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{{Short description|Ancient city in Surxondaryo Region, Uzbekistan}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} |
{{Short description|Ancient city in Surxondaryo Region, Uzbekistan}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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| official_name = Termez |
| official_name = Termez |
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| native_name = Termiz / Термиз |
| native_name = Termiz / Термиз |
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| settlement_type = City |
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| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |
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| photo1a = Termiz ArchaeNuseum 20141023.jpg |
| photo1a = Termiz ArchaeNuseum 20141023.jpg |
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| name = |
| name = |
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[[File:Termez Sultan-Saodat.jpg|thumb|Sultan-Saodat [[Mausoleum]]]] |
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'''Termez''' ({{lang-uz|Termiz/Термиз}}; {{lang-fa|ترمذ}} |
'''Termez''' ({{lang-uz|Termiz/Термиз}}; {{lang-fa|ترمذ}}'', Tirmiz''; {{lang-ar|ترمذ}} ''Tirmidh''; {{lang-ru|Термез}}; [[Ancient Greek]]: ''Tàrmita'', ''Thàrmis'', {{lang|grc|Θέρμις}}) is the capital of [[Surxondaryo Region]] in southern [[Uzbekistan]]. Administratively, it is a district-level city.<ref name=class>{{cite web|url=https://stat.uz/uploads/docs/soato(mhobt)_2020.xlsx|title=Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan|language=uz, ru|date=July 2020|publisher=The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics}}</ref> Its population is 182,800 (2021).<ref name=surxonstat>{{cite web|url=https://www.surxonstat.uz/files/286/Demografiya/1691/Hududlar-boyicha-shahar-va-qishloq-aholisi-soni.pdf|title=Urban and rural population by district|publisher=Surxondaryo regional department of statistics|language=uz}}</ref> It is notable as the site of [[Alexander the Great]]'s city Alexandria on the Oxus, as a center of [[Early Buddhist schools|early Buddhism]], as a site of [[Muslim pilgrimage]], and as a base of [[Soviet-Afghan War|Soviet Union military operations in Afghanistan]], accessible via the nearby [[Hairatan]] border crossing. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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Some link the name of the city to the Greek word Θέρμος (''thermos''), meaning "hot", and date the [[toponym]] to the rule of [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>E. M. Pospelov, ''Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira'' (Moscow, 1998), p. 415</ref> Others suggest that it came from [[Sanskrit]] तर्मतो ('' |
Some link the name of the city to the Greek word Θέρμος (''thermos''), meaning "hot", and date the [[toponym]] to the rule of [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>E. M. Pospelov, ''Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira'' (Moscow, 1998), p. 415</ref> Others suggest that it came from [[Sanskrit]] तर्मतो (''tarmato''), meaning "on the river bank".<ref>Sh. Kamaliddinov, ''Istoricheskaya geografiya Sogda i Toharistana''. 1996. {{ISBN|978-5640020885}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grenet |first1=Frantz |last2=Rapin |first2=Claude |date=1998 |title=Alexander, Aï Khanum, Termez: Remarks on the Spring Campaign of 328 |url= http://www.jstor.org/stable/24049095 |journal= Bulletin of the Asia Institute |series=New Series |volume=12 |pages=83 |jstor=24049095 |access-date=October 2, 2021}}</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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[[File:Fayaz Tepe, Seated Buddha.jpg|left|thumb|Buddha with monks, from [[Fayaz Tepe]].]]One of Central Asia's oldest towns, Old Termez, located a few kilometers west of the modern city along the [[Amu Darya]] river, was established sometime before the 3rd century BC.<ref>Rtveladze, E. V. (1994). Kampir-tepe: Structures, written documents, and coins. Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 8, 141–154.</ref> The city may have been known to the [[Achaemenids]] (the 10th century [[Shahnameh]] purports its existence during the [[mythological]] [[Zoroastrian]] [[Kayanian dynasty]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferdowsi |first1=Abolqasem |title=Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Classics |isbn=9780143108320}}</ref> |
[[File:Fayaz Tepe, Seated Buddha.jpg|left|thumb|Buddha with monks, from [[Fayaz Tepe]].]]One of Central Asia's oldest towns, Old Termez, located a few kilometers west of the modern city along the [[Amu Darya]] river, was established sometime before the 3rd century BC.<ref>Rtveladze, E. V. (1994). Kampir-tepe: Structures, written documents, and coins. Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 8, 141–154.</ref> The city may have been known to the [[Achaemenids]] (the 10th century [[Shahnameh]] purports its existence during the [[mythological]] [[Zoroastrian]] [[Kayanian dynasty]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferdowsi |first1=Abolqasem |title=Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Classics |isbn=9780143108320}}</ref> |
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In 329 BC [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the surrounding region, known as [[Sogdia]]. Most recent scholarship argues that Termez is the site of Alexandria on the Oxus,<ref>Edvard Rtveladze. Кампыртепа – Александрия Оксианская: город-крепость на берегу Окса в эллинистическое и постэллинистическое время (конец IV в. до н.э.- I в. до н.э.) [Kampyrtepa – Alexandria Oxiana : The city and fortress on the Oxus in the Hellenistic and post-Hellenistic epochs (from late 4th till 1st century BC)]. Материалы тохаристанской экспедиции Х. Ахеологические исследования Кампыртепа [Materials of the Tocharistan expedition X. Archeological research of Kampyrtepa], Tashkent : San’at, 2017, 148 p.</ref> though some identify this site with [[Ai-Khanoum]]. After a period of [[Seleucid]] rule, Termez became part of the breakaway [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]. The [[Ionian Greek]] language persisted in the area through the [[ |
In 329 BC [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the surrounding region, known as [[Sogdia]]. Most recent scholarship argues that Termez is the site of Alexandria on the Oxus,<ref>[[Edvard Rtveladze]]. Кампыртепа – Александрия Оксианская: город-крепость на берегу Окса в эллинистическое и постэллинистическое время (конец IV в. до н.э.- I в. до н.э.) [Kampyrtepa – Alexandria Oxiana : The city and fortress on the Oxus in the Hellenistic and post-Hellenistic epochs (from late 4th till 1st century BC)]. Материалы тохаристанской экспедиции Х. Ахеологические исследования Кампыртепа [Materials of the Tocharistan expedition X. Archeological research of Kampyrtepa], Tashkent : San’at, 2017, 148 p.</ref> though some identify this site with [[Ai-Khanoum]]. After a period of [[Seleucid]] rule, Termez became part of the breakaway [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]. The [[Ionian Greek]] language persisted in the area through the [[Tokharistan|Tocharian]] period, being phased out of administrative use during the time of the [[Kushan Empire]], in favor of the [[Bactrian language]].<ref>Falk, Harry (2001). "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣāṇas". Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII. pp. 121–136.</ref> |
