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'''Vikram Samvat''' ([[ |
'''Vikram Samvat''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Vikrama Saṁvata''; abbreviated VS), also known as the '''Vikrami calendar''' is a [[Hindu calendar]] historically used in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and still used in several [[States and union territories of India|states]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Masatoshi Iguchi| title=Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFvsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 | year=2015| publisher=TPL |isbn=978-1-78462-885-7| page=135}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Edward Simpson| title=Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtI1ynX9x-UC&pg=PA113 |year=2007| publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-134-18484-2| pages=113–114}}</ref> It is a [[solar calendar]], using twelve to thirteen lunar months each solar [[sidereal year]]s. The year count of the Vikram Samvat calendar is usually 57 years ahead of the [[Gregorian calendar]], except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years. |
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The Vikram Samvat (called Bikram Sambat in Nepal) calendar should not be confused with the Nepal Sambat, a much more recent innovation. |
The Vikram Samvat (called Bikram Sambat in Nepal) calendar should not be confused with the [[Nepal Sambat]], a much more recent innovation. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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The Vikram Samvat has been used by [[Hindus]], [[Sikhs]],<ref name="nesbittbc">{{cite book | author=Eleanor Nesbitt| title=Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 | year=2016| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-874557-0| pages=122–123}}</ref> and [[Pashtuns]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jazab |first=Yousaf Khan |title=An Ethno-Linguistic Study of the Karlanri Varieties of Pashto |publisher=Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar |year= |isbn= |location= |pages=342–343}}</ref> One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on the [[Indian subcontinent]], it is based on twelve [[Lunar month#Synodic month|synodic]] lunar months and 365 [[Solar time|solar days]].<ref name=nesbittbc/><ref name="Fuller2004p109"/> The lunar year begins with the new moon of the month of [[Chaitra]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=djvXAAAAMAAJ&q=chaitra+sukhladi Davivajña, Rāma (1996) Muhurtacintāmaṇi. Sagar Publications]</ref> This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted (optional) holiday in India.<ref>[https://india.gov.in/calendar/calendar.php India.gov.in]</ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2019}} |
The Vikram Samvat has been used by [[Hindus]], [[Sikhs]],<ref name="nesbittbc">{{cite book | author=Eleanor Nesbitt| title=Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 | year=2016| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-874557-0| pages=122–123}}</ref> and [[Pashtuns]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jazab |first=Yousaf Khan |title=An Ethno-Linguistic Study of the Karlanri Varieties of Pashto |publisher=Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar |year= |isbn= |location= |pages=342–343}}</ref> One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on the [[Indian subcontinent]], it is based on twelve [[Lunar month#Synodic month|synodic]] lunar months and 365 [[Solar time|solar days]].<ref name=nesbittbc/><ref name="Fuller2004p109"/> The lunar year begins with the new moon of the month of [[Chaitra]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=djvXAAAAMAAJ&q=chaitra+sukhladi Davivajña, Rāma (1996) Muhurtacintāmaṇi. Sagar Publications]</ref> This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted (optional) holiday in India.<ref>[https://india.gov.in/calendar/calendar.php India.gov.in]</ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2019}} |
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The calendar remains in use by people in [[Nepal]] serving as its national calendar and is also symbolically used by Hindus of north, west and central India.<ref name="Salomon1998p182" |
The calendar remains in use by people in [[Nepal]] serving as its national calendar where the first month is Baisakh and the last month is Chaitra. It is also symbolically used by Hindus of north, west and central India.<ref name="Salomon1998p182"/> In south India and portions of east and west India (such as Assam, West Bengal and Gujarat), the [[Indian national calendar]] is widely used.<ref name="Salomon1998p181"/> |
