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{{Expand Spanish|topic=cult|Literatura de Venezuela|date=July 2013}} |
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'''Venezuelan literature''' has been influenced by the culture of several countries that have landed in [[Venezuela]]. Like many Latin American countries, the Spanish conquerors have had the most effect on both the culture and the literature. Unfortunately, the people native to this country had only an acute influence due to the dominating Spaniards, as well as political and cultural unity among the native population. |
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'''Venezuelan literature''' is the literature written by Venezuelans or in [[Venezuela]], ranging from [[Indigenous peoples in Venezuela|indigenous]] [[Pre-Columbian|pre-Hispanic]] myths to [[Oral literature|oral]] or written works in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or other languages. The origins of Venezuelan written literature are usually held to date back to the documents written by the first Spanish colonizers, its date of birth being sometimes set at August 31, 1498, when [[Christopher Columbus]] called the Venezuelan territory in his ''Diaries'' "Tierra de gracia" ("Land of Grace"). |
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== History == |
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==Contemporary Venezuelan literature== |
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Venezuelan poetry and fiction literature has been enhanced during the 20th Century by such people as |
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*[[Arturo Uslar Pietri]] |
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*Juan Liscano |
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*Ana Enriqueta Teran |
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*Jose Ramon Medina |
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*Juan Sanchez Pelaez |
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*Rafael Cadenas |
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*Francisco Perez Perdomo |
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*[[Miguel Otero Silva]] |
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*Ramon Palomares |
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*Eugenio Montejo |
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*Luis Alberto Crespo |
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*[[Hanni Ossott]] |
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*Enrique Hernandez D’Jesus |
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*Rafael Arraiz Lucca |
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*[[Romulo Gallegos]] |
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*[[Teresa de la Parra]] |
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*Antonia Palacios |
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*[[Guillermo Meneses]] |
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*Oswaldo Trejo |
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*[[Salvador Garmendia]] |
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*Adriano Gonzalez Leon |
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*Jose Balza |
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*Luis Brito Garcia |
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*Eduardo Liendo. |
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=== Colonial period === |
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Many of these literary works are in the Spanish language because if they were to be translated into English, the value of the words would not be as significant or would lose some of its meaning. |
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[[File:Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias.png|thumb|Juan de Castellanos, ''Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias'' (1589).]] |
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Literature written in Venezuelan territory began to develop at the time of the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Conquest of America]] with the [[Chronicles of the Indies]] and later with the first autograph texts by colonial authors. Literary activity was constant throughout the colonial period, but due to the late introduction of the [[printing press]] in the region, few works have survived to the present day. |
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Between 1563 and 1564, [[Pedro de la Cadena]] wrote his epic poem ''Los actos y hazañas valerosas del capitán Diego Hernández de Serpa'', which is the first written work of literature with a Venezuelan theme and possibly the earliest poem written in the Americas in a European language.<ref>{{cite book|access-date=2023-06-29|date=1980|language=es|publisher=Concejo Municipal del Distrito Federal|title=Orígenes de la poesía colonial venezolana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiRCAAAAYAAJ}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=2023-06-29|last1=Ojer|last2=Cadena|last3=Subero|date=1973|first1=Pablo|first2=Pedro de la|first3=Efraín|publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General, Departamento de Publicaciones|series=Cuadernos de prosa ; 10|title=El primer poema de tema venezolano|url=http://sibucv.ucv.ve/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=149100}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name=":02">{{cite journal|last=Lovera de Sola|date=July 1988|first=R. J.|number=283|periodical=Boletín de la Academia Nacional de la Historia|publisher=Academia Nacional de la Historia de Venezuela|title=Algunas consideraciones sobre la literatura colonial venezolana|volume=LXXI}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> De la Cadena and other Spanish authors who set the action of their poems on [[Cubagua Island|Cubagua island]], like [[Juan de Castellanos]] (author of the ''[[Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias]]'') or [[Jorge de Herrera]], were known at the time as the "poets of Cubagua". |
