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{{Short description|Border between the lips and the rest of the face}}{{Infobox anatomy |
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{{Infobox anatomy |
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| Name = Vermilion border |
| Name = Vermilion border |
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| Latin = pars intermedia labiorum oris |
| Latin = pars intermedia labiorum oris |
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| Image = Erythema around the lips.png |
| Image = Erythema around the lips.png |
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| Caption = [[ |
| Caption = Human lips with the vermilion border outlined. A patch of [[erythema]] above the upper lip makes it more difficult to distinguish the vermilion border. |
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| Image2 = Commissurebeforeandafter.jpg |
| Image2 = Commissurebeforeandafter.jpg |
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| Caption2 = This left cheek incision extends from the left [[commissure]] towards the left [[ear]] and it breaches the vermilion border (click to see close-up). In order to maintain [[aesthetics]] as best possible, the first [[surgical suture|suture]] was placed at or near the vermilion border to ensure a [[wikt:contiguity|contiguous]] line upon healing. |
| Caption2 = This left cheek incision extends from the left [[commissure]] towards the left [[ear]] and it breaches the vermilion border (click to see close-up). In order to maintain [[aesthetics]] as best possible, the first [[surgical suture|suture]] was placed at or near the vermilion border to ensure a [[wikt:contiguity|contiguous]] line upon healing. |
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| Lymph = |
| Lymph = |
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The '''vermilion border''' (sometimes spelled '''vermillion border'''), also called margin or zone, is the normally sharp demarcation between the [[lip]] and the adjacent normal [[skin]] |
The '''vermilion border''' (sometimes spelled '''vermillion border'''), also called margin or zone, is the normally sharp demarcation between the [[lip]] and the adjacent normal [[skin]]. It represents the change in the [[epidermis]] from highly [[keratin]]ized external skin to less keratinized internal skin. It has no [[sebaceous gland]]s, [[sweat gland]]s, or [[facial hair]].<ref name=Woelf2007>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVGbPei7gZ4C&pg=PA81|title=Woelfel's Dental Anatomy: Its Relevance to Dentistry|last1=Scheid|first1=Rickne C.|last2=Woelfel|first2=Julian B.|date=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781768603|language=en|edition=7th|chapter=2. Oral examination: normal anatomy of the oral cavity|pages=81–82}}</ref><ref name=Andrews2018/> |
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It has a prominence on the face, creating a focus for [[cosmetics]] and is also a location for several skin diseases. Its functional properties, however, remain unknown.<ref>{{Cite journal| |
It has a prominence on the face, creating a focus for [[cosmetics]] (it is where [[lipstick]] is sometimes applied) and is also a location for several skin diseases. Its functional properties, however, remain unknown.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kobayashi |first1=H|last2=Tagami |first2=H|date=March 2004|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15030342/|title=Functional properties of the surface of the vermilion border of the lips are distinct from those of the facial skin.|pmid=15030342|journal=British Journal of Dermatology|volume=150|issue=3|pages=563–567|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05741.x|s2cid=42980307}}</ref> |
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==Structure== |
==Structure== |
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The lips are composed wholly of soft tissue. The skin of the face is thicker than the skin overlying the lips where blood vessels are closer to the surface. As a consequence, the margin of the lips shows a transition between the thicker and thinner skin, represented by the vermilion border. It therefore has the appearance of a sharp line between the coloured edge of the lip and adjoining skin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entandaudiologynews.com/features/ent-features/post/anatomy-of-the-ageing-lip|title=Anatomy of the ageing lip|website=ENT & Audiology News|language=en|access-date=2018-02-04}}</ref> |
The lips are composed wholly of soft tissue. The skin of the face is thicker than the skin overlying the lips where blood vessels are closer to the surface. As a consequence, the margin of the lips shows a transition between the thicker and thinner skin, represented by the vermilion border. It therefore has the appearance of a sharp line between the coloured edge of the lip and adjoining skin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entandaudiologynews.com/features/ent-features/post/anatomy-of-the-ageing-lip|title=Anatomy of the ageing lip|website=ENT & Audiology News|language=en|access-date=2018-02-04}}</ref> |
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It has been described as a pale, white rolled border and also as being a red line.<ref name= |
It has been described as a pale, white rolled border and also as being a red line.<ref name=Woelf2007/><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2017-03-09|title=Complex Lip Laceration: Overview, Indications, Contraindications|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/83256-overview}}</ref> |
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This fine line of pale skin accentuates the colour difference between the [[lip|vermilion]] and normal skin. Along the upper lip, two adjacent elevations of the vermilion border form the Cupid's bow.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Luthra|first=Amit|date=2015|title=Shaping Lips with Fillers|journal=Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery|volume=8|issue=3|pages=139–142|doi=10.4103/0974-2077.167269|pmc=4645142|pmid=26644736}}</ref> |
This fine line of pale skin accentuates the colour difference between the [[lip|vermilion]] and normal skin. Along the upper lip, two adjacent elevations of the vermilion border form the [[Cupid's bow]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Luthra|first=Amit|date=2015|title=Shaping Lips with Fillers|journal=Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery|volume=8|issue=3|pages=139–142|doi=10.4103/0974-2077.167269|pmc=4645142|pmid=26644736 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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===Microanatomy=== |
===Microanatomy=== |
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The vermilion border represents the change in the epidermis from highly [[keratin]]ized external skin to less keratinized internal skin. It has no [[sebaceous gland]]s, [[sweat gland]]s, or [[facial hair]].<ref name= |
The vermilion border represents the change in the epidermis from highly [[keratin]]ized external skin to less keratinized internal skin. It has no [[sebaceous gland]]s, [[sweat gland]]s, or [[facial hair]].<ref name=Andrews2018/><ref name=Woelf2007/> |
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There are two reasons that the border appears red in some people: |
There are two reasons that the border appears red in some people: |
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# The epithelium is thin and therefore the blood vessels are closer to the surface.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_ozrqnzzhFwC& |
# The epithelium is thin and therefore the blood vessels are closer to the surface.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ozrqnzzhFwC&q=vermilion+border+anatomy&pg=PA1055|title=Gray's Anatomy for Students E-Book|last1=Drake|first1=Richard|last2=Vogl|first2=A. Wayne|last3=Mitchell|first3=Adam W. M.|date=2009-04-04|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1437720556|pages=1055|language=en}}</ref> |
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# This epithelium contains [[eleidin]] which is transparent and the blood vessels are near the surface of the papillary layer, revealing the "red blood cell" color. At the angles of the mouth, there are sebaceous glands, without hair follicles, which are called [[Fordyce |
# This epithelium contains [[eleidin]] which is transparent and the blood vessels are near the surface of the papillary layer, revealing the "red blood cell" color. At the angles of the mouth, there are sebaceous glands, without hair follicles, which are called [[Fordyce spots]].<ref name=Andrews2018>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AM9FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170|title=Essentials of Oral Histology and Embryology: A Clinical Approach|last=Chiego|first=Daniel J.|date=2018|publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780323569323|chapter=14. Oral mucosa|page=170|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Np6cCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA793|title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|last1=James|first1=William D.|last2=Berger|first2=Timothy|last3=Elston|first3=Dirk|date=2015-04-12|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323319690|page=793|language=en}}</ref> |
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[[File:MouthCupidBow.jpg|thumb|A |
[[File:MouthCupidBow.jpg|thumb|A Cupid's bow on the upper lip.]] |
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==Clinical significance== |
==Clinical significance== |
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The ''vermilion border'' is important in [[dentistry]] and [[oral pathology]] as a marker to detect [[disease]], such as in [[actinic cheilitis]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=m2U9DwAAQBAJ& |
