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{{fossil range}}
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{{Short description|Suborder of mammals}} |
{{Short description|Suborder of mammals}} |
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{{automatic taxobox |
{{automatic taxobox |
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| fossil_range = Early |
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Early Eocene|Holocene}} |
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| image = 07. Camel Profile, near Silverton, NSW, 07.07.2007.jpg |
| image = 07. Camel Profile, near Silverton, NSW, 07.07.2007.jpg |
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| image_caption = A [[dromedary]] camel |
| image_caption = A [[dromedary]] camel |
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Tylopoda was named by Illiger (1811) and considered [[monophyletic]] by Matthew (1908). It was treated as an unranked clade by Matthew (1908) and as a suborder by Carroll (1988), Ursing et al. (2000) and Whistler and Webb (2005). It was assigned to [[Ruminantia]] by Matthew (1908); to [[Artiodactyla]] by Flower (1883) and Carroll (1988); to [[Neoselenodontia]] by Whistler and Webb (2005); and to [[Cetartiodactyla]] by Ursing et al. (2000) and by Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008).<ref name="Matthew1908">{{cite journal|last1=Matthew|first1=W. D.|title=Osteology of ''Blastomeryx''; and phylogeny of the American Cervidae|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume=24|issue=27|year= 1908|pages= 535–562|hdl=2246/1442|url= http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1442}}</ref><ref>R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1-698</ref><ref name="Ursing2000">{{cite journal|last1=Ursing|first1=B. M.|last2=Slack|first2=K. E.|last3=Arnason|first3=U.|title=Subordinal artiodactyl relationships in the light of phylogenetic analysis of 12 mitochondrial protein-coding genes|journal=Zoologica Scripta|volume=29|issue=2|date=April 2000|pages= 83–88|doi= 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2000.00037.x|s2cid=84619585}}</ref> |
Tylopoda was named by Illiger (1811) and considered [[monophyletic]] by Matthew (1908). It was treated as an unranked clade by Matthew (1908) and as a suborder by Carroll (1988), Ursing et al. (2000) and Whistler and Webb (2005). It was assigned to [[Ruminantia]] by Matthew (1908); to [[Artiodactyla]] by Flower (1883) and Carroll (1988); to [[Neoselenodontia]] by Whistler and Webb (2005); and to [[Cetartiodactyla]] by Ursing et al. (2000) and by Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008).<ref name="Matthew1908">{{cite journal|last1=Matthew|first1=W. D.|title=Osteology of ''Blastomeryx''; and phylogeny of the American Cervidae|journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume=24|issue=27|year= 1908|pages= 535–562|hdl=2246/1442|url= http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1442}}</ref><ref>R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York 1-698</ref><ref name="Ursing2000">{{cite journal|last1=Ursing|first1=B. M.|last2=Slack|first2=K. E.|last3=Arnason|first3=U.|title=Subordinal artiodactyl relationships in the light of phylogenetic analysis of 12 mitochondrial protein-coding genes|journal=Zoologica Scripta|volume=29|issue=2|date=April 2000|pages= 83–88|doi= 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2000.00037.x|s2cid=84619585}}</ref> |
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The main problem with circumscription of Tylopoda is that the extensive fossil record of camel-like mammals has not yet been thoroughly examined from a [[cladistic]] standpoint. Tylopoda is a highly distinctive lineage among the [[artiodactyl]]s, but its exact relationships are somewhat elusive because the six living species are all closely related and can be considered "[[living fossil]]s", the sole surviving lineage of a prehistorically wildly successful [[evolutionary radiation|radiation]]. More recent studies suggest that tylopods are not as closely related to [[ruminant]]s as traditionally believed, expressed in [[cladogram]] form as:<ref name = spauldingetal2009>Spaulding, M., O'Leary, M.A. & Gatesy, J. (2009): Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution. ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' no 4(9): e7062. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0007062}} [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007062 article]</ref><ref name="Beck">{{cite journal|year=2006|title=A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals|journal=BMC Evol Biol|volume=6|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-93|pmc=1654192|pmid=17101039|last= Beck|first= N.R.|pages=93}}</ref><ref name="O'Leary2013">{{cite journal|last1= O'Leary|first1= M.A.|last2= Bloch|first2= J.I.|last3= Flynn|first3= J.J.|last4= Gaudin|first4= T.J.|last5= Giallombardo|first5= A.|last6= Giannini|first6= N.P.|last7= Goldberg|first7= S.L.|last8= Kraatz|first8= B.P.|last9= Luo|first9= Z.-X.|last10= Meng|first10= J.|last11= Ni|first11= X.|last12= Novacek|first12= M.J.|last13= Perini|first13= F.A.|last14= Randall|first14= Z.S.|last15= Rougier|first15= G.W.|last16= Sargis|first16= E.J.|last17= Silcox|first17= M.T.|last18= Simmons|first18= N.B.|last19= Spaulding|first19= M.