= | agency = |edition= [[Красная звезда (газета)|Красная звезда]] |location= М. |date= 29 July 2003 |publisher= Редакционно-издательский центр МО РФ |at= |volume= |issue= |number= |pages = |page= |series= |isbn = |issn = 0023-4559 |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |language= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Иванов С. В. | chapter = Годы учёбы| chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Боевое применение МиГ-17, МиГ-19 во Вьетнаме | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= М. |date = 2000 |publisher= ООО «АРС» |volume= | pages = 7| series = Война в воздухе | isbn = }}</ref> From 1975-2002, forty-four Soviet servicemen were killed in Vietnam, mainly in aviation accidents.<ref name="Мемориал-Камрань">{{Cite journal |author = Нгуен Куинь Хыонг. |editor= |url= http://www.nhat-nam.ru/vietnamwar/vietnam21.html |title= Открытие Мемориала в Камрани |type= Иллюстрированный журнал. Печатный орган Министерства культуры СРВ и вьетнамского комитета по культурным связям с зарубежными странами |orig-year= | agency = |edition= Вьетнам |location= Ханой |year= 2009 |publisher= Вьетнамское информационное агентство |at= |volume= |issue= |number= |pages = |page= |series= |isbn = |issn = 1728-726X |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |language= |quote= }}</ref> |
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==Opinion polls== |
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[[File:Vladimir Putin in Vietnam 1-2 March 2001-23.jpg|thumb|Putin and [[Victor Zolotov]] in Vietnam, March 2001]] |
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In 2017, 83% of Vietnamese had a favorable view of Russia and 89% of Vietnamese had a favorable view of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explaining the Vietnamese Public's Mixed Responses to the Russia-Ukraine Crisis |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/03/explaining-the-vietnamese-publics-mixed-responses-to-the-russia-ukraine-crisis/ |work=The Diplomat |date=18 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Publics Worldwide Unfavorable Toward Putin, Russia |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/08/16/publics-worldwide-unfavorable-toward-putin-russia/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=16 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Western and hyper macho, Putin’s appeal in Southeast Asia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/anti-western-and-hyper-macho-putins-appeal-in-southeast-asia |work=Al Jazeera |date=18 November 2022}}</ref> |
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==Tensions and incidents== |
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Amid hostility towards migrant workers, around 600 Vietnamese were rounded up in Moscow and placed in tents while waiting to be deported from Russia |
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{{main|Racism_in_Russia#Vietnamese}} |
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| ⚫ | There are 80,000 Vietnamese living in Russia, according to the Vietnamese embassy in Russia.<ref>https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/life-returning-to-normalcy-for-vietnamese-in-russia-amid-conflicts-4575473.html</ref> In the first decade of the 21st century, several Vietnamese living in Russia became a target of aggression. It was concluded that the Soviet collapse caused a deterioration of [[Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet ideals]], which had opened the door to [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] sentiments and allowed modern-day [[Racism in Russia|racism]] to surface in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Did Soviet Collapse Open Door To Modern-Day Racism?|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1069289.html|access-date=2021-09-12|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=2 February 2012 |language=en |last1=Whitmore |first1=Brian }}</ref> |
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On January |
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In October 2004, Russian skinheads in [[Saint Petersburg|St Petersburg]] stabbed and abused |
* In October 2004, Russian skinheads in [[Saint Petersburg|St Petersburg]] stabbed and abused 20-year-old Vietnamese student Vu Anh Tuan, which resulted in his death. 17 of the alleged perpetrators were tried for his murder, but were acquitted by a Russian court in October 2006.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mankoff |first=Jeff |date=August 20, 2007 |title=Kremlin turns a blind eye to racism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/20/opinion/20iht-edmankoff.1.7184205.html |newspaper=New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Osborn |first=Andrew |date=January 25, 2005 |title= Violence and hatred in Russia's new skinhead playground |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/violence-and-hatred-in-russia-s-new-skinhead-playground-5344909.html |newspaper=The Independent }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2006|title=Russian racism 'out of control' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4969296.stm |newspaper= BBC NEWS }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 May 2006 <!