The ''vermilion border'' is important in [[dentistry]] and [[oral pathology]] as a marker to detect [[disease]], such as in [[actinic cheilitis]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2U9DwAAQBAJ&q=vermilion+border+anatomy+actinic+cheilitis&pg=PT1655|title=Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention|last1=Thun|first1=Michael|last2=Linet|first2=Martha S.|last3=Cerhan|first3=James R.|last4=Haiman|first4=Christopher A.|last5=Schottenfeld|first5=David|date=2017-11-07|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190238681|language=en}}</ref> |
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===Associated diseases=== |
===Associated diseases=== |
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* [[Perioral dermatitis]] is a rash typically around the mouth, that spares the vermilion border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dermatologytimes.modernmedicine.com/dermatology-times/news/clinical/clinical-pharmacology/perioral-dermatitis-its-not-every-rash-appears|title=Perioral dermatitis: It |
* [[Perioral dermatitis]] is a rash typically around the mouth, that spares the vermilion border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dermatologytimes.modernmedicine.com/dermatology-times/news/clinical/clinical-pharmacology/perioral-dermatitis-its-not-every-rash-appears|title=Perioral dermatitis: It's not every rash that appears around the mouth|last=M.D.|first=Ilya Petrou|date=2006-07-29|website=Dermatology Times|language=en|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> |
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* [[Cheilitis glandularis]] may present with a burning sensation over the vermilion border. This chronic progressive condition is associated with thinning of the skin of the lips and ulceration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078725-clinical|title=Cheilitis Glandularis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes|website=emedicine.medscape.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> |
* [[Cheilitis glandularis]] may present with a burning sensation over the vermilion border. This chronic progressive condition is associated with thinning of the skin of the lips and ulceration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1078725-clinical|title=Cheilitis Glandularis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes|website=emedicine.medscape.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> |
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* Infections may involve the vermilion border. [[Herpes Simplex Virus|Cold sores]] are one common infection.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Xo6rjxlC-60C& |
* Infections may involve the vermilion border. [[Herpes Simplex Virus|Cold sores]] are one common infection.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo6rjxlC-60C&q=diseases+of+vermilion+border&pg=PA549|title=Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease E-Book|last=Kradin|first=Richard L.|date=2010-02-02|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455705986|language=en}}</ref> [[Impetigo]] is another.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0ng2f1hxn4C&q=impetigo+vermilion+border&pg=PA149|title=Clinical Outline of Oral Pathology: Diagnosis and Treatment|last=Eversole|first=Lewis R.|date=2011|publisher=PMPH-USA|isbn=9781607950158|language=en}}</ref> |
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* [[Skin cancer]] can also occur at the vermilion border.<ref name=":6" /> |
* [[Skin cancer]] can also occur at the vermilion border.<ref name=":6" /> |
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* [[Fetal alcohol syndrome]] causes facial abnormalities which include a thin vermilion border with a smooth philtrum.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chudley AE, Conry J, Cook JL, Loock C, Rosales T, LeBlanc N | title = Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis | journal = CMAJ | volume = 172 | issue = 5 Suppl | pages = S1–S21 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15738468 | pmc = 557121 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.1040302 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> |
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===Cosmetic appearance=== |
===Cosmetic appearance=== |
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| ⚫ | * Sunlight exposure can blur the junction between the vermilion border and the skin. Applying [[lip balm]] and [[sunscreen]] moisturizes protects it from sunlight.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/femalebodyowners00prev|url-access=registration|quote=lip liner vermilion.|title=The Female Body: An Owner's Manual : a Head-to-toe Guide to Good Health and Body Care-- at Any Age|last1=Saucer|first1=Caroline|last2=Torg|first2=Elisabeth|date=1996|publisher=Rodale Press|isbn=9780875964003|language=en}}</ref> |
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* Lips that have good volume can be highlighted by defining them and injecting a [[Injectable filler|dermal filler]] into the white vermilion border.<ref name=":5" /> |