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It was during this period that Termez, named Ta-li-mi (迭里迷) in Chinese sources, became an important center of [[Mahāsāṃghika]] [[Buddhism]].<ref>Esparraguera, J. M. G., Gil, E. A., Ferreras, V. M., & Pidaev, S. R. (2015). The Buddhist occupation of Tchingiz Tepe (Termez, Uzbekistan) in the Kushan period through the ceramic contexts. Archaeological Research in Asia, 3, 19–33. {{doi|10.1016/j.ara.2015.04.003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scherrer-Schaub |first1=C. |last2=Salomon |first2=R. |last3=Baums |first3= S.|date=2012 |title=Buddhist Inscriptions from Termez (Uzbekistan) |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=148 |doi=10.1163/001972412x620204}} |
It was during this period that Termez, named Ta-li-mi (迭里迷) in Chinese sources, became an important center of [[Mahāsāṃghika]] [[Buddhism]].<ref>Esparraguera, J. M. G., Gil, E. A., Ferreras, V. M., & Pidaev, S. R. (2015). The Buddhist occupation of Tchingiz Tepe (Termez, Uzbekistan) in the Kushan period through the ceramic contexts. Archaeological Research in Asia, 3, 19–33. {{doi|10.1016/j.ara.2015.04.003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scherrer-Schaub |first1=C. |last2=Salomon |first2=R. |last3=Baums |first3= S.|date=2012 |title=Buddhist Inscriptions from Termez (Uzbekistan) |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=148 |doi=10.1163/001972412x620204}} |
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In 676 the city was [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate]].<ref>{{cite book | title = The Arab Conquests in Central Asia | first = H. A. R. | last = Gibb | author-link = H.A.R. Gibb | publisher = The Royal Asiatic Society | location = London | year= 1923 | url=https://archive.org/details/arabconquestsinc00gibbuoft | oclc = 685253133|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arabconquestsinc00gibbuoft/page/19] 19-21}}</ref> |
In 676 the city was [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate]].<ref>{{cite book | title = The Arab Conquests in Central Asia | first = H. A. R. | last = Gibb | author-link = H.A.R. Gibb | publisher = The Royal Asiatic Society | location = London | year= 1923 | url=https://archive.org/details/arabconquestsinc00gibbuoft | oclc = 685253133|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arabconquestsinc00gibbuoft/page/19] 19-21}}</ref> |
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It again rose to religious significance during the [[Abbasid]] and [[Samanid]] Empires, producing notable scholars such as [[hadith]] |
It again rose to religious significance during the [[Abbasid]] and [[Samanid]] Empires, producing notable scholars such as the renowned [[hadith]] scholar [[al-Tirmidhi]] and [[Sufi]] master and theologian [[al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi]]. |
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Termez passed through the hands of the [[Ghaznavid]], [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]], [[Karakhanid]], and [[Khorezmshah]] kingdoms from the 11th to 13th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ub.edu/ERAAUB/index.php/research-lines/asia/archaeological-research-in-ancient-termez-uzbekistan |title=Archaeological research in ancient Termez (Uzbekistan): Greek colony, a centre of Central Asian Buddhism and Islamic city in Bactriana (Central Asia) |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=The Archaeological and Archaeometric Research Group of the University of Barcelona |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona |access-date=2021-10-01 |quote=After the fall of the Samanids, between the 11th and the early 13th century, ancient Termez was contested between several Central Asian dynasties (i.e, Kharakanids, Ghaznavids, Seljuqs, Kara Khitays, Ghurids and the Khwarazm Shas), who alternatively controlled this powerful stronghold.}}</ref> |
Termez passed through the hands of the [[Ghaznavid]], [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]], [[Karakhanid]], and [[Khorezmshah]] kingdoms from the 11th to 13th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ub.edu/ERAAUB/index.php/research-lines/asia/archaeological-research-in-ancient-termez-uzbekistan |title=Archaeological research in ancient Termez (Uzbekistan): Greek colony, a centre of Central Asian Buddhism and Islamic city in Bactriana (Central Asia) |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=The Archaeological and Archaeometric Research Group of the University of Barcelona |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona |access-date=2021-10-01 |quote=After the fall of the Samanids, between the 11th and the early 13th century, ancient Termez was contested between several Central Asian dynasties (i.e, Kharakanids, Ghaznavids, Seljuqs, Kara Khitays, Ghurids and the Khwarazm Shas), who alternatively controlled this powerful stronghold.}}</ref> |
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The restored Termez soon came under the rule of [[Tamerlane]]'s [[Timurid Empire]] with the backing of the Tirmidh [[Sayyids]], a local religious aristocracy claiming descent from [[Muhammad]] through [[Sayyid Ali Akbar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Barthold |first=V |date=1956 |title=Four Studies on the History of Central Asia|publisher=E, J. Brill | |
The restored Termez soon came under the rule of [[Tamerlane]]'s [[Timurid Empire]] with the backing of the Tirmidh [[Sayyids]], a local religious aristocracy claiming descent from [[Muhammad]] through [[Sayyid Ali Akbar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Barthold |first=V |date=1956 |title=Four Studies on the History of Central Asia|publisher=E, J. Brill |pages=19–20}}</ref> The Timurids held the territory until it became a part of the independent [[Emirate of Bukhara]] in the 16th century. |
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By the second half of the 18th century the city was again abandoned, and the [[ruins]] of the reconstituted Termez laid outside the nearby villages of Salavat and Pattakesar (Pattagissar). |
By the second half of the 18th century the city was again abandoned, and the [[ruins]] of the reconstituted Termez laid outside the nearby villages of Salavat and Pattakesar (Pattagissar). |
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===In the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union=== |