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With the arrival of Islamic rule, the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri calendar]] became the official calendar of [[sultan]]ates and the [[Mughal Empire]]. During [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] of the Indian subcontinent, the [[Gregorian calendar]] was adopted and is commonly used in urban areas of India.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Tim Harper| author2=Sunil Amrith |author2-link=Sunil Amrith | title=Sites of Asian Interaction: Ideas, Networks and Mobility| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XbiLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |year=2014| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=978-1-316-09306-1| pages=56–57}}</ref> The predominantly-Muslim countries of [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] have used the Islamic calendar since 1947, but older texts included the Vikram Samvat and Gregorian calendars. In 2003, the India-based Sikh [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] controversially adopted the [[Nanakshahi calendar]].<ref name=nesbittbc/> Alongside [[Nepal Sambat]], Vikram Samvat is one of two official calendars used in Nepal.<ref>{{cite book | author=Bal Gopal Shrestha| title=The Sacred Town of Sankhu: The Anthropology of Newar Ritual, Religion and Society in Nepal| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EwsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 | year=2012| publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing| isbn=978-1-4438-3825-2| pages=13–14}}</ref> |
With the arrival of Islamic rule, the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri calendar]] became the official calendar of [[sultan]]ates and the [[Mughal Empire]]. During [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] of the Indian subcontinent, the [[Gregorian calendar]] was adopted and is commonly used in urban areas of India.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Tim Harper| author2=Sunil Amrith |author2-link=Sunil Amrith | title=Sites of Asian Interaction: Ideas, Networks and Mobility| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XbiLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |year=2014| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=978-1-316-09306-1| pages=56–57}}</ref> The predominantly-Muslim countries of [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] have used the Islamic calendar since 1947, but older texts included the Vikram Samvat and Gregorian calendars. In 2003, the India-based Sikh [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] controversially adopted the [[Nanakshahi calendar]].<ref name=nesbittbc/> Alongside [[Nepal Sambat]], Vikram Samvat is one of two official calendars used in Nepal.<ref>{{cite book | author=Bal Gopal Shrestha| title=The Sacred Town of Sankhu: The Anthropology of Newar Ritual, Religion and Society in Nepal| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EwsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 | year=2012| publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing| isbn=978-1-4438-3825-2| pages=13–14}}</ref> |
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The Vikram Samvat has two systems. It began in 56 BCE in the southern Hindu calendar system (''amaanta'') and 57–56 BCE in the northern system (''purnimaanta''). The Shukla Paksha, when most festivals occur, coincides in both systems.<ref name="Salomon1998p181">{{cite book | author=Richard Salomon| title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA181| year=1398| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]| isbn=978-0-19-535666-3| pages=181–183}}</ref><ref name="AA_1989">{{cite book | author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA174 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 |pages=174–175 }}</ref> The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solar [[Gregorian calendar]]; the year {{#time:Y|+57 years}} BS begins mid-April {{CURRENTYEAR}} CE, and ends mid-April {{NEXTYEAR}} CE. |
The Vikram Samvat has two systems. It began in 56 BCE in the southern Hindu calendar system (''amaanta'') and 57–56 BCE in the northern system (''purnimaanta''). The Shukla Paksha, when most festivals occur, coincides in both systems.<ref name="Salomon1998p181">{{cite book | author=Richard Salomon| title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA181| year=1398| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]| isbn=978-0-19-535666-3| pages=181–183}}</ref><ref name="AA_1989">{{cite book | author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA174 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 |pages=174–175 }}</ref> The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solar [[Gregorian calendar]]; the year {{#time:Y|+57 years}} BS begins mid-April {{CURRENTYEAR}} CE, and ends mid-April {{NEXTYEAR}} CE. |
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The [[Rana dynasty]] of Nepal made the Bikram Sambat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which began as 1958 '''BS'''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crump|first=William D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ&q=BIKRAM+SAMBAT&pg=PA38|title=Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide|date=2014-04-25|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9545-0|language=en}}</ref> The new year in Nepal begins with the first day of the month of [[Baisakh]], which usually falls around 13–15 April in the Gregorian calendar and ends with the last day of the month [[Chitra (nakshatra)|Chaitra]]. The first day of the new year is a [[Public holidays in Nepal|public holiday]] in Nepal. [[Bisket Jatra]], an annual carnival in [[Bhaktapur]], is also celebrated on Baishakh 1. In 2007, [[Nepal Sambat]] was also recognised as a national calendar alongside Bikram Sambat. |