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Some chroniclers of the Indies who never set foot on Venezuela are nevertheless considered part of the history of its literature due to the fact that they recounted episodes of local history such as the founding and destruction of [[Nueva Cádiz]], the pearl trade of Cubagua and [[Margarita Island|Margarita]], or the process of colonisation. Among these were [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] (''[[A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies]]'', 1552), [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés|Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo]] (''Historia general y natural de las Indias'', 1535, and ''Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias'', 1526) [[Francisco López de Gómara]] (''[[Historia general de las Indias]]'', 1552), and [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] (''[[Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada]]'', 1539).<ref>{{cite journal|access-date=2023-06-30|last=República|date=1979-03-15|first=Boletin Cultural y Bibliográfico Banco de la|issn=2590-6275|language=es|number=3|pages=81–97|periodical=Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico|title=Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada|url=https://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/view/3679|volume=16}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Later chroniclers who did inhabit the territory include [[Pedro Simón]], who in 1626 published ''Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias Occidentales'', on the conquest of the present territories of Venezuela and [[Colombia]], and [[Jacinto de Carvajal]], whose ''Relación del descubrimiento del río Apure hasta su ingreso en el Orinoco'', or ''Jornadas náuticas'' (1648), records the first catalogue of indigenous peoples of Venezuela (a list of 105 nations, some of which remain unknown) as well as the first case of plagiarism committed in the region.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-06-29|first=Pureza Vega|language=es|last=Fernández|title=Palabras y cosas de un mundo recién descubierto: El festín de las enumeraciones (II)|url=https://astorgaredaccion.com//art/13457/palabrasy-cosas-de-un-mundo-recien-descubierto-el-festin-de-las-enumeraciones-ii|website=Astorga Redacción. Periódico digital de Astorga, Maragatería, Cepeda y Órbigo|date=6 November 2016 }}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |
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==Writers== |
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[[File:Miranda en la Carraca by Arturo Michelena.jpg|thumb|''Miranda in La Carraca'' (1896), by [[Arturo Michelena]], depicts Francisco de Miranda during his last days, in the prison of [[Cádiz]].]] |
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*[[Julio Garmendia]] (b.1898) |
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Venezuelan colonial culture developed considerably in the eighteenth century. The panegyric ''Lágrimas amorosas'', by [[Nicolás Herrera y Ascanio]], priest at the [[Caracas Cathedral]], was published in Mexico in 1707. In 1723, [[José de Oviedo y Baños]] completed his ''Historia de la conquista y población de la Provincia de Venezuela''.<ref name=":022">{{cite web|access-date=2023-06-29|language=es|title=Historia de la conquista y población de Venezuela|url=https://museodellibrovenezolano.libroria.com/?post_type=post&p=735}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> In 1732, the Venezuelan priest [[José Mijares de Solórzano]] had the three volumes of his ''Sermones magistrales'' published in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-06-30|title=Mijares de Solórzano, José Ignacio {{!}} Fundación Empresas Polar|url=https://bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org/dhv/entradas/m/mijares-de-solorzano-jose-ignacio/|website=bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Joseph Gumilla]] published ''[[El Orinoco ilustrado y defendido]]'' and ''Historia natural, civil y geográfica de las naciones situadas en las riveras del río Orinoco'', two important contributions to the historiography of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela, in 1745 and 1791 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-06-30|language=es|title=El Orinoco ilustrado y defendido. Historia natural, civil y geográfica de este gran río y de sus caudalosas vertientes|url=https://museodellibrovenezolano.libroria.com/?post_type=post&p=752}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite journal|access-date=2023-07-02|last=Gumilla|date=1791|first=José|language=es|title=Historia natural, civil y geográfica de las naciones situadas en las riveras del río Orinoco|url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-natural-civil-y-geografica-de-las-naciones-situadas-en-las-riveras-del-rio-orinoco--0/html/}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Of the works of the extremely prolific writer [[Juan Antonio Navarrete]] (1749-1814), [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] friar and supporter of independence, only three have survived: the ''Novena de Santa Efigenia'', the ''Cursus Philosophicus Iuxtamiram'', and the ''Arca de letras y Teatro universal''.<ref name=":14">{{cite book |first=Juan Antonio |title=Arca de letras y Teatro Universal |date=1993 |publisher=Academia Nacional de la Historia de Venezuela |editor=Blas Bruni Celli |volume=I |location=Caracas |chapter=Estudio preliminar |last=Navarrete}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The latter, probably written between 1783 and 1813-1814, is a monumental work with an extremely complex structure that compiles with great erudition and lexicographical skill much of the knowledge available at the time.