===In the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union=== |
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[[File:RIAN archive 58833 Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan (cropped).jpg|thumb|The last column of soviet [[BTR (vehicle)|BTRs]] leaves [[Afghanistan]] in 1989.]] |
[[File:RIAN archive 58833 Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan (cropped).jpg|thumb|The last column of soviet [[BTR (vehicle)|BTRs]] leaves [[Afghanistan]] in 1989.]] |
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In 1887, the [[Russian Empire]] began to operate a [[brown water navy]] on the Amu Darya River.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ochildiev |first1=F |title=The Creation of the Amudarya Fleet |journal=Theoretical and Applied Science |date=2019 |volume=78 |issue=10 |page=583 |doi=10.15863/TAS.2019.10.78.105 |s2cid=213586953 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337210060 |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref> |
In 1887, the [[Russian Empire]] began to operate a [[brown water navy]] on the Amu Darya River.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ochildiev |first1=F |title=The Creation of the Amudarya Fleet |journal=Theoretical and Applied Science |date=2019 |volume=78 |issue=10 |page=583 |doi=10.15863/TAS.2019.10.78.105 |s2cid=213586953 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337210060 |access-date=3 October 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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In December |
In December 1894, the Amu Darya Fleet was joined by the 31st Amu Darya Border Brigade. In the coming years troop levels were increased, as the 4th Orenburg [[Cossack]] Regiment, the 13th [[Russian Turkestan|Turkestan]] Special Battalion, and the 2nd Orenburg Cossack Battery were relocated to the area.<ref name="Turopova">{{cite journal |last1=Turopova |first1=Turdievna |title=Migration Processes in Cities Under the Emirates of Bukhara |journal=JournalNX |date=2020 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=510–512 |url=https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/336772-migration-processes-in-cities-under-the-48a86fe0.pdf |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref> |
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The [[Emirate of Bukhara]] acquiesced to increasing demands from the [[Tsarist]] government for more lands, until on January 27, 1900, over nine thousand acres were donated to Russia, and the Russian military began a program of [[Russian people|Russian]] resettlement to the area.<ref name="Turopova" |
The [[Emirate of Bukhara]] acquiesced to increasing demands from the [[Tsarist]] government for more lands, until on January 27, 1900, over nine thousand acres were donated to Russia, and the Russian military began a program of [[Russian people|Russian]] resettlement to the area.<ref name="Turopova" /> |
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In the immediate aftermath of the [[Russian Revolution]], Pattakesar became a part of the [[Bukharan People's Soviet Republic]], and then the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]]. In 1928, as part of the [[Soviet Union]], Pattakesar was renamed and took the city's ancient name of Termez. In 1929, the |
In the immediate aftermath of the [[Russian Revolution]], Pattakesar became a part of the [[Bukharan People's Soviet Republic]], and then the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]]. In 1928, as part of the [[Soviet Union]], Pattakesar was renamed and took the city's ancient name of Termez. In 1929, the Village became a town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asson-hotel.com/eng/about-termiz.php |website=Asson Hotel |title=About Termiz City |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> |
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During the years of Soviet rule, as Termez became a hub of Russian military activity, many industries were developed, and a pedagogical institute and [[ |
During the years of Soviet rule, as Termez became a hub of Russian military activity, many industries were developed, and a pedagogical institute and [[Theater (structure)|theatre]] were opened. Termez saw a significant increase in industrial development during [[World War II]], as the Soviet Union replaced industrial centers in the western regions that had been disrupted by [[Nazi]] attacks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boronov |first1=Abdulhakim |title=Development and Progression of National Crafts in Uzbekistan |journal=Theoretical and Applied Science |date=2020 |volume=87 |issue=7 |page=48 |doi=10.15863/TAS.2020.07.87.12 |s2cid=225517551 |url=http://www.t-science.org/arxivDOI/2020/07-87/PDF/07-87-12.pdf}}</ref> |
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For many years after the [[Second World War]] the [[108th Motor Rifle Division]], the former 360th Rifle Division, was based in the town. During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] (1979–1989), Termez became an increasingly important military post, with over 100,000 [[Soviet Military|Soviet troops]] stationed there.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Neef |first1=Christian |title=Absolutism in Uzbekistan: Germany's Favorite Despot |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/absolutism-in-uzbekistan-germany-s-favorite-despot-a-429712.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |agency=Der Spiegel |date=August 2, 2006}}</ref> A military airfield and the [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge]], a [[road-rail bridge|combined bridge]] over the [[Amu Darya]], were built. In 1989, [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan]] via the Termez bridge, bringing the conflict to an end. |
For many years after the [[Second World War]] the [[108th Motor Rifle Division]], the former 360th Rifle Division, was based in the town. During the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] (1979–1989), Termez became an increasingly important military post, with over 100,000 [[Soviet Military|Soviet troops]] stationed there.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Neef |first1=Christian |title=Absolutism in Uzbekistan: Germany's Favorite Despot |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/absolutism-in-uzbekistan-germany-s-favorite-despot-a-429712.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |agency=Der Spiegel |date=August 2, 2006}}</ref> A military airfield and the [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge]], a [[road-rail bridge|combined bridge]] over the [[Amu Darya]], were built. In 1989, [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan]] via the Termez bridge, bringing the conflict to an end. |
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===21st century Afghan conflicts and aftermath=== |
===21st century Afghan conflicts and aftermath=== |