|last20= Velazco|first20= P.M.|last21= Weksler|first21= M.|last22= Wible|first22= J.R.|last23= Cirranello|first23= A.L.|title= The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals|journal= Science|volume= 339|issue= 6120|year= 2013|pages= 662–667|doi= 10.1126/science.1229237|pmid= 23393258|bibcode= 2013Sci...339..662O|s2cid= 206544776|hdl= 11336/7302|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref name="Song2012">{{cite journal|last1= Song|first1= S.|last2= Liu|first2= L.|last3= Edwards|first3= S.V.|last4= Wu|first4= S.|title= Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model|journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume= 109|issue= 37|year= 2012|pages= 14942–14947|doi= 10.1073/pnas.1211733109|pmid= 22930817|pmc= 3443116|bibcode= 2012PNAS..10914942S|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name="dos Reis2012">{{cite journal|last1=dos Reis|first1= M.|last2= Inoue|first2= J.|last3= Hasegawa|first3= M.|last4= Asher|first4= R.J.|last5= Donoghue|first5= P.C.J.|last6= Yang|first6= Z.|title= Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny|journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume= 279|issue= 1742|year= 2012|pages= 3491–3500|doi= 10.1098/rspb.2012.0683|pmid= 22628470|pmc= 3396900|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name="Upham2019">{{cite journal|last1= Upham|first1= N.S.|last2= Esselstyn|first2= J.A.|last3= Jetz|first3= W.|title= Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation|journal= PLOS Biology|volume= 17|issue= 12|year= 2019|pages= e3000494|doi= 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494|pmid= 31800571|pmc= 6892540|doi-access= free}}(see e.g. Fig S10)</ref> |
The main problem with circumscription of Tylopoda is that the extensive fossil record of camel-like mammals has not yet been thoroughly examined from a [[cladistic]] standpoint. Tylopoda is a highly distinctive lineage among the [[artiodactyl]]s, but its exact relationships are somewhat elusive because the six living species are all closely related and can be considered "[[living fossil]]s", the sole surviving lineage of a prehistorically wildly successful [[evolutionary radiation|radiation]]. More recent studies suggest that tylopods are not as closely related to [[ruminant]]s as traditionally believed, expressed in [[cladogram]] form as:<ref name = spauldingetal2009>Spaulding, M., O'Leary, M.A. & Gatesy, J. (2009): Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution. ''[[PLoS ONE]]'' no 4(9): e7062. {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0007062}} [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007062 article]</ref><ref name="Beck">{{cite journal|year=2006|title=A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals|journal=BMC Evol Biol|volume=6|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-93|pmc=1654192|pmid=17101039|last= Beck|first= N.R.|pages=93 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="O'Leary2013">{{cite journal|last1= O'Leary|first1= M.A.|last2= Bloch|first2= J.I.|last3= Flynn|first3= J.J.|last4= Gaudin|first4= T.J.|last5= Giallombardo|first5= A.|last6= Giannini|first6= N.P.|last7= Goldberg|first7= S.L.|last8= Kraatz|first8= B.P.|last9= Luo|first9= Z.-X.|last10= Meng|first10= J.|last11= Ni|first11= X.|last12= Novacek|first12= M.J.|last13= Perini|first13= F.A.|last14= Randall|first14= Z.S.|last15= Rougier|first15= G.W.|last16= Sargis|first16= E.J.|last17= Silcox|first17= M.T.|last18= Simmons|first18= N.B.|last19= Spaulding|first19= M.|last20= Velazco|first20= P.M.|last21= Weksler|first21= M.|last22= Wible|first22= J.R.|last23= Cirranello|first23= A.L.|title= The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals|journal= Science|volume= 339|issue= 6120|year= 2013|pages= 662–667|doi= 10.1126/science.1229237|pmid= 23393258|bibcode= 2013Sci...339..662O|s2cid= 206544776|hdl= 11336/7302|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref name="Song2012">{{cite journal|last1= Song|first1= S.|last2= Liu|first2= L.|last3= Edwards|first3= S.V.|last4= Wu|first4= S.|title= Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model|journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume= 109|issue= 37|year= 2012|pages= 14942–14947|doi= 10.1073/pnas.1211733109|pmid= 22930817|pmc= 3443116|bibcode= 2012PNAS..10914942S|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name="dos Reis2012">{{cite journal|last1=dos Reis|first1= M.|last2= Inoue|first2= J.|last3= Hasegawa|first3= M.|last4= Asher|first4= R.J.|last5= Donoghue|first5= P.C.J.|last6= Yang|first6= Z.|title= Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny|journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume= 279|issue= 1742|year= 2012|pages= 3491–3500|doi= 10.1098/rspb.2012.0683|pmid= 22628470|pmc= 3396900|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name="Upham2019">{{cite journal|last1= Upham|first1= N.S.|last2= Esselstyn|first2= J.A.|last3= Jetz|first3= W.|title= Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation|journal= PLOS Biology|volume= 17|issue= 12|year= 2019|pages= e3000494|doi= 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494|pmid= 31800571|pmc= 6892540|doi-access= free}}(see e.g. Fig S10)</ref> |
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{{Clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |
{{Clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |
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* Family †"[[Diacodexeidae]]" ([[paraphyletic]]) |
* Family †"[[Diacodexeidae]]" ([[paraphyletic]]) |
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* Family †[[Leptochoeridae]] |
* Family †[[Leptochoeridae]] |
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Some studies have considered [[Protoceratidae]] closely related to Tylopoda, but others have considered them more closely related to the [[ruminants]].<ref>{{Cite journal | |
Some studies have considered [[Protoceratidae]] closely related to Tylopoda, but others have considered them more closely related to the [[ruminants]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Robson |first1=Selina Viktor |last2=Seale |first2=Brendon |last3=Theodor |first3=Jessica M. |date=2021-07-29 |editor-last=Louys |editor-first=Julien |title=The petrosal and basicranial morphology of Protoceras celer |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=e0251832 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0251832 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8321106 |pmid=34324518 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1651832R |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Tylopoda| ]] |
[[Category:Tylopoda| ]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Artiodactyls]] |
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[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]] |
[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]] |
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Tylopoda
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Adromedary camel | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Artiodactyla |
Suborder: | Tylopoda Illiger, 1811 |
Families | |
Camelidae |
Tylopoda (meaning "calloused foot")[1] is a suborderofterrestrial herbivorous even-toed ungulates belonging to the order Artiodactyla. They are found in the wild in their native rangesofSouth America and Asia, while Australian feral camels are introduced. The group has a long fossil history in North America and Eurasia. Tylopoda appeared during the Eocene around 50 million years ago.
Tylopoda has only one extant family, Camelidae, which includes camels, llamas, guanacos, alpacas and vicuñas. This group was much more diverse in the past, containing a number of extinct families in addition to the ancestors of living camelids (see below).
Tylopods are not ruminants.[2]
Tylopoda was named by Illiger (1811) and considered monophyletic by Matthew (1908). It was treated as an unranked clade by Matthew (1908) and as a suborder by Carroll (1988), Ursing et al. (2000) and Whistler and Webb (2005). It was assigned to Ruminantia by Matthew (1908); to Artiodactyla by Flower (1883) and Carroll (1988); to Neoselenodontia by Whistler and Webb (2005); and to Cetartiodactyla by Ursing et al. (2000) and by Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008).[3][4][5]
The main problem with circumscription of Tylopoda is that the extensive fossil record of camel-like mammals has not yet been thoroughly examined from a cladistic standpoint. Tylopoda is a highly distinctive lineage among the artiodactyls, but its exact relationships are somewhat elusive because the six living species are all closely related and can be considered "living fossils", the sole surviving lineage of a prehistorically wildly successful radiation. More recent studies suggest that tylopods are not as closely related to ruminants as traditionally believed, expressed in cladogram form as:[6][7][8][9][10][11]
Artiodactyla |
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Tylopoda are extremely conservative in their lifestyle and (like ruminants) seem to have occupied the same ecological niche since their origin over 40 million years ago. Thus, it seems that the previous assumption of a close relationship between Tylopoda and ruminants is simply because all other close relatives (whales, pigs etc.) are so divergent in their adaptations as to have obscured most indications of relationship, or at least those visible to phenetic analyses. However, the rather basal position that Tylopoda appears to have among the even-toed ungulates and relatives means that the oldest members of this lineage are still morphologically very primitive and hard to distinguish from the ancestors of related lineages. The first major modern and comprehensive analysis of the problem (in 2009) supported this; while some taxa traditionally considered Tylopoda could be confirmed to belong to this suborder (and a few refuted), the delimitation of this group is still very much disputed despite (or because of) an extensive fossil record.[6]
The taxa currently assigned (with some reliability) to Tylopoda are:[6]
Basal and incertae sedis
Superfamily †Anoplotherioidea
Superfamily Cameloidea
Superfamily †Merycoidodontoidea (=Oreodontoidea)
Superfamily †Xiphodontoidea
Several additional prehistoric (cet)artiodactyl taxa are sometimes assigned to the Tylopoda, but other authors consider them incertae sedis or basal lineages among the (Cet)artiodactyla:
Some studies have considered Protoceratidae closely related to Tylopoda, but others have considered them more closely related to the ruminants.[12]
Tylopoda |
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