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Juan Antonio |url=http://sisbiv.bnv.gob.ve/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=204661&query_desc=kw,wrdl:%20Juan%20Antonio%20Navarrete |title=Arca de Letras y Theatro Universal |first2=Blas |date=1783 |access-date=2023-06-30 |last1=Navarrete |last2=Bruni Celli}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The late eighteenth century also saw the publication of the best known Venezuelan prose works from the colonial period, the ''Diaries'' of [[Francisco de Miranda]] (1771-1792). Miranda also authored several texts recounting his participation in the [[French Revolution]], as well as his negotiations with the governments of [[England]], [[France]] and the [[United States|United States of America]] to seek support for the independence of Spanish America. Finally, it was in the late colonial period that the first known Venezuelan woman writer, the [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] nun [[Sor María Josefa de los Ángeles]] (1765-1818?) published her work. Most of her poetry, marked by an intense mystical sentiment inspired by Saint [[Teresa of Ávila]], was lost during the War of Independence.<ref name=":13">{{cite web|access-date=2023-06-28|date=2021-06-06|language=es|title=La primera creación poética venezolana salió de un claustro|url=https://es.aleteia.org/2021/06/06/la-primera-creacion-poetica-venezolana-salio-de-un-claustro/|website=Aleteia.org {{!}} Español - valores con alma para vivir feliz}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-06-28|date=2021-09-21|language=es|title=La primera escritora venezolana vivió en un claustro|url=https://haimaneltroudi.com/la-primera-escritora-venezolana-vivio-en-un-claustro/|website=Haiman El TroudI}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-06-28|title=Paz y Castillo, María Josefa de la {{!}} Fundación Empresas Polar|url=https://bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org/dhv/entradas/p/paz-y-castillo-maria-josefa-de-la/|website=bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> However, two of her texts, ''Anhelo'' ("Yearning") and ''Terremoto'' ("Earthquake"), have made it to the present day.<ref name=":04">{{cite book|last=Calcaño|date=1892|first=Julio|location=Caracas|publisher=Tipografía El Cojo|title=Parnaso venezolano; colección de poesías de autores venezolanos desde mediados del siglo XVIII hasta nuestros días precedida de una introducción acerca del origen y progreso de la poesía en Venezuela}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Páez Pumar|date=1979|first=Mauro|location=Caracas|publisher=Concejo Municipal del Distrito Federal|title=Orígenes de la poesía colonial venezolana}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |
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*[[Juan Liscano]] (b. 1915) |
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**Nombrar Contra el Tiempo-anthology of his first six books of poetry |
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=== 19th century === |
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**“Espiritualidad y Literatura” |
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The arrival of the printing press in [[Caracas]] in 1808, on the eve of [[Venezuelan independence|independence]], led to the emergence of several newspapers, most notably ''Correo de la Trinidad Española'', ''Gazeta de Caracas'' and ''Correo del Orinoco'', as well as of its first major authors, [[Andrés Bello]] and [[Rafael María Baralt]]. Works from this period address issues such as the [[Venezuelan War of Independence|War of Independence]] (e.g., [[Eduardo Blanco (writer)|Eduardo Blanco]]'s 1881 ''[[Venezuela Heroica]]'') and the political conflicts between conservatives and liberals. Novels, short stories, and plays were written in the mid-nineteenth century by authors such as [[Fermín Toro]], [[Julio Calcaño]], [[Eduardo Blanco (writer)|Eduardo Blanco]], [[Lina López de Aramburu (Zulima)|Zulima]], [[Juan Vicente Camacho]], and [[Tomás Michelena]], and the end of the century saw the local emergence of international literary movements such as ''[[modernismo]]'', ''[[Cosmopolitismo (literary movement)|cosmopolitismo]]'', and ''[[criollismo]]''. |
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**“Los Mitos de la Sexualidad”-about mankind’s fate in a world lacking religious values. |
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*[[Ana Enriqueta Terán]] (b. 1918) |
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=== 20th century === |
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*[[José Ramón Medina]] (b. 1921), the founder and director of Biblioteca Ayacucho. |
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In the 20th century, with the modernization and urbanization of Venezuela thanks to the economic boom provided by [[petroleum]], some of its finest writers were: [[Teresa de la Parra]], [[Rómulo Gallegos]], [[Arturo Uslar Pietri]], [[Salvador Garmendia]]. Gallegos' ''[[Doña Bárbara]]'' (1929) was described in 1974 as "possibly the most widely known Latin American novel".<ref name=Shaw>Shaw, Donald, "Gallegos' Revision of Doña Bárbara 1929-30, ''Hispanic Review'' 42(3), Summer 1974, p265</ref> The [[National Prize for Literature (Venezuela)|National Prize for Literature]], awarded annually, was established in 1948, with Uslar Pietri the only writer to win twice in the first five decades. |
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** Ser Verdadero-anthology |
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**“La Edad de la Esperanza” (1947) |
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[[Rafael Cadenas]] and [[Eugenio Montejo]] are among the best known poets of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. |
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**“Sobre la Tierra Yerma” (1971) |
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**“Certezas y Presagios” (1984) |
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=== 21st century === |
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**50 Años de Literatura Venezolana (1969)-history book that is brought up to date every ten years. |