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In 2001, [[Germany]] began operating a base in Termez. The [[airbase|military airfield]] was the main support base for [[Bundeswehr|German]] and [[Military of the Netherlands|Dutch]] forces operating with the [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]] for transiting goods into Afghanistan. It was closed in 2015.<ref>{{cite |
In 2001, [[Germany]] began operating a base in Termez. The [[airbase|military airfield]] was the main support base for [[Bundeswehr|German]] and [[Military of the Netherlands|Dutch]] forces operating with the [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]] for transiting goods into Afghanistan. It was closed in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Western Militaries Exit Central Asia As Germany Shuts Uzbek Base |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-germany-to-shut-base-last-western-in-central-asia/27308248.html |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=15 October 2015 |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> |
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Following the [[2021 Taliban offensive]] and resultant [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Fall of Kabul]], the [[Biden]] administration reached out to Uzbekistan, as well as Kazakhstan and [[Tajikistan]], to ask if they might temporarily accommodate up to 9,000 Afghans who might face reprisals for working with U.S. military forces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-02/u-s-asks-central-asian-nations-to-take-afghans-seeking-visas|access-date=5 July 2021|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|title=U.S. Seeks Refuge for Afghan Staff as It Hands Over Key Base|date=2 July 2021 }}</ref> By the 5th of July, the state security services had constructed a [[refugee camp]] in Termez to brace for an Afghan [[refugee crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uzbekistan bracing for possible Afghan refugee crisis {{!}} Eurasianet|url=https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-bracing-for-possible-afghan-refugee-crisis|access-date=5 July 2021|website=eurasianet.org|language=en}}</ref> Uzbek president [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] reported that 494 Afghans were evacuated through the Termez Airport.<ref>{{cite web |title=US says nearly 500 Afghan citizens evacuated from Uzbekistan |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/news/us-says-nearly-500-afghan-citizens-evacuated-from-uzbekistan/ |website=Euractiv |date=15 September 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> |
Following the [[2021 Taliban offensive]] and resultant [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Fall of Kabul]], the [[Biden]] administration reached out to Uzbekistan, as well as Kazakhstan and [[Tajikistan]], to ask if they might temporarily accommodate up to 9,000 Afghans who might face reprisals for working with U.S. military forces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-02/u-s-asks-central-asian-nations-to-take-afghans-seeking-visas|access-date=5 July 2021|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|title=U.S. Seeks Refuge for Afghan Staff as It Hands Over Key Base|date=2 July 2021 }}</ref> By the 5th of July, the state security services had constructed a [[refugee camp]] in Termez to brace for an Afghan [[refugee crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uzbekistan bracing for possible Afghan refugee crisis {{!}} Eurasianet|url=https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-bracing-for-possible-afghan-refugee-crisis|access-date=5 July 2021|website=eurasianet.org|language=en}}</ref> Uzbek president [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] reported that 494 Afghans were evacuated through the Termez Airport.<ref>{{cite web |title=US says nearly 500 Afghan citizens evacuated from Uzbekistan |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/news/us-says-nearly-500-afghan-citizens-evacuated-from-uzbekistan/ |website=Euractiv |date=15 September 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> |
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Plans exist to connect Termez to [[Peshawar]] by rail, as a part of the [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]], and [[China]]'s larger [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan promotes Belt and Road port for Central Asian trade |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Belt-and-Road/Pakistan-promotes-Belt-and-Road-port-for-Central-Asian-trade |website=Nikkei Asia |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> |
Plans exist to connect Termez to [[Peshawar]] by rail, as a part of the [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]], and [[China]]'s larger [[Belt and Road Initiative]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan promotes Belt and Road port for Central Asian trade |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Belt-and-Road/Pakistan-promotes-Belt-and-Road-port-for-Central-Asian-trade |website=Nikkei Asia |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> |
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There is public transportation in the city, represented by [[bus]]es and [[marshrutka]]s. There are also public and private [[taxi]] services. Termez river port (Termiz daryo bandargohi) is located in the south-eastern part of the city. |
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The city has an [[international airport]] "[[Termez Airport|Termez]]", which has regular air connections with [[Tashkent]], with some other major cities of Uzbekistan, as well as with some Russian cities, including [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]. |
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Termez is the main southern gateway of Uzbekistan. 12 km east of Termez, the [[Amu Darya|Amu Darya River]] is crossed by the [[pedestrian]], [[highway]] and railroad cross-border [[bridge]] Hairatan (also known as the [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge]]), which is the only border crossing between Uzbekistan and [[Afghanistan]]. Every day, people, [[car]]s, [[truck]]s and [[freight train]]s pass over the bridge in both directions. |
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The city is one of the main [[Rail transport|railroad]] hubs of southern Uzbekistan. It is from Termez that the international freight railroad leading to the Afghan city of [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] begins. |
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In fact, the railroad goes all the way to [[Mazar-i-Sharif International Airport]], 8 km west of the city itself. The distance between Termez and [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] is about 80 km by [[road]] or [[Rail transport|rail]]. |
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== Demographics == |
== Demographics == |
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[[File:Termez, stallholders.JPG|thumb|Stall-holders in a Termez [[bazaar]]]] |
[[File:Termez, stallholders.JPG|thumb|Stall-holders in a Termez [[bazaar]]]] |
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The estimated population of Termez in 2021 was 182,800.<ref name="surxonstat" /> [[ |
The estimated population of Termez in 2021 was 182,800.<ref name="surxonstat" /> [[Uzbeks]] and [[Tajiks]] are the largest ethnic groups. An undetermined number of [[Lyuli]] live in Termez.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marushiakova |first1=Elena |last2=Popov |first2=Vesselin |title=Gypsies in Central Asia and the Caucasus |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |isbn=978-3-319-41056-2 |pages=18}}</ref> |
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A 2014 [[World Bank]] report found that the population of Termez grew by 50% in the period between 1990 and 2014. Using satellite data, Termez was classified as a "Type 3" city, having a "Growing Population & Declining Economic Activity."<ref>{{cite web |title=Cities in Europe and Central Asia: Uzbekistan |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/884971511957642388/pdf/121736-BRI-P154478-PUBLIC-Uzbenkistan-Snapshot-Print.pdf |website=World Bank |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> This report was issued, however, before the presidency and economic reforms<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tsereteli |first1=Mamuka |title=The Economic Modernization of Uzbekistan |url=https://isdp.eu/publication/economic-modernization-uzbekistan/ |website=Institute for Security and Development Policy |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> of [[President of Uzbekistan|President]] [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]. |
A 2014 [[World Bank]] report found that the population of Termez grew by 50% in the period between 1990 and 2014. Using satellite data, Termez was classified as a "Type 3" city, having a "Growing Population & Declining Economic Activity."<ref>{{cite web |title=Cities in Europe and Central Asia: Uzbekistan |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/884971511957642388/pdf/121736-BRI-P154478-PUBLIC-Uzbenkistan-Snapshot-Print.pdf |website=World Bank |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> This report was issued, however, before the presidency and economic reforms<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tsereteli |first1=Mamuka |title=The Economic Modernization of Uzbekistan |url=https://isdp.eu/publication/economic-modernization-uzbekistan/ |website=Institute for Security and Development Policy |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> of [[President of Uzbekistan|President]] [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]]. |
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|metric first= Yes |
|metric first= Yes |
||
|single line= Yes |
|single line= Yes |
||
|location= Termez (1991-2020 |
|location= Termez (1991-2020, extremes 1936-present) |
||
| Jan record high C = 23.9 |
| Jan record high C = 23.9 |
||
| Feb record high C = 30.1 |
| Feb record high C = 30.1 |
||
Line 165: | Line 178: | ||
| Apr record high C = 38.7 |
| Apr record high C = 38.7 |
||
| May record high C = 43.6 |
| May record high C = 43.6 |
||
| Jun record high C = |
| Jun record high C = 47.0 |
||
| Jul record high C = 47.0 |
| Jul record high C = 47.0 |
||
| Aug record high C = 46.3 |
| Aug record high C = 46.3 |
||
Line 226: | Line 239: | ||
| year record low C = -23.9 |
| year record low C = -23.9 |
||
| precipitation colour = green |
| precipitation colour = green |
||
| Jan precipitation mm = |
| Jan precipitation mm = 22.9 |
||
| Feb precipitation mm = |
| Feb precipitation mm = 29.6 |
||
| Mar precipitation mm = |
| Mar precipitation mm = 31.5 |
||
| Apr precipitation mm = |
| Apr precipitation mm = 24.3 |
||
| May precipitation mm = |
| May precipitation mm = 9.5 |
||
| Jun precipitation mm = |
| Jun precipitation mm = 1.3 |
||
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.2 |
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.2 |
||
| Aug precipitation mm = 0 |
| Aug precipitation mm = 0 |
||
| Sep precipitation mm = |
| Sep precipitation mm = 0.5 |
||
| Oct precipitation mm = |
| Oct precipitation mm = 3.0 |
||
| Nov precipitation mm = |
| Nov precipitation mm = 20.0 |
||
| Dec precipitation mm = |
| Dec precipitation mm = 17.8 |
||
| year precipitation mm = |
| year precipitation mm = |
||
| Jan humidity = 77 |
| Jan humidity = 77 |
||
Line 252: | Line 265: | ||
| Dec humidity = 76 |
| Dec humidity = 76 |
||
| year humidity = 55 |
| year humidity = 55 |
||
| Jan |
| Jan rain days = 7 |
||
| Feb |
| Feb rain days = 10 |
||
| Mar |
| Mar rain days = 11 |
||
| Apr |
| Apr rain days = 8 |
||
| May |
| May rain days = 5 |
||
| Jun |
| Jun rain days = 1 |
||
| Jul |
| Jul rain days = 1 |
||
| Aug |
| Aug rain days = 0.2 |
||
| Sep |
| Sep rain days = 0 |
||
| Oct |
| Oct rain days = 3 |
||
| Nov |
| Nov rain days = 6 |
||
| Dec |
| Dec rain days = 8 |
||
| year |
| year rain days = 60 |
||
| Jan snow days = 4 |
| Jan snow days = 4 |
||
| Feb snow days = 3 |
| Feb snow days = 3 |
||
Line 277: | Line 290: | ||
| Nov snow days = 1 |
| Nov snow days = 1 |
||
| Dec snow days = 3 |
| Dec snow days = 3 |
||
| year snow days = |
| year snow days = 12 |
||
| Jan sun = |
| Jan sun = 151.5 |
||
| Feb sun = |
| Feb sun = 155.5 |
||
| Mar sun = |
| Mar sun = 207.7 |
||
| Apr sun = |
| Apr sun = 266.5 |
||
| May sun = |
| May sun = 340.4 |
||
| Jun sun = |
| Jun sun = 378.1 |
||
| Jul sun = |
| Jul sun = 394.5 |
||
| Aug sun = |
| Aug sun = 369.0 |
||
| Sep sun = |
| Sep sun = 322.8 |
||
| Oct sun = |
| Oct sun = 267.9 |
||
| Nov sun = |
| Nov sun = 184.4 |
||
| Dec sun = |
| Dec sun = 150.7 |
||
| year sun = |
| year sun = |
||
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net <ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |
|||
| Jand sun = 4.5 |
|||
⚫ | |||
| Febd sun = 5.1 |
|||
| Mard sun = 6.1 |
|||
| Aprd sun = 8.2 |
|||
| Mayd sun = 10.8 |
|||
| Jund sun = 12.5 |
|||
| Juld sun = 12.4 |
|||
| Augd sun = 11.7 |
|||
| Sepd sun = 10.5 |
|||
| Octd sun = 8.3 |
|||
| Novd sun = 6.5 |
|||
| Decd sun = 4.5 |
|||
| yeard sun = 8.4 |
|||
|source 1 = Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of Uzbekistan<ref> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191215155530/http://www.meteo.uz/api/v2/climate_en.csv |
|||
| archive-date = 15 December 2019 |
|||
| url = http://www.meteo.uz/api/v2/climate_en.csv |
|||
| title = Average monthly data about air temperature and precipitation in 13 regional centers of the Republic of Uzbekistan over period from 1981 to 2010 |
|||
| publisher = Centre of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzhydromet) |
|||
| access-date = 15 December 2019}}</ref> |
|||
|source 2 = Pogoda.ru.net (mean temperatures/humidity/snow days 1981–2010, record low and record high temperatures),<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161206181453/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/38927.htm |
|||
| archive-date = 6 December 2016 |
|||
⚫ | |||
| title = Weather and Climate – The Climate of Termez |
| title = Weather and Climate – The Climate of Termez |
||
| access-date = |
| access-date = 5 July 2023 |
||
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) |
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) |
||
| language = ru}}</ref> |
| language = ru}}</ref> |
||
|source 2 =[[NOAA]]<ref name = NOAA> |
|||
{{cite web |
{{cite web |
||
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Uzbekistan/CSV/Termez_38927.csv |
|||
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_389270_kt.pdf |
|||
| title = |
| title = Sunshine hours Termez 1991-2020 |
||
| work = Termez 1991-2020 |
|||
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |
|||
| publisher = |
| publisher = [[NOAA]] |
||
| language = |
| language = en |
||
| access-date = |
| access-date = 1 November 2023}}</ref> |
||
|date= May |
|date= May 2024 |
||
}} |
}} |
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Termez also has a [[kurash]] training facility, and a [[hippodrome]] where [[Buzkashi|kupkari]] is played. |
Termez also has a [[kurash]] training facility, and a [[hippodrome]] where [[Buzkashi|kupkari]] is played. |
||
Various [[competition]]s are often held here. At the end of May 2022, Termez now hosted the Uzbekistan kurash championship among juniors born in 2007–2008. |
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===Historical and archaeological sites=== |
===Historical and archaeological sites=== |
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Line 351: | Line 344: | ||
* The [[Zurmala Stupa]] is one of the oldest surviving buildings in Uzbekistan, dating from the 1st to 2nd centuries AD. Its brick structure is 16m high and is the only remaining part of a vast Buddhist [[stupa]] which would have been originally clad in stone and richly decorated.<ref name=":0" /> |
* The [[Zurmala Stupa]] is one of the oldest surviving buildings in Uzbekistan, dating from the 1st to 2nd centuries AD. Its brick structure is 16m high and is the only remaining part of a vast Buddhist [[stupa]] which would have been originally clad in stone and richly decorated.<ref name=":0" /> |
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*[[Kampir Tepe]] was a substantial city built on the [[Amu Darya]] river by Alexander the Great. Known as Alexandria on the Oxus, the city had an important harbour with a lighthouse, as well as a citadel, temples, and a gateway that is a replica of one found in [[Pamphylia]] in Turkey. The site is still being excavated by archeologists but is open to the public. |
*[[Kampir Tepe]] was a substantial city built on the [[Amu Darya]] river by Alexander the Great. Known as Alexandria on the Oxus, the city had an important harbour with a lighthouse, as well as a citadel, temples, and a gateway that is a replica of one found in [[Pamphylia]] in Turkey. The site is still being excavated by archeologists but is open to the public. |
||
* [[Termizi Memorial Complex]], Hakim Termezi [[Mausoleum]], is a historical site in Termez (9th-15th centuries).<ref name="History6" /> Al-Hakim al-Termezi [[Mausoleum]], considered sacred for Muslims, is situated in the ancient part of Termez.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://lex.uz/uz/docs/-866710?ONDATE=08.05.2023&ONDATE2=07.08.2008&action=compare|title= Madaniy yodgorliklarni saqlash va ulardan foydalanish inspeksiyalari bilan tuzilgan "Foydalanish va muhofazalash shartnomalari" asosida O'zbekiston musulmonlari idorasi tasarrufiga foydalanish uchun berilayotgan ziyoratgohlar |website= lex.uz |accessdate= 2023-11-16}}</ref> It houses the tomb of Abu Abdullah Muhammad Hakim Termezi, a prominent Islamic scholar, author of various philosophical and religious works, and the founder of a group of dervishes.<ref name="History6" /> The complex is associated with Abu Abdullah Muhammad Hakim Termezi (approximately 750-760 Termez - 869).<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://mytermiz.zn.uz/2016/12/18/al-hakim-at-termiziy-maqbarasi/|title= AL-HAKIM AT-TERMIZIY MAQBARASI|website= mytermiz.zn.uz |accessdate= 2023-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://hidoya.uz/index.php/uz/news/1150 |title= Imom Termiziy rohimullohning hayoti (2-qism)|website= hidoya.uz |accessdate= 2023-11-16}}</ref><ref name="History8">{{Cite web|url= https://uzsmart.uz/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/61814.html|title= TERMIZIY MEʼMORIY MAJMUI|website= uzsmart.uz |accessdate= 2023-11-16}}</ref><ref name="History6">{{cite journal |last= Raximov |first= Beshim |date=2022 |title= OʻZ DAVRINING YETUK MUHADDIS OLIMI SIFATIDA TANILGAN ABU ABDULLOH MUHAMMAD IBN ALI AT-TERMIZIY |trans-title= ABU ABDULLAH MUHAMMAD IBN ALI AT-TERMIZI, KNOWN AS A MAJOR MUHADDIS SCIENTIST OF HIS TIME |url= https://ares.uz/storage/app/uploads/public/63a/201/23c/63a20123c45ee893127958.pdf |language=Uzbek |journal= Academic Research in Educational Sciences |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages= |access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref> |
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<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5"> |
<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5"> |
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*'''Ali Termezi''' known as "[[Pir Baba]]" was a Sayyid born in Termez, (1502–1583 CE). His mausoleum is in a village named [[Pir Baba]] after him in [[Buner District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan. |
*'''Ali Termezi''' known as "[[Pir Baba]]" was a Sayyid born in Termez, (1502–1583 CE). His mausoleum is in a village named [[Pir Baba]] after him in [[Buner District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan. |
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*[[Valery Khalilov]] (1952–2016) was born in Termez. He was a Russian general and a composer. |
*[[Valery Khalilov]] (1952–2016) was born in Termez. He was a Russian general and a composer. |
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*[[Serhii Prokazin]] (1975-2023), [[Ukrainian Air Force|Ukrainian military pilot]], posthumously awarded with the title [[Hero of Ukraine]] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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<!-- site 404 2014-09-02: *[http://travel.sv.uz Travel guide to Termez, history of Termez] --> |
<!-- site 404 2014-09-02: *[http://travel.sv.uz Travel guide to Termez, history of Termez] --> |
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*[http://foto.rambler.ru/users/gmamedaliev/termez/ Termez Photos] |
*[http://foto.rambler.ru/users/gmamedaliev/termez/ Termez Photos] |
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*[http://ximebenj.club.fr/Fouille.htm History of ancient Termez] |
*[http://ximebenj.club.fr/Fouille.htm History of ancient Termez] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002901/http://ximebenj.club.fr/Fouille.htm |date=5 March 2016 }} |
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<!-- site 404 2014-09-02: *[http://www.uzbektourism.uz/en/ Uzbek Tourism] --> |
<!-- site 404 2014-09-02: *[http://www.uzbektourism.uz/en/ Uzbek Tourism] --> |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070907173939/http://k-saray.com/photogallery/ Karvon Saroy travel to Uzbekistan] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070907173939/http://k-saray.com/photogallery/ Karvon Saroy travel to Uzbekistan] |
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*[http://www.exploguide.com/site/sultan-saodat-mausoleum-termez Travel tips to visit Termez] |
*[http://www.exploguide.com/site/sultan-saodat-mausoleum-termez Travel tips to visit Termez] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305181245/http://www.exploguide.com/site/sultan-saodat-mausoleum-termez |date=5 March 2016 }} |
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*[http://www.iguide.uz local information, guide and interpreter in Termez] |
*[http://www.iguide.uz local information, guide and interpreter in Termez] |
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[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]] |
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]] |
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[[Category:Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border crossings]] |
[[Category:Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border crossings]] |
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[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List]] |
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for Uzbekistan]] |
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[[Category:Cities founded by Alexander the Great]] |
[[Category:Cities founded by Alexander the Great]] |
Termez
Termiz / Термиз
| |
---|---|
City
| |
Location in Uzbekistan Show map of UzbekistanTermez (Bactria) Show map of BactriaTermez (West and Central Asia) Show map of West and Central Asia | |
Coordinates: 37°13′N 67°17′E / 37.217°N 67.283°E / 37.217; 67.283 | |
Country | ![]() |
Region | Surxondaryo Region |
Established | 1929 |
Government | |
• Type | City Administration |
Area | |
• Total | 36 km2 (14 sq mi) |
Elevation | 302 m (991 ft) |
Population
(2021)[1]
| |
• Total | 182,800 |
• Density | 5,100/km2 (13,000/sq mi) |
Postal code |
190100
|
Termez (Uzbek: Termiz/Термиз; Persian: ترمذ, Tirmiz; Arabic: ترمذ Tirmidh; Russian: Термез; Ancient Greek: Tàrmita, Thàrmis, Θέρμις) is the capital of Surxondaryo Region in southern Uzbekistan. Administratively, it is a district-level city.[2] Its population is 182,800 (2021).[1] It is notable as the site of Alexander the Great's city Alexandria on the Oxus, as a center of early Buddhism, as a site of Muslim pilgrimage, and as a base of Soviet Union military operations in Afghanistan, accessible via the nearby Hairatan border crossing.
Some link the name of the city to the Greek word Θέρμος (thermos), meaning "hot", and date the toponym to the rule of Alexander the Great.[3] Others suggest that it came from Sanskrit तर्मतो (tarmato), meaning "on the river bank".[4][5]
One of Central Asia's oldest towns, Old Termez, located a few kilometers west of the modern city along the Amu Darya river, was established sometime before the 3rd century BC.[6] The city may have been known to the Achaemenids (the 10th century Shahnameh purports its existence during the mythological Zoroastrian Kayanian dynasty).[7]
In 329 BC Alexander the Great conquered the surrounding region, known as Sogdia. Most recent scholarship argues that Termez is the site of Alexandria on the Oxus,[8] though some identify this site with Ai-Khanoum. After a period of Seleucid rule, Termez became part of the breakaway Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. The Ionian Greek language persisted in the area through the Tocharian period, being phased out of administrative use during the time of the Kushan Empire, in favor of the Bactrian language.[9]
It was during this period that Termez, named Ta-li-mi (迭里迷) in Chinese sources, became an important center of Mahāsāṃghika Buddhism.[10][11] Termez was incorporated into the Sassanid Persian Empire in the 3rd century AD, and elements of Zoroastrian-Buddhist religious syncretism appear in the archaeological record, with Buddhist monasteries containing fire altars,[12] and a graffiti inscription referencing "Buddha-Mazda."[13]
During the 7th century Termez played host to the Buddhist monk and traveler Xuanzang, who reported:
There are about ten Sangharamas with about one thousand monks. The stupas and the images of the honoured Buddha are noted for various spiritual manifestations.
— Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
In the three decades that followed, as the Umayyads conquered the Persians, Termez found itself across the river from the caliphate.
In 676 the city was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate.[14]
It again rose to religious significance during the Abbasid and Samanid Empires, producing notable scholars such as the renowned hadith scholar al-Tirmidhi and Sufi master and theologian al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi.
Termez passed through the hands of the Ghaznavid, Seljuk, Karakhanid, and Khorezmshah kingdoms from the 11th to 13th centuries.[15]
In 1220 after a two-day siege, the city was destroyed by the troops of Genghis Khan. According to one account, "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their [the Mongols'] usual custom, then they were all slain."[16][17]
Ibn Battuta found the city reconstructed in the early 14th century:
We set out from Samarqand and reached Tirmidh [Termez], a large town with fine buildings and bazaars and traversed by canals. It abounds in grapes and quinces of an exquisite flavour, as well as in flesh-meats and milk. The inhabitants wash their heads in the bath with milk instead of fuller's earth; the proprietor of every bath-house has large jars filled with milk, and each man as he enters takes a cupful to wash his head. It makes the hair fresh and glossy . . . The old town of Tirmidh was built on the bank of the Oxus, and when it was laid in ruins by Tinklz [Chingiz] this new town was built two miles from the river.
— Ibn Battuta Travels in Asia And Africa 1325–1354
The restored Termez soon came under the rule of Tamerlane's Timurid Empire with the backing of the Tirmidh Sayyids, a local religious aristocracy claiming descent from Muhammad through Sayyid Ali Akbar.[18] The Timurids held the territory until it became a part of the independent Emirate of Bukhara in the 16th century.
By the second half of the 18th century the city was again abandoned, and the ruins of the reconstituted Termez laid outside the nearby villages of Salavat and Pattakesar (Pattagissar).
