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{{Short description|1999 American crewed spaceflight to deploy the Chandra X-ray Observatory}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = STS-93
| names_list         = [[Space Transportation System]]-93
| image              = STS-93 Deployment of Chandra (deploy1).jpg
| image_caption      = ''Chandra'' and its Inertial Upper Stage, prior to deployment from ''Columbia''{{'}}s payload bay
| insignia           = STS-93 patch.svg
| spacecraft         = {{OV|102}}
| mission_type       = [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] Deployment
| operator           = [[NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID          = 1999-040A
| SATCAT             = 25866
| orbits_completed   = 80
| distance_travelled = {{convert|1796000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref name="kscci093">{{cite web |url=https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-93/mission-sts-93.html |title=STS-93 (<span class="ltr">95</span>) |series=Shuttle Countdown Online |publisher=NASA |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702220310/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-93/mission-sts-93.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| mission_duration   = {{time interval|23 July 1999 04:31:00|28 July 1999 03:20:34|show=dhms|sep=,}}
| launch_mass        = {{convert|270142|lb|kg|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref name="kit093">{{cite web |url=http://www.shuttlepresskit.com:80/sts-93/index.htm |title=STS-93: Columbia OV102 |work=Shuttle Press Kit |date=13 July 1999 |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref>
| landing_mass       = {{convert|219980|lb|kg|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref name="kit093" />
| payload_mass       = {{convert|50222|lb|kg|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}<ref name="kit093" />
| launch_site        = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39B]]
| launch_date        = {{start-date|23 July 1999, 04:31:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name="spacefacts">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-93.htm |title=International Flight No. 210: STS-93 |work=Spacefacts.de |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref>
| landing_date       = {{end-date|28 July 1999, 03:20:35|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC<ref name="spacefacts" />
| landing_site       = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF Runway&nbsp;33]]
| crew_size          = 5
| crew_members       = {{Unbulleted list|[[Eileen Collins|Eileen M. Collins]]|[[Jeffrey Ashby|Jeffrey S. Ashby]]|[[Michel Tognini]]|[[Steven Hawley|Steven A. Hawley]]|[[Catherine Coleman|Catherine G. Coleman]]}}
| crew_photo         = STS-93_crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Left to right: Collins, Hawley, Ashby, Tognini, Coleman
| apsis              = gee
| orbit_epoch        = 
| orbit_reference    = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime       = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_periapsis    = {{convert|260|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis     = {{convert|280|km}}
| orbit_period       = 90 minutes
| orbit_inclination  = 28.4 degrees
| programme          = [[Space Shuttle program]]
| previous_mission   = [[STS-96]] (<span class="ltr">94</span>)
| next_mission       = [[STS-103]] (<span class="ltr">96</span>)
}}
'''STS-93''' in 1999 marked the 95th launch of the [[Space Shuttle]], the 26th launch of [[Space Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']], and the 21st night launch of a Space Shuttle. [[Eileen Collins]] became the first female shuttle Commander on this flight. Its primary [[payload]] was the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]].

STS-93 would be Columbia's last mission until March 2002. During the interim, ''Columbia'' would be out of service for upgrading and would only fly again on [[STS-109]]. The launch was originally scheduled for 20 July, but it was aborted at T−7 seconds.<ref name="Collins & Ward 2021">{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Eileen M. |author-link=Eileen Collins |title=Through the Glass Ceiling to the Stars: The Story of the First American Woman to Command a Space Mission |last2=Ward |first2=Jonathan H. |publisher=Arcade |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-950994-05-2 |location=New York |oclc=1281565457}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=|page=221}} The successful launch of the flight occurred three days later. The payload was also the heaviest ever carried by the Space Shuttle system, at over 22.7 tonnes (25 tons).<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 1999 |title=Shuttle releases heaviest payload ever |url=http://www.cnn.com/TECH/space/9907/23/shuttle.04/ |access-date=28 August 2018 |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/heaviest-payload-launched-shuttle |title=Heaviest payload launched - shuttle |website=Guinness World Records |date=July 1999 |language=en-GB |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>