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At the start of the 21st century, Venezuelan fiction boomed with major new works by [[Federico Vegas]], [[Francisco Suniaga]], [[Ana Teresa Torres]] and [[Slavko Župčić]]. According to critic and journalist [[Boris Muñoz]], Venezuelan fiction has "opened up to find a bigger audience, through noir novels, historical novels, without renouncing its own Venezuelan idiosyncrasies".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Valdes |first1=Marcela |date=11 April 2013 |title=Oil, Chavez And Telenovelas: The Rise Of The Venezuelan Novel |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/04/12/176793478/oil-chavez-and-telenovelas-the-rise-of-the-venezuelan-novel |access-date=8 September 2023 |website=NPR}}</ref> With the [[Venezuelan refugee crisis]] in the 2010s, migration has become a predominant topic in Venezuelan literature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Valladares-Ruiz |first=Patricia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781787443440 |title=Narrativas del descalabro |date=2018-09-21 |publisher=Boydell and Brewer Limited |doi=10.1017/9781787443440 |isbn=978-1-78744-344-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carreño |first=Víctor |date=2020 |title=Narrativa De La Emigración Venezolana En El Siglo XXI: Emergencia E Invisibilización |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rvs.2020.0006 |journal=Revista de Estudios Hispánicos |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=371–393 |doi=10.1353/rvs.2020.0006 |s2cid=226644917 |issn=2164-9308}}</ref> Many Venezuelan writers live and publish outside the country, notably in Spain, the United States and other parts of Latin America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez |first=Alirio Fernández |title=El mapa glocal de la literatura venezolana contemporánea |url=https://www.cinco8.com/perspectivas/el-mapa-glocal-de-la-literatura-venezolana-contemporanea/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Cinco8 |language=es}}</ref> |
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*[[Juan Sánchez Peláez]] (b. 1915) |
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**Poesía 1951-1981-book with all of his poems during this time frame |
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== See also == |
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*[[Rafael Cadenas]] (b. 1930) |
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* [[List of Venezuelan writers]] |
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**Cantos Iniciales (1946): his first book published at the age of sixteen. |
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* [[Latin American literature]] |
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**Panorama de la Literatura Venezolana Actual (1973) |
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* [[Culture of Venezuela]] |
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**Los Cuadernon del Destierro (1960) |
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* [[Rómulo Gallegos Prize]] |
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**“Faisas Maniobras” (1966) |
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**“Memorial” (1977) |
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**“Intemperie” (1977) |
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**“Amante” (1983) |
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**“Satori” |
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*[[Francisco Pérez Perdomo]] (b. 1930) |
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**Huespedes Nocturnos (1971) |
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**Ceremonias (1976) |
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**Circulos de Sombras (1980) |
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**Los Ritos Secretos (1988) |
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*[[Ramón Palomares]] (b. 1935) |
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**Poesía (1977) |
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*[[Eugenio Montejo]] (b. 1938) |
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**Algunas Palabras (1976) |
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**Terredad (1978) |
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**Trópico Absoluto (1982) |
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**Alfabeto del Mundo (1987) |
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**“Entre el Silencio y la Palabra” is about earth and nature |
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*[[Luís Alberto Crespo]] (b. 1941) |
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**“Constumbre de Sequía” (1977) |
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**“Resolana” (1980) |
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**“Entreabierto” (1984) |
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**“Señores de la Distancia” (1988) |
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**“Mediodía o Nunca” (1989) |
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*[[Hanni Ossott]] (b. 1946) |
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**“Espacios de Ausencia y de Luz” (1982) |
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**“El Reino donde la Noche se Abre” (1986) |
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**Cielo tu Arco Grande |
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*[[Enrique Hernández D'Jesus]] (b. 1947) |
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**Mi Sagrada Familia (1968) |
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*[[Rafael Arráiz Lucca]] (b. 1959), Fundarte Prize for Poetry in 1987. |
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**Terrenos (1985) |
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**Almaeon (1988) |
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*[[Rómulo Gallegos]] (1884-1969). Fictional stories of Venezuela history |
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**Doña Bárbara (1929) |
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**Cantaclaro (1943) |
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**Canaima (1935) |
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*[[Teresa de la Parra]] (died in 1936 due to tuberculosis) |
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**Ifigenia (1924) |
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**Memorias de Mama Blanca (1929) |
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*[[Antonia Palacios]] |
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**Ana Isabel, una Nina Decente (1949) |
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*[[Guillermo Meneses]] (1911-1978) |
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**“El Falso Cuaderno de Narciso Espejo” (1952) |
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**“Cinco Novelas” (1972) |
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**“Espejos y Disfraces” (1981) |
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*[[Oswaldo Trejo]] (b. 1924) |
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**“También los Hombres son Ciudades” (1962) |
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**“Textos de un Texto con Teresas” (1975) |
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**“Anden Lejano” (1968) |
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*[[Salvador Garmendia]] (b. 1928) |
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**“Los Pequeños Seres” (1959) |
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**“Los Habitantes” (1961) |
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**“Día de Ceniza” (1968) |
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**“La Mala Vida” (1968) |
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*[[Adriano González León]] (b. 1931) |
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**“Las Hogueras más Altas” (1957) |
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**“Asfalto Infierno” (1963) |
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**“Hombre que Daba Sed” (1967) |
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**“País Portátil” (1968) |
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*[[José Balza]] (b. 1939) |
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**“Marzo Anterior” (1965) |
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**Largo (1968) |
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**Setecientas Palmeras Plantadas en el Mismo Lugar (1974) |
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**D (1977) |
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**Un Rostro Absolutamente (1982) |
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**La Mujer de Espaldas (1968) |
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**Medianoche en video: 1/5 |
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*[[Luís Brito García]] (b. 1941) |
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**“Abrapalabra” |
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*[[Eduardo Liendo]] (b. 1941) |
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**“Los Platos del Diablo” (1985) |
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**“El Mago de la Cara de Vidrio” (1973) |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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*[http://www.embavenez-us.org/pag_culture_famous.php] (23 February 2006) |
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==External links== |
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*[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rrev20/54/2?nav=tocList País Portátil: Contemporary Venezuelan Literature and Arts] |
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{{Venezuela topics}} |
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{{South American topic|| literature}} |
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{{Latin America topic|Literature of|Latin American literature}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Venezuelan Literature}} |
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[[Category:Venezuelan literature| ]] |
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[[Category:Latin American literature by country]] |
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[[Category:South American literature]] |
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[[Category:Spanish-language literature]] |
![]() |
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (July 2013) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Literatura de Venezuela]]; see its history for attribution. {{Translated|es|Literatura de Venezuela}} to the talk page. |
Venezuelan literature is the literature written by Venezuelans or in Venezuela, ranging from indigenous pre-Hispanic myths to oral or written works in Spanish or other languages. The origins of Venezuelan written literature are usually held to date back to the documents written by the first Spanish colonizers, its date of birth being sometimes set at August 31, 1498, when Christopher Columbus called the Venezuelan territory in his Diaries "Tierra de gracia" ("Land of Grace").
Literature written in Venezuelan territory began to develop at the time of the Conquest of America with the Chronicles of the Indies and later with the first autograph texts by colonial authors. Literary activity was constant throughout the colonial period, but due to the late introduction of the printing press in the region, few works have survived to the present day. Between 1563 and 1564, Pedro de la Cadena wrote his epic poem Los actos y hazañas valerosas del capitán Diego Hernández de Serpa, which is the first written work of literature with a Venezuelan theme and possibly the earliest poem written in the Americas in a European language.[1][2][3] De la Cadena and other Spanish authors who set the action of their poems on Cubagua island, like Juan de Castellanos (author of the Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias) or Jorge de Herrera, were known at the time as the "poets of Cubagua".
Some chroniclers of the Indies who never set foot on Venezuela are nevertheless considered part of the history of its literature due to the fact that they recounted episodes of local history such as the founding and destruction of Nueva Cádiz, the pearl trade of Cubagua and Margarita, or the process of colonisation. Among these were Bartolomé de las Casas (A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1552), Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (Historia general y natural de las Indias, 1535, and Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias, 1526) Francisco López de Gómara (Historia general de las Indias, 1552), and Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada, 1539).[4] Later chroniclers who did inhabit the territory include Pedro Simón, who in 1626 published Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias Occidentales, on the conquest of the present territories of Venezuela and Colombia, and Jacinto de Carvajal, whose Relación del descubrimiento del río Apure hasta su ingreso en el Orinoco, or Jornadas náuticas (1648), records the first catalogue of indigenous peoples of Venezuela (a list of 105 nations, some of which remain unknown) as well as the first case of plagiarism committed in the region.[3][5]
Venezuelan colonial culture developed considerably in the eighteenth century. The panegyric Lágrimas amorosas, by Nicolás Herrera y Ascanio, priest at the Caracas Cathedral, was published in Mexico in 1707. In 1723, José de Oviedo y Baños completed his Historia de la conquista y población de la Provincia de Venezuela.[6] In 1732, the Venezuelan priest José Mijares de Solórzano had the three volumes of his Sermones magistrales published in Madrid.[7] Joseph Gumilla published El Orinoco ilustrado y defendido and Historia natural, civil y geográfica de las naciones situadas en las riveras del río Orinoco, two important contributions to the historiography of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela, in 1745 and 1791 respectively.[8][9] Of the works of the extremely prolific writer Juan Antonio Navarrete (1749-1814), Franciscan friar and supporter of independence, only three have survived: the Novena de Santa Efigenia, the Cursus Philosophicus Iuxtamiram, and the Arca de letras y Teatro universal.[10] The latter, probably written between 1783 and 1813-1814, is a monumental work with an extremely complex structure that compiles with great erudition and lexicographical skill much of the knowledge available at the time.[11] The late eighteenth century also saw the publication of the best known Venezuelan prose works from the colonial period, the DiariesofFrancisco de Miranda (1771-1792). Miranda also authored several texts recounting his participation in the French Revolution, as well as his negotiations with the governments of England, France and the United States of America to seek support for the independence of Spanish America. Finally, it was in the late colonial period that the first known Venezuelan woman writer, the Carmelite nun Sor María Josefa de los Ángeles (1765-1818?) published her work. Most of her poetry, marked by an intense mystical sentiment inspired by Saint Teresa of Ávila, was lost during the War of Independence.[12][13][14] However, two of her texts, Anhelo ("Yearning") and Terremoto ("Earthquake"), have made it to the present day.[15][16]
The arrival of the printing press in Caracas in 1808, on the eve of independence, led to the emergence of several newspapers, most notably Correo de la Trinidad Española, Gazeta de Caracas and Correo del Orinoco, as well as of its first major authors, Andrés Bello and Rafael María Baralt. Works from this period address issues such as the War of Independence (e.g., Eduardo Blanco's 1881 Venezuela Heroica) and the political conflicts between conservatives and liberals. Novels, short stories, and plays were written in the mid-nineteenth century by authors such as Fermín Toro, Julio Calcaño, Eduardo Blanco, Zulima, Juan Vicente Camacho, and Tomás Michelena, and the end of the century saw the local emergence of international literary movements such as modernismo, cosmopolitismo, and criollismo.
In the 20th century, with the modernization and urbanization of Venezuela thanks to the economic boom provided by petroleum, some of its finest writers were: Teresa de la Parra, Rómulo Gallegos, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Salvador Garmendia. Gallegos' Doña Bárbara (1929) was described in 1974 as "possibly the most widely known Latin American novel".[17] The National Prize for Literature, awarded annually, was established in 1948, with Uslar Pietri the only writer to win twice in the first five decades.
Rafael Cadenas and Eugenio Montejo are among the best known poets of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.
At the start of the 21st century, Venezuelan fiction boomed with major new works by Federico Vegas, Francisco Suniaga, Ana Teresa Torres and Slavko Župčić. According to critic and journalist Boris Muñoz, Venezuelan fiction has "opened up to find a bigger audience, through noir novels, historical novels, without renouncing its own Venezuelan idiosyncrasies".[18] With the Venezuelan refugee crisis in the 2010s, migration has become a predominant topic in Venezuelan literature.[19][20] Many Venezuelan writers live and publish outside the country, notably in Spain, the United States and other parts of Latin America.[21]
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