-- 12:00am --> |title=Russia: New report shows racist killings out of control |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/russia-new-report-shows-racist-killings-out-control |newspaper=Amnesty International UK Press releases }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Phillip |orig-year=19 September 2008 |date=25 May 2011 |title=Neo-Nazism in Russia Was A Sure Sign of Things to Come in Georgia |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/phillip-martin/neo-nazism-in-russia-was_b_119509.html |newspaper= Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=March 1, 2007 |title=Russian Court Clears 17 Of Killing Vietnamese Youth |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1075003.html |newspaper=Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty }}</ref> A protest was held by 100 Vietnamese against the murder of Vu Anh Tuan and a protester said "We came to study in this country, which we thought was a friend of Vietnam. We do not have drunken fights, we do not steal, we do not sell drugs and we have the right to protection from bandits."<ref>{{cite news |date=October 14, 2004 |title=Racists kill Vietnamese student in Russia |url=http://patrick.guenin2.free.fr/cantho/vnnews/racists.htm |newspaper=Reuters |location=ST PETERSBURG }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2004-10-14|title=Skinheads stabbed Vietnamese student to death in Russia|url=http://public.fotki.com/thunder510/images_of_vietnam/recent_history/2004/vuanhtuans.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150212080526/http://public.fotki.com/thunder510/images_of_vietnam/recent_history/2004/vuanhtuans.html|archive-date=2015-02-12}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * On 25 December 2004 a crowd of people used clubs and knives to attack two Vietnamese students at the Moscow Energy Institute. Nguyen Tuan Anh and Nguyen Hoang Anh suffered severe injuries and were hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news |author=thanhniennews |date=December 27, 2004 |title=Two Vietnamese students attacked in Moscow |url=http://www.talkvietnam.com/2004/12/two-vietnamese-students-attacked-in-moscow/ |newspaper=TALK VIETNAM }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=thanhniennews |date=December 27, 2004 |title=Two Vietnamese students attacked in Moscow |url=http://www.vietmaz.com/2004/12/two-vietnamese-students-attacked-in-moscow/ |newspaper=VIETMAZ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124170908/http://www.vietmaz.com/2004/12/two-vietnamese-students-attacked-in-moscow/ |archive-date=November 24, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vietmaz.com/tag/polytechnic-university-in-st/|title = Polytechnic university in st – VietMaz}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=thanhniennews |date= December 27, 2004 |title=Two Vietnamese students attacked in Moscow |url=http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2004/12/two-vietnamese-students-attacked-in-moscow/ |newspaper=VIETNAM BREAKING NEWS }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/tag/nguyen-van-nganh/|title = Nguyen van nganh – VietNam Breaking News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/tag/russia-nguyen-van-nganh/|title=Russia nguyen van nganh – VietNam Breaking News}}</ref> |
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A protest was held by 100 Vietnamese against the murder of Vu Anh Tuan and a protester said "We came to study in this country, which we thought was a friend of Vietnam. We do not have drunken fights, we do not steal, we do not sell drugs and we have the right to protection from bandits.".<ref>{{cite news |date=October 14, 2004 |title=Racists kill Vietnamese student in Russia |url=http://patrick.guenin2.free.fr/cantho/vnnews/racists.htm |newspaper=Reuters |location=ST PETERSBURG }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2004-10-14|title=Skinheads stabbed Vietnamese student to death in Russia|url=http://public.fotki.com/thunder510/images_of_vietnam/recent_history/2004/vuanhtuans.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150212080526/http://public.fotki.com/thunder510/images_of_vietnam/recent_history/2004/vuanhtuans.html|archive-date=2015-02-12}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * In 2005 in Moscow three Russians stabbed a 45-year-old Vietnamese man named Quan to death.<ref>{{cite news |author=thanhniennews |date= March 13, 2005 |title=Vietnamese man stabbed to death in Moscow |url=http://www.talkvietnam.com/2005/03/vietnamese-man-stabbed-to-death-in-moscow/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/UrGoj?url=http://www.talkvietnam.com/2005/03/vietnamese-man-stabbed-to-death-in-moscow/ |newspaper= TALK VIETNAM |url-status=live |archive-date=July 15, 2017 |access-date=July 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=thanhniennews |date=March 13, 2005 |title=Vietnamese man stabbed to death in Moscow |url=http://www.vietmaz.com/2005/03/vietnamese-man-stabbed-to-death-in-moscow/ |newspaper=VIETMAZ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124191313/http://www.vietmaz.com/2005/03/vietnamese-man-stabbed-to-death-in-moscow/ |archive-date=November 24, 2015 }}</ref> |
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On Festivalnaya Street, [[Moscow]] in 2008, a group of young men stabbed a 35-year-old Vietnamese woman and she died of her wounds.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} |
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* On Festivalnaya Street, [[Moscow]] in 2008, a group of young men stabbed a 35-year-old Vietnamese woman. She died of her wounds.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2008 |title=Vietnamese woman stabbed to death in Moscow |url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20080322/101990463.html |newspaper=RIA Novosti |location=Moscow, Russia }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In 2005 in Moscow three Russians stabbed a 45-year-old Vietnamese man named Quan to death<ref>{{cite news |author=thanhniennews |date= March 13, 2005 |title=Vietnamese man stabbed to death in Moscow |url=http://www.talkvietnam.com/2005/03/vietnamese-man-stabbed-to-death-in-moscow/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/UrGoj?url=http://www.talkvietnam.com/2005/03/vietnamese-man-stabbed-to-death-in-moscow/ |newspaper= TALK VIETNAM |url-status=live |archive-date=July 15, 2017 |access-date=July 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=thanhniennews |date=March 13, 2005 |title=Vietnamese man stabbed to death in Moscow |url=http://www.vietmaz.com/2005/03/vietnamese-man-stabbed-to-death-in-moscow/ |newspaper=VIETMAZ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124191313/http://www.vietmaz.com/2005/03/vietnamese-man-stabbed-to-death-in-moscow/ |archive-date=November 24, 2015 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * On9 January 2009, a group of people in Moscow stabbed 21-year-old Vietnamese student Tang Quoc Binh. The wounds from the attack were fatal resulting in his death the next day on10 January.<ref>{{cite news |date=2009-01-11 |title= Another Vietnamese student killed in Russia |url=http://english.vov.vn/Society/Another-Vietnamese-student-killed-in-Russia/101000.vov |newspaper= THE VOICE OF VIETNAM |access-date=2017-07-14}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | * Amid hostility towards migrant workers, around 600 Vietnamese were rounded up in Moscow in August 2013 and were placed in tents while waiting to be deported from Russia.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 October 2013 |title=Migrants on high-alert following Moscow riots |url=http://www.equaltimes.org/in-depth/migrants-on-high-alert-following-moscow-riots |location=EQUAL TIMES }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ |
It was concluded that Soviet collapse caused a deterioration of [[Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet ideals]], which had opened the door to [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] sentiments and modern-day [[Racism in Russia|racism]] to surface in Russia. |
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* Since 2022, at the Kremlin's request, Vietnam has deported several [[Russian diaspora|Russian citizens living in Vietnam]] because they criticized the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=VOA News Special Reports: Vietnam Complies With The Kremlin Request To Forcefully Repatriate Russian War Critics |url=https://www.thevietnamese.org/2023/04/u-s-and-vietnam-seek-to-boost-ties-during-bliken-visit-hanoi-complies-with-kremlin-request-to-repatriate-antiwar-critics/ |work=The Vietnamese Magazine |date=17 April 2023}}</ref> |
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==Bilateral trade and investment== |
==Bilateral trade and investment== |
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*[[Da Nang]] (Consulate) |
*[[Da Nang]] (Consulate) |
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{{col-end}} |
{{col-end}} |
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==See also== |
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* [[United States–Vietnam relations]] |
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* [[Vietnam–European Union relations]] |
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* [[China–Vietnam relations]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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 Russia |
 Vietnam |
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| Diplomatic mission | |
| Russian embassy, Hanoi | Vietnamese embassy, Moscow |
Russia–Vietnam relations (Russian: Российско-вьетнамские отношения, romanized: Rossiysko-v'yetnamskiye otnosheniya, Vietnamese: Quan hệ Nga – Việt) date back formally to 30 January 1950, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established an embassy to North Vietnam.[1] The Soviet Union was one of the first countries in the world to recognize and formally establish diplomatic relations with Vietnam, laying the foundations for strong and cooperative friendship between the two countries.
The first Vietnamese appeared in the USSR in the early 1920s. These were students from Comintern universities, mainly from the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. About 70 Vietnamese passed through this system of communist education in Soviet Russia. Ho Chi Minh studied in Moscow in the 1920s, along with other members of the Indochinese Communist Party.
The Soviet Union was the first country, along with its satellite states in Eastern Europe and the newly established People's Republic of China, to diplomatically recognize the Democratic Republic of Vietnam during the First Indochina War in January 1950.[2] The Soviet Union pressured the Viet Minh delegation to accept partition as a compromise solution to the conflict at the 1954 Geneva Conference. Later, in 1964, Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin visited Hanoi to try to dissuade Lê Duẩn against escalating the Vietnam War against South Vietnam and the United States.[3] Nevertheless, the USSR was traditionally one of Vietnam's strongest allies and offered crucial military aid to North Vietnam during the war. Aid included air-defense equipment such as radar and surface-to-air missiles. It also included pilot training and aircraft, such as "some all-weather MIG fighters" and several IL-28 light bombers.[4]
The Soviet Union, although it did not take direct military action, provided intelligence and equipment support for Vietnam during the Sino-Vietnamese War in 1979.[5] The Soviets deployed troops at the Sino-Soviet border as an act of showing support to Vietnam, as well as tying up Chinese troops.[6] The Soviet Pacific Fleet also deployed 15 ships to the Vietnamese coast to relay Chinese battlefield communications to Vietnamese forces.[7]
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, friendly relations were established between Vietnam and the Russian Federation, the USSR's main successor state. Nearly 5% of the official count of the Vietnamese population in Russia is composed of students with Russian government scholarships.[8] In January 2001, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Soviet-Vietnam ties, Russian president Vladimir Putin made an official visit to Hanoi, where he was received by Vietnamese president Trần Đức Lương.[1] Bilateral trade amounted to $550 million in 2001; Russian exports to Vietnam included machinery and steel, while Vietnam sold textiles and rice. The two countries also maintained relations in the energy sector, with joint venture Vietsovpetro pumping crude oil from the Bạch Hổ oil field.[9]
After the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the Soviet Union became a benefactor to the country during the 1980s until the USSR collapsed in 1991, leaving Vietnam with a weakened ideological, economic and military ally. In rhetoric, Vietnam officially remains one of the world's last communist countries – the communist hammer-and-sickle flag can still be seen – but it has embraced a "socialist-oriented market economy" along with Asian and Western investment over the past two decades.
Sergey Lavrov, Foreign Minister of Russia, visited Vietnam in July 2009. "Relations between the two countries have developed positively," Lavrov said. "We are convinced that the bilateral cooperation will be at a high level."[10]
In July 2022, Sergey Lavrov met with Vietnamese Foreign Minister Bùi Thanh Sơn in Hanoi. Lavrov called Vietnam a "key partner" of Russia in ASEAN.[11]
In March 2022 and February 2023, Vietnam abstained from UN votes to condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[12][13] The Vietnamese government told reporters not to say "invasion", and to minimize coverage of the war in Ukraine.[14]
Between 21 – 23 May 2023, deputy chairman of Russia's Security Council, Dmitry Medvedev, visited Hanoi and met with Vietnam's Communist Party chief Nguyễn Phú Trọng. They discussed the strengthening of ties between Russia and Vietnam and the current international situation.[15]
On 19 – 20 June 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Vietnam.[16] He met with Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV)'s General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng and President Tô Lâm. Putin thanked Vietnam for its "balanced position" on Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[17] According to Vietnamese officials, Putin "is expected to announce agreements in sectors including trade, investment, technology and education," and talks will also focus on energy and arms.[18]
The military cooperation between the Russian Armed Forces and the People's Army of Vietnam had fallen off since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[9] An increasingly more assertive People's Republic of China in its claims to the Spratly Islands dispute has prompted Vietnam to gradually deepen its strategic relationship with India, another long-standing USSR and Russian partner and ally, and Russia itself,[19] with the Russian government recently signing several military contracts with Vietnam involving the sale of six Varshavyanka-class submarines[20] and twelve new Sukhoi Su-30MK2 multirole fighter aircraft.[21] In addition, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev approved of a draft Russian-Vietnamese military cooperation pact towards the end of August 2013 formalizing the two nations' defense cooperation.[22]
In November 2014, against the backdrop of intensified diplomatic confrontation between Russia and the West referred to by some as Cold War II, an agreement was signed by Russia and Vietnam that significantly simplified the use of the Cam Ranh Base by the Russian Navy. According to the US, Russia's intensified air force activities in the region that relied on the use of the base to refuel its nuclear-capable strategic bombers TU-95, engaged in "provocative" flights, including around Guam, home to a major US air and naval installation. In March 2015, according to the US, these actions caused the US military command to publicly voice concern and acknowledge its diplomatic intervention regarding the issue.[23] Vladimir Putin has stated Vietnam as his "important ally" and will furthermore hope to resume military cooperation in the future.