==Crew==
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology       = Astronaut
|position1         = Commander
|crew1_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Eileen Collins|Eileen M. Collins]]
|flights1_up       = Third
|position2         = Pilot
|crew2_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeffrey Ashby|Jeffrey S. Ashby]]
|flights2_up       = First
|position3         = Mission Specialist 1
|crew3_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Catherine Coleman|Catherine G. Coleman]]
|flights3_up       = Second
|position4         = Mission Specialist 2
|crew4_up          = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Steven Hawley|Steven A. Hawley]]
|flights4_up       = Fifth and last
|position5         = Mission Specialist 3
|crew5_up          = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Michel Tognini]]
|agency5_up        = [[CNES]]
|flights5_up       = Second and last
}}

=== Crew seating arrangements ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Seat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spaceflight mission report: STS-93 |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-93.htm |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=www.spacefacts.de}}</ref>
!Launch
!Landing
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Space_Shuttle_seating_plan.svg|244x244px]]
Seats 1–4 are on the Flight Deck. Seats 5–7 are on the Middeck.
|-
! S1
| Collins
| Collins
|-
! S2
| Ashby
| Ashby
|-
! S3
| Tognini
| Coleman
|-
! S4
| Hawley
| Hawley
|-
! S5
| Coleman
| Tognini
|}

==Problems during ascent==
[[File:STS-93 SSME Hydrogen Coolant Nozzle Leak at Liftoff.png|thumb|left|STS-93 SSME hydrogen coolant nozzle leak at liftoff]]

During the main engine ignition sequence, a gold pin used to plug an [[Oxidizing agent|oxidizer]] post in the [[Space Shuttle]]'s number three (right) [[RS-25|engine]] came loose and was violently ejected, striking the engine nozzle's inner surface and tearing open three cooling tubes containing hydrogen. These ruptures resulted in a leak upstream of the main combustion chamber. This anomalous event and the automatic response to the leak by the right engine's [[RS-25#Controller|controller]] did not violate any launch commit criteria and liftoff proceeded normally. However, approximately 5&nbsp;seconds after liftoff, an electrical short disabled the center engine's primary digital control unit, DCU-A, and the right engine's backup unit, DCU-B. The center and right engines continued to operate on their remaining DCUs for the rest of powered flight to orbit. The redundant set of DCUs in each engine controller saved ''Columbia'' and her crew from potential catastrophe, as shutdown of two engines at that point in the flight would have resulted in a very risky contingency [[Space Shuttle abort modes|abort]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Contingency Aborts 21007/31007 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/383441main_contingency_aborts_21007_31007.pdf |website=nasa.gov |access-date=9 November 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226074439/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/383441main_contingency_aborts_21007_31007.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> with no guarantee of success.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hale |first1=Wayne |title=STS-93: Dualing computers |url=http://waynehale.wordpress.com/2014/10/17/sts-93-dualing-computers/ |website=Wayne Hale's Blog |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> The electrical short was later discovered to have been caused by poorly routed wiring, which had rubbed on an exposed screw head. This wiring issue led to a program-wide inspection of the wiring in all orbiters.<ref name="Collins & Ward 2021" />{{Rp|page=234}}

Because of the leak in the right engine, its controller sensed a decrease in power or thrust—measured indirectly as main combustion chamber pressure—since the leaking hydrogen was not being burned in the [[RS-25#Powerhead|SSME's two pre-burners or the main combustion chamber]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greene |first1=William D. |title=Inside The J-2X Doghouse: Engine Control — Open versus Closed Loop |url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/J2X/2011/08/24/post_1314211055714/ |website=Liquid Rocket Engines (J-2X, RS-25, general) |date=24 August 2011 |publisher=NASA |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> To bring the engine back up to the commanded thrust level, the controller opened the oxidizer valves a bit more than normal. The hydrogen leak and increased oxidizer consumption resulted in the right engine deviating from the desired oxygen/hydrogen mixing ratio of 6.03 and running hotter than normal. The increased oxidizer consumption during ascent resulted in a premature shutdown of all three engines near the end of the projected burn due to low liquid-oxygen level sensed in the [[External Tank]]. Though the premature shutdown resulted in a velocity {{convert|15|ft/s|abbr=on}} lower than targeted,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hale |first1=Wayne |title=STS-93: We don't need any more of those |url=http://waynehale.wordpress.com/2014/10/26/sts-93-we-dont-need-any-more-of-those/ |website=Wayne Hale's Blog |date=26 October 2014 |access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> the vehicle safely achieved its intended orbit and completed the mission as planned. This incident brought on a maintenance practice change that required damaged oxidizer posts to be removed and replaced as opposed to being intentionally plugged, as was the practice beforehand.