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| ⚫ |
* Sunlight exposure can blur the junction between the vermilion border and the skin. Applying [[lip balm]] and [[sunscreen]] moisturizes protects it from sunlight.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/femalebodyowners00prev|url-access=registration|quote=lip liner vermilion.|title=The Female Body: An Owner's Manual : a Head-to-toe Guide to Good Health and Body Care-- at Any Age| |
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===Surgery=== |
===Surgery=== |
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A '''vermilionectomy''' (sometimes spelled '''vermillionectomy''') is the surgical removal of the vermilion border. It is sometimes performed to treat [[carcinoma]] of the lip.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gR0xDwAAQBAJ& |
A '''vermilionectomy''' (sometimes spelled '''vermillionectomy''') is the surgical removal of the vermilion border. It is sometimes performed to treat [[carcinoma]] of the lip.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gR0xDwAAQBAJ&q=A+vermilionectomy+2017&pg=PA309|title=Plastic Surgery E-Book: Volume 3: Craniofacial, Head and Neck Surgery and Pediatric Plastic Surgery|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Eduardo D.|last2=Losee|first2=Joseph E.|last3=Neligan|first3=Peter C.|date=2017-08-10|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323356992|pages=309|language=en}}</ref> |
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Close attention is given when repairing any injury to the vermilion border. Even 1 mm of vermilion misalignment could be noticeable.<ref name=":4" /> |
Close attention is given when repairing any injury to the vermilion border. Even 1 mm of vermilion misalignment could be noticeable.<ref name=":4" /> |
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* [[List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system]] |
* [[List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system]] |
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*[[White roll]] |
*[[White roll]] |
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*[[Cupid's bow]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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| Vermilion border | |
|---|---|
Human lips with the vermilion border outlined. A patch of erythema above the upper lip makes it more difficult to distinguish the vermilion border.
| |
This left cheek incision extends from the left commissure towards the left ear and it breaches the vermilion border (click to see close-up). In order to maintain aesthetics as best possible, the first suture was placed at or near the vermilion border to ensure a contiguous line upon healing.
| |
| Details | |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | pars intermedia labiorum oris |
| TH | H3.04.01.0.00010 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
The vermilion border (sometimes spelled vermillion border), also called margin or zone, is the normally sharp demarcation between the lip and the adjacent normal skin. It represents the change in the epidermis from highly keratinized external skin to less keratinized internal skin. It has no sebaceous glands, sweat glands, or facial hair.[1][2]
It has a prominence on the face, creating a focus for cosmetics (it is where lipstick is sometimes applied) and is also a location for several skin diseases. Its functional properties, however, remain unknown.[3]
The lips are composed wholly of soft tissue. The skin of the face is thicker than the skin overlying the lips where blood vessels are closer to the surface. As a consequence, the margin of the lips shows a transition between the thicker and thinner skin, represented by the vermilion border. It therefore has the appearance of a sharp line between the coloured edge of the lip and adjoining skin.[4]
It has been described as a pale, white rolled border and also as being a red line.[1][5]
This fine line of pale skin accentuates the colour difference between the vermilion and normal skin. Along the upper lip, two adjacent elevations of the vermilion border form the Cupid's bow.[6]
The vermilion border represents the change in the epidermis from highly keratinized external skin to less keratinized internal skin. It has no sebaceous glands, sweat glands, or facial hair.[2][1]
There are two reasons that the border appears red in some people:
The vermilion border is important in dentistry and oral pathology as a marker to detect disease, such as in actinic cheilitis.[9]
Avermilionectomy (sometimes spelled vermillionectomy) is the surgical removal of the vermilion border. It is sometimes performed to treat carcinoma of the lip.[16]
Close attention is given when repairing any injury to the vermilion border. Even 1 mm of vermilion misalignment could be noticeable.[5]
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
lip liner vermilion.