In 1887, the Russian Empire began to operate a brown water navy on the Amu Darya River.[19]
In December 1894, the Amu Darya Fleet was joined by the 31st Amu Darya Border Brigade. In the coming years troop levels were increased, as the 4th Orenburg Cossack Regiment, the 13th Turkestan Special Battalion, and the 2nd Orenburg Cossack Battery were relocated to the area.[20]
The Emirate of Bukhara acquiesced to increasing demands from the Tsarist government for more lands, until on January 27, 1900, over nine thousand acres were donated to Russia, and the Russian military began a program of Russian resettlement to the area.[20]
In the immediate aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Pattakesar became a part of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, and then the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1928, as part of the Soviet Union, Pattakesar was renamed and took the city's ancient name of Termez. In 1929, the Village became a town.[21]
During the years of Soviet rule, as Termez became a hub of Russian military activity, many industries were developed, and a pedagogical institute and theatre were opened. Termez saw a significant increase in industrial development during World War II, as the Soviet Union replaced industrial centers in the western regions that had been disrupted by Nazi attacks.[22]
For many years after the Second World War the 108th Motor Rifle Division, the former 360th Rifle Division, was based in the town. During the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989), Termez became an increasingly important military post, with over 100,000 Soviet troops stationed there.[23] A military airfield and the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge, a combined bridge over the Amu Darya, were built. In 1989, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan via the Termez bridge, bringing the conflict to an end.
In 2001, Germany began operating a base in Termez. The military airfield was the main support base for German and Dutch forces operating with the ISAF for transiting goods into Afghanistan. It was closed in 2015.[24]
Following the 2021 Taliban offensive and resultant Fall of Kabul, the Biden administration reached out to Uzbekistan, as well as Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, to ask if they might temporarily accommodate up to 9,000 Afghans who might face reprisals for working with U.S. military forces.[25] By the 5th of July, the state security services had constructed a refugee camp in Termez to brace for an Afghan refugee crisis.[26] Uzbek president Shavkat Mirziyoyev reported that 494 Afghans were evacuated through the Termez Airport.[27]
In August 2021, Russia and Uzbekistan held joint military exercises outside of Termez.[28]
The river Amu Darya divides the two countries of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan and the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge crosses the river to Hairatan in Afghanistan. Termez is also served by Termez Airport, with flights to Tashkent and Moscow. Termez is connected with Uzbek Railways to other cities of the countries and Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan. The Tashkent–Termez (no. 379) and Termez–Tashkent (no. 380) trains run every day.[29] Dushanbe–Kanibadam (no. 367) and Kanibadam-Dushanbe (No: 368) trains also pass through Termez.
Plans exist to connect Termez to Peshawar by rail, as a part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, and China's larger Belt and Road Initiative.[30]
There is public transportation in the city, represented by buses and marshrutkas. There are also public and private taxi services. Termez river port (Termiz daryo bandargohi) is located in the south-eastern part of the city.
The city has an international airport "Termez", which has regular air connections with Tashkent, with some other major cities of Uzbekistan, as well as with some Russian cities, including Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Termez is the main southern gateway of Uzbekistan. 12 km east of Termez, the Amu Darya River is crossed by the pedestrian, highway and railroad cross-border bridge Hairatan (also known as the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge), which is the only border crossing between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. Every day, people, cars, trucks and freight trains pass over the bridge in both directions.
The city is one of the main railroad hubs of southern Uzbekistan. It is from Termez that the international freight railroad leading to the Afghan city of Mazar-i-Sharif begins.
In fact, the railroad goes all the way to Mazar-i-Sharif International Airport, 8 km west of the city itself. The distance between Termez and Mazar-i-Sharif is about 80 km by roadorrail.
The estimated population of Termez in 2021 was 182,800.[1] Uzbeks and Tajiks are the largest ethnic groups. An undetermined number of Lyuli live in Termez.[31]
A 2014 World Bank report found that the population of Termez grew by 50% in the period between 1990 and 2014. Using satellite data, Termez was classified as a "Type 3" city, having a "Growing Population & Declining Economic Activity."[32] This report was issued, however, before the presidency and economic reforms[33]ofPresident Shavkat Mirziyoyev.
In 1992 the Pedagogical Institute was upgraded to Termez State University. Termez is also served by the Termez Branch of Tashkent Medical Academy, Termez Technical University, and the Termez Branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University.
There are 26 secondary schools in Termez, six of which offer instruction in the Russian language. A presidential school opened in 2021.
Termez has a cool arid climate (Köppen BWk) bordering upon a hot arid climate (BWh) with long, sweltering summers and short, cool winters.
Climate data for Termez (1991-2020, extremes 1936-present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) |
30.1 (86.2) |
37.3 (99.1) |
38.7 (101.7) |
43.6 (110.5) |
47.0 (116.6) |
47.0 (116.6) |
46.3 (115.3) |
41.5 (106.7) |
37.5 (99.5) |
33.5 (92.3) |
26.7 (80.1) |
47.0 (116.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) |
13.4 (56.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
26.9 (80.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
38.2 (100.8) |
39.8 (103.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
12.7 (54.9) |
19.2 (66.6) |
25.0 (77.0) |
29.5 (85.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
28.6 (83.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
10.4 (50.7) |
5.5 (41.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.8 (44.2) |
12.1 (53.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
4.7 (40.5) |
0.7 (33.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −23.9 (−11.0) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
−18.4 (−1.1) |
−23.9 (−11.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 22.9 (0.90) |
29.6 (1.17) |
31.5 (1.24) |
24.3 (0.96) |
9.5 (0.37) |
1.3 (0.05) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0 (0) |
0.5 (0.02) |
3.0 (0.12) |
20.0 (0.79) |
17.8 (0.70) |
160.6 (6.33) |
Average rainy days | 7 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 60 |
Average snowy days | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 1 | 3 | 12 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 77 | 71 | 66 | 57 | 45 | 36 | 36 | 38 | 45 | 53 | 65 | 76 | 55 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 151.5 | 155.5 | 207.7 | 266.5 | 340.4 | 378.1 | 394.5 | 369.0 | 322.8 | 267.9 | 184.4 | 150.7 | 3,189 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [34] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA[35] |
Termez hosts the Surkhon Termez football club, which plays in Alpomish Stadium.[36]
Termez also has a kurash training facility, and a hippodrome where kupkari is played.
Various competitions are often held here. At the end of May 2022, Termez now hosted the Uzbekistan kurash championship among juniors born in 2007–2008.
After the fall of the Samanids, between the 11th and the early 13th century, ancient Termez was contested between several Central Asian dynasties (i.e, Kharakanids, Ghaznavids, Seljuqs, Kara Khitays, Ghurids and the Khwarazm Shas), who alternatively controlled this powerful stronghold.
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