The [[Rana dynasty]] of Nepal made the Bikram Sambat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which began as 1958 '''BS'''.<ref name="Crump">{{Cite book|last=Crump|first=William D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDTfCwAAQBAJ&q=BIKRAM+SAMBAT&pg=PA38|title=Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide|date=2014-04-25|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9545-0|language=en}}</ref> The new year in Nepal begins with the first day of the month of [[Baisakh]], which usually falls around 13–15 April in the Gregorian calendar and ends with the last day of the month [[Chitra (nakshatra)|Chaitra]]. The first day of the new year is a [[Public holidays in Nepal|public holiday]] in Nepal. [[Bisket Jatra]], an annual carnival in [[Bhaktapur]], is also celebrated on Baishakh 1. In 2007, [[Nepal Sambat]] was also recognised as a national calendar alongside Bikram Sambat. |
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In India, the reformulated [[Indian national calendar|Saka calendar]] is officially used (except for computing dates of the traditional festivals). In the Hindi version of the preamble of the [[constitution of India]], the date of its adoption (26 November 1949) is presented in Vikram Samvat as Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006. A call has been made for the Vikram Samvat to replace the Saka calendar as India's official calendar.<ref name=tfpj12>{{cite news | title=Vikram Samvat should be declared national calendar| url=http://freepressjournal.in/vikram-samvat-should-be-declared-national-calendar/| access-date=28 March 2012| newspaper=[[The Free Press Journal]]| date=15 February 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426123959/http://freepressjournal.in/vikram-samvat-should-be-declared-national-calendar/| archive-date=26 April 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
In India, the reformulated [[Indian national calendar|Saka calendar]] is officially used (except for computing dates of the traditional festivals). In the Hindi version of the preamble of the [[constitution of India]], the date of its adoption (26 November 1949) is presented in Vikram Samvat as Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006. A call has been made for the Vikram Samvat to replace the Saka calendar as India's official calendar.<ref name=tfpj12>{{cite news | title=Vikram Samvat should be declared national calendar| url=http://freepressjournal.in/vikram-samvat-should-be-declared-national-calendar/| access-date=28 March 2012| newspaper=[[The Free Press Journal]]| date=15 February 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426123959/http://freepressjournal.in/vikram-samvat-should-be-declared-national-calendar/| archive-date=26 April 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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===New Year=== |
===New Year=== |
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*'''[[Navaratri#Chaitra Navaratri|Chaitra Navaratri]]''': the second most celebrated, named after ''vasanta'' which means spring. It is observed the lunar month of [[Chaitra]] (post-winter, March–April). In many regions the festival falls after spring harvest, and in others during harvest. It also marks the first day of the Hindu calendar, hence also known as the '''Hindu Lunar New Year''' according to Vikram Samvat calendar.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Hindustan Times]] | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/chaitra-navratri-2020-significance-history-behind-the-nine-day-festival-and-how-will-it-be-different-this-year/story-QhzJsRqlahKGlp9gAbWe8M.html|title=Chaitra Navratri 2020: Significance, history behind the nine-day festival and how will it be different this year |date=2020-03-30 |access-date=2021-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India TV News|date=2015-03-21|title=Difference between Vasanta and Sharad Navaratri - India TV|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/news/navaratri-vasanta-sharad-difference-4812.html|access-date=2020-10-11|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> |
*'''[[Navaratri#Chaitra Navaratri|Chaitra Navaratri]]''': the second most celebrated, named after ''vasanta'' which means spring. It is observedin the lunar month of [[Chaitra]] (post-winter, March–April). In many regions the festival falls after spring harvest, and in others during harvest. It also marks the first day of the Hindu calendar, hence also known as the '''Hindu Lunar New Year''' according to Vikram Samvat calendar.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Hindustan Times]] | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/chaitra-navratri-2020-significance-history-behind-the-nine-day-festival-and-how-will-it-be-different-this-year/story-QhzJsRqlahKGlp9gAbWe8M.html|title=Chaitra Navratri 2020: Significance, history behind the nine-day festival and how will it be different this year |date=2020-03-30 |access-date=2021-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India TV News|date=2015-03-21|title=Difference between Vasanta and Sharad Navaratri - India TV|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/news/navaratri-vasanta-sharad-difference-4812.html|access-date=2020-10-11|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> |
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*'''[[Vaisakhi]]''': |
*'''[[Vaisakhi]]''': |