The Soviet and Russian Navy had until 2002[24] maintained a presence in Vietnam at the US-built military baseinCam Ranh Bay which had been turned over to the Republic of Vietnam Navy and captured by North Vietnamese forces in 1975. By 1987, the Soviets expanded the base to four times its original size. The Soviet Union and Vietnam officially denied the base's existence.[25] In 1988, the Soviet Foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze discussed the option of withdrawal from Cam Ranh Bay, and the reduction in forces was effected by 1990.[26][27] Although Russian military presence no longer exist at Cam Ranh Bay, Russia is currently still using the existing base as a supply station allowed by the Vietnam People's Navy.
A group of Soviet Armed Forces military specialists in Vietnam came at the invitation of Ho Chi Minh personally to render military and engineering assistance to the Vietnamese People's Army.[28] From July 1965 to December 1974, more than 6000 generals and officers and more than 4,500 soldiers were sent to Vietnam as specialists. Small contingents of auxiliary forces from other states like Bulgaria and Cuba accompanied the Soviets.[29][30] From 1975-2002, forty-four Soviet servicemen were killed in Vietnam, mainly in aviation accidents.[31]
In 2017, 83% of Vietnamese had a favorable view of Russia and 89% of Vietnamese had a favorable view of Russian President Vladimir Putin.[32][33][34]
There are 80,000 Vietnamese living in Russia, according to the Vietnamese embassy in Russia.[35] In the first decade of the 21st century, several Vietnamese living in Russia became a target of aggression. It was concluded that the Soviet collapse caused a deterioration of Soviet ideals, which had opened the door to neo-Nazi sentiments and allowed modern-day racism to surface in Russia.[36]
Vietnam in 2008 approved the use of atomic power for civilian purposes, and Russia has already said it would like to take part in the planned programme. Khiem said the two sides also reaffirmed their traditional relations in other fields, including defence. That report came after the Russian newspaper Kommersant said Vietnam was also about to sign a deal for six Russian submarines.[57] along with the Gepard class frigate and a joint production in anti ship missiles as military ties are growing again.
Vietnam's President Triet, on a visit to Moscow in October 2008, signed a pact for Vietnamese and Russian firms to develop energy fields off the Vietnam coast. In the telecommunications sector, Russia's VimpelCom on mid-July 2009 announced the commercial launch in Vietnam of its Beeline mobile service through GTEL-Mobile, a joint venture with a Vietnamese state-owned company. Lavrov was to travel Sunday July 26 to southern Ho Chi Minh City to meet local government officials there.[58]
In the late 2000s, Russian influence in Vietnam has begun to grow again but remains far below that of Soviet times. On Saturday July 25, Vietnam and Russia signed a memorandum of understanding between their respective atomic energy agencies but no details were released. "Cooperation on atomic energy will be a priority", Lavrov said.[59]
Preliminary Vietnamese government data show that exports to Russia totalled almost 139 million dollars in the first five months of 2009 while imports were valued at about $525 million. Vietnam's former wartime enemy, the United States, which normalised diplomatic ties in 1995, received Vietnamese exports worth more than $4 billion in the first five months, the data showed. Imports exceeded $932 million.[60] By 2012 trade between the two nations has reached $3.5 billion
In March 2013, Eurasian Economic Community minister of trade Andrey Slepnev visited Hanoi to open talks on the possibility of Vietnam joining the Eurasian Customs Union.[61][62]
In September 2021, it was decided to create favourable conditions for the effective operation of Gazprom, Zarubezhneft and Novatek in Vietnam and PetroVietnam in Russia.[63] Trade remains an important tool in enhancing bilateral ties.[64]
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