Three days previously, in the first launch attempt, the launch was stopped at T−7 seconds, just prior to the SSMEs' ignition sequence, due to a senior console operator manually triggering a cutoff in the countdown.  It was later determined that the console operator, monitoring the hydrogen gas concentration in the Space Shuttle's aft compartment, where the three SSMEs are located, saw a hydrogen increase spike above the Launch Commit Criteria redline, for a single sample just prior to main engine start.  Subsequent troubleshooting and analysis indicated the most likely cause was the mass spectrometer instrument experienced a data anomaly in the high vacuum region of the instrument for a single sample. The system performance was nominal prior to the cut-off and during subsequent launch attempts.

==Mission objectives==
[[File:STS-93 launch.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right | alt= Space shuttle Columbia lifts off on mission STS-93. |STS-93 Launch]]

The primary objective of the STS-93 mission was to deploy the Chandra X-ray Observatory (formerly the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility) with its [[Inertial Upper Stage]] booster. At its launch, Chandra was the most sophisticated [[X-ray]] observatory ever built. It is designed to observe X-rays from high energy regions of the universe, such as hot gas in the remnants of exploded stars.

Other payloads on STS-93 included the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX), the Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local Exhaust (SIMPLEX), the Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging System (SWUIS), the Gelation of Sols: Applied Microgravity Research (GOSAMR) experiment, the Space Tissue Loss – B (STL-B) experiment, a Light mass Flexible Solar Array Hinge (LFSAH), the Cell Culture Module (CCM), the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment – II (SAREX – II), [[EarthKAM]], Plant Growth Investigations in Microgravity (PGIM), the Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA), the Micro-Electrical Mechanical System (MEMS), and the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC).
[[File:Eileen Collins (S93-E-5033, 1999-07-24).jpg|thumb|[[Eileen Collins]] became the first woman to command a Space Shuttle during this mission.]]
The Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local Exhaust (SIMPLEX) payload activity researched the source of Very High Frequency (VHF) [[radar]] echoes caused by the orbiter and its OMS engine firings. The Principal Investigator (<span class="ltr">PI</span>) used the collected data to examine the effects of orbital [[kinetic energy]] on [[ionosphere|ionospheric]] irregularities and to understand the processes that take place with the venting of exhaust materials.

[[File:Chandra X-ray Observatory inside the Space Shuttle payload bay.jpg|thumb|Chandra X-ray Observatory sits inside the payload bay for ''Columbia'''s mission STS-93.]]
[[File:STS-93 Shuttle Mission - Michel Tognini.jpg|thumb|CNES astronaut [[Michel Tognini]] works with a nitrogen freezer, which supported the Plant Growth Investigations in Microgravity (PGIM) and Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) experiments on this mission which took place in 1999]]

The Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging system (SWUIS) was based around a Maksutov-design [[ultraviolet]] (<span class="ltr">UV</span>) telescope and a UV-sensitive, image-intensified [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) camera that frames at video frame rates. Scientists can obtain sensitive [[photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] measurements of [[astronomy|astronomical]] targets.

The objective Gelation of Sols: Applied Microgravity Research (GOSAMR) experiment was to investigate the influence of [[microgravity]] on the processing of gelled [[sol (colloid)|sols]]. In particular, the purpose was to demonstrate that composite [[ceramic]] precursors composed of large particulates and small colloidal sols can be produced in space with more structural uniformity.

The focus of the Space Tissue Loss – B (STL-B) experiment was direct video observation of cells in culture through the use of a video [[microscope]] imaging system with the objective of demonstrating near real-time interactive operations to detect and induce cellular responses.

The Light mass Flexible Solar Array Hinge (LFSAH) payload consisted of several hinges fabricated from [[shape memory alloy]]s. Shape memory deployment hinges offered controlled shockless deployment of solar arrays and other spacecraft appendages. LFSAH demonstrated this deployment capability for a number of hinge configurations.

The objectives of the Cell Culture Module (CCM) were to validate models for [[muscle]], [[bone]], and [[endothelial cell]] [[biochemistry|biochemical]] and functional loss induced by microgravity stress; to evaluate [[cytoskeleton]], [[metabolism]], membrane integrity and [[protease]] activity in target cells; and to test tissue loss medications.

The [[Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment]] (SAREX-II) demonstrated the feasibility of amateur short-wave radio contacts between the shuttle and ground-based amateur radio operators. SAREX also served as an educational opportunity for schools around the world to learn about space by speaking directly to astronauts aboard the shuttle via [[amateur radio]].

The EarthKAM payload conducted Earth observations using the Electronic Still Camera (ESC) installed in the overhead starboard window of the Aft Flight Deck.

The Plant Growth Investigations in Microgravity (PGIM) payload experiment used plants to monitor the space flight environment for stressful conditions that affect plant growth. Because plants cannot move away from stressful conditions, they have developed mechanisms that monitor their environment and direct effective physiological responses to harmful conditions.

The Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) payload hardware allowed for sample processing and stowage functions. The Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus – Isothermal Containment Module (GBA-ICM) was temperature controlled to maintain a preset temperature environment, controlled the activation and termination of the experiment samples, and provided an interface for crew interaction, control and data transfer.

The Micro-Electrical Mechanical System (MEMS) payload examined the performance, under launch, microgravity, and reentry conditions of a suite of MEMS devices. These devices included accelerometers, [[gyroscope]]s, and environmental and chemical sensors. The MEMS payload was self-contained and required activation and deactivation only.

[[File:Butterflies and habitat.jpg|thumb|Butterflies and habitat]]

The Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) payload was designed to investigate the effects of space flight on small [[arthropod]] animals and plant specimens. The flight crew was available at regular intervals to monitor and control payload/experiment operations.

[[File:STS-93 Landing (19891217201).jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right | alt= STS-93 lands at Cape Canaveral Florida |Space Shuttle Columbia lands at KSC.]]

''Columbia''{{'s}} landing at Kennedy Space Center marked the twelfth night landing in the Shuttle program's history. Five had been at [[Edwards Air Force Base]] in California and the rest KSC. To date, there had been 19 consecutive landings at KSC and 25 of the last 26 had been there.

{{LaunchAttempt
| date1           = 19990720 00:36:00
| result1         = scrubbed
| decision_clock1 = -0:07
| reason1         = excessive hydrogen detected
| date2           = 19990722 00:28:00
| result2         = scrubbed
| reason2         = weather<ref>{{cite web |last=Hale |first=Wayne |title=Keeping Eileen on the Ground: Part II – or – How I Got Launch Fever |url=http://waynehale.wordpress.com/2013/10/31/keeping-eileen-on-the-ground-part-ii-or-how-i-got-launch-fever/ |website=Wayne Hale's Blog |date=31 October 2013 |access-date=9 November 2014 }}</ref>
| decision_clock2 = -5:00
| date3           = 19990723 00:31:00
| result3         = success

}}

==Special cargo==
In 2001, ''[[Coin World]]'' reported the revelation (via a FOIA document request) that the [[United States Mint]] had struck 39 examples of the 2000 [[Sacagawea dollar]] in gold in June 1999 at the West Point Mint. The planchets came from specially prepared ½ troy-oz $25 American Gold Eagle Bullion Planchets. Why they were struck is not known; speculation is that this was an attempt by the mint to offer "Premium" collectibles in conjunction with the newly released Sacagawea dollar in 2000.

Twenty-seven were soon melted and the remaining 12 were on board Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' for the July 1999 STS-93 mission. Two examples then popped up at two separate events; one during a Private Congressional Dinner in August 1999, and another example at the Official First-Strike ceremonies in November. The coins remained at Mint Headquarters under lock and key until they were transferred in 2001 to Fort Knox. The strikes are considered to be illegal due to the Coinage regulations in place.

In 2007, the Mint announced it would for the first time publicly display the 12 space-flown gold dollars at the American Numismatic Association's World's Fair of Money in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-071407a.html |title=US Mint to show unseen gold space coins |work=collectSpace |date=14 July 2007 |access-date=29 April 2018 }}</ref>

==Wake-up calls==
Sleeping shuttle astronauts were often awakened with a short piece of music, a tradition that began during the [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] and [[Project Apollo|Apollo]] missions.<ref name="chronology">{{cite news |first=Colin |last=Fries |title=Chronology of Wakeup Calls |date=13 March 2015 |publisher=NASA History Division |url=https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf |page=43 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220093919/https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Each track was specially chosen, sometimes by their families, and usually had a special meaning to an individual member of the crew or was applicable to their daily activities.<ref name="chronology" /><ref name="wakeup">{{cite web |author= |date=11 May 2009 |title=STS-93 Wakeup Calls |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/audio/shuttle/sts-93/html/ndexpage.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991002182013/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/audio/shuttle/sts-93/html/ndexpage.html |archive-date=2 October 1999 |access-date=31 July 2009 |publisher=NASA}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Flight day
! Song
! Artist/composer
! Played for
! Link<ref name="wakeup" />
|-
| Day 2
| "Beep! Beep!"
| [[Louis Prima]]
| Eileen Collins
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20010611221442/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/audio/shuttle/sts-93/wave/fd02.wav WAV]
|-
| Day 3
| "Brave New Girls"
| Teresa
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20010611221442/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/audio/shuttle/sts-93/wave/fd03.wav WAV]
|-
| Day 4
| "[[Someday Soon (Ian Tyson song)#Suzy Bogguss version|Someday Soon]]"
| [[Judy Collins]] / [[Suzy Bogguss]]
| Jeff Ashby
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20010611221442/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/audio/shuttle/sts-93/wave/fd04.wav WAV]
|-
| Day 5
| "[[The Sound of Silence]]"
| [[Simon and Garfunkel]]
|
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20010611221442/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/audio/shuttle/sts-93/wave/fd05.wav WAV]
|-
| Day 6
| "A Little Traveling Music" <br> "[[The Air Force Song]]"
| [[Barry Manilow]] <br> [[Robert MacArthur Crawford]]
| Steven Hawley <br> Eileen Collins, Catherine Coleman
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20010611221442/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/audio/shuttle/sts-93/wave/fd06.wav WAV]
|}

==References==
{{Include-NASA}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{Commons category|STS-93}}
* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-93/mission-sts-93.html NASA PAO page about STS-93] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514001159/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-93/mission-sts-93.html |date=14 May 2011 }}
* [http://waynehale.wordpress.com/2014/10/26/sts-93-we-dont-need-any-more-of-those STS-93 Mission Operations Director's story on ascent]
* {{YouTube|id=O9WjCyWq-iA|title=STS-93 JSC Ascent Audio}}
* [http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/archives/sts-93/ STS-93 Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805123058/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/archives/sts-93/ |date=5 August 2011 }}
* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle95.htm STS-93 Video Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715083057/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle95.htm |date=15 July 2014 }}
* [http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-071407a.html "US Mint to show unseen gold space coins", collectSPACE]

{{Space Shuttle Columbia}}
{{All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions}}
{{Orbital launches in 1999}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:STS-093}}
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1999]]
[[Category:Space Shuttle missions]]
[[Category:Chandra X-ray Observatory]]
[[Category:July 1999 events]]
[[Category:1999 in Florida]]
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1999]]

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Latin: A a Á á À à Â â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā Ã ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
IPA: t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ ɸ β θ ð ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ ʙ ⱱ ʀ ɾ ɽ ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ ɥ ʍ ɧ ʼ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ɨ ʉ ɯ ɪ ʏ ʊ ø ɘ ɵ ɤ ə ɚ ɛ œ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ æ ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ ʰ ʱ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ ˈ ˌ ː ˑ ̪ {{IPA|}}

Wikidata entities used in this page

STS-93: Sitelink, Statement: P910, Title, Description: en, Statement: P247, Miscellaneous (e.g. aliases, entity existence)
Category:STS-93: Sitelink

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