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**Vaisakhi marks the beginning of '''Hindu Solar New Year''' in [[Punjab]], Northern, Eastern, North-eastern and Central India according to the solar Vikram Samvat calendar.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rinehart|first1=Robin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&q=Vaisakhi+hindu&pg=PA139|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|last2=Rinehart|first2=Robert|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=Aidan A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBcbAAAAYAAJ&q=Baisakhi+hindu|title=Religious Holidays and Calendars: An Encyclopaedic Handbook|last2=Dresser|first2=Peter D.|last3=Ross|first3=Linda M.|date=1993|publisher=Omnigraphics, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-55888-348-2|language=en}}</ref> and marks the first day of the month of [[Vaisakha]], which is usually celebrated on 13 or 14 April every year and is a historical and religious festival in [[Hinduism]]. |
**Vaisakhi marks the beginning of '''Hindu Solar New Year''' in [[Punjab]], Northern, Eastern, North-eastern and Central India according to the solar Vikram Samvat calendar.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rinehart|first1=Robin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&q=Vaisakhi+hindu&pg=PA139|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|last2=Rinehart|first2=Robert|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=Aidan A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBcbAAAAYAAJ&q=Baisakhi+hindu|title=Religious Holidays and Calendars: An Encyclopaedic Handbook|last2=Dresser|first2=Peter D.|last3=Ross|first3=Linda M.|date=1993|publisher=Omnigraphics, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-55888-348-2|language=en}}</ref> and marks the first day of the month of [[Vaisakha]], which is usually celebrated on 13 or 14 April every year and is a historical and religious festival in [[Hinduism]]. |
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**'''[[Vaisakhi#Hindu Celebrations outside India| |
**'''[[Vaisakhi#Hindu Celebrations outside India|Baisakh (Nepal)]]''': The first day of Baisakh is celebrated as Nepalese New Year<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cg8iAQAAMAAJ&q=Nepalese+New+Year+baisakhi&pg=PA13|title=International Commerce|date=1970|publisher=Bureau of International Commerce.|language=en}}</ref> because it is the day which marks Hindu Solar New Year<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fodor's|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ME4aHbiyX4C&q=Hindu+solar+New+Year+baisakhi|title=India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, 1984|last2=Staff|first2=Fodor's Travel Publications, Inc|date=12 December 1983|publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications|isbn=978-0-679-01013-5|language=en}}</ref> as per the solar Nepali Bikram Sambat. |
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*Varsha Pratipada or ''Bestu Varas:'' It is considered an auspicious day celebrated in the Indian state of Gujarat to mark the New Year according to the Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar. It falls on the first day of the bright fortnight of the month of Kartika. The day is significant as it symbolizes the beginning of the agricultural year, and farmers traditionally start their new accounting books on this day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=Gujarati New Year 2021: Significance and all you need to know about special occasion |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/gujarati-new-year-2021-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know-about-special-occasion-10112301.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> |
*Varsha Pratipada or ''Bestu Varas:'' It is considered an auspicious day celebrated in the Indian state of Gujarat to mark the New Year according to the Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar. It falls on the first day of the bright fortnight of the month of Kartika. The day is significant as it symbolizes the beginning of the agricultural year, and farmers traditionally start their new accounting books on this day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=Gujarati New Year 2021: Significance and all you need to know about special occasion |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/gujarati-new-year-2021-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know-about-special-occasion-10112301.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> |
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The classical Vikram Samvat is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calendar, except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years. The month that the new year starts varies by region or sub-culture. |
The classical Vikram Samvat is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calendar, except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years. The month that the new year starts varies by region or sub-culture. |
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Upto 12 April 2024, it will be 2080 BS in the BS calendar. The names of months in the Vikram Samvat in Sanskrit and Nepali,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nilsson|first=Usha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvUvAFCQWPoC&q=Chait+Chaitra&pg=PA68|title=Mira Bai (Rajasthani Poetess)|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0411-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/IndianCalendricSystem-SK-Chatterjee|title=Indian Calendric System|last=Chatterjee|first=SK|publisher=Government of India.|year=1990|page=17|language=en}}</ref> with their roughly corresponding Gregorian months, respectively are: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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! Vikram Samvat months || Gregorian months |
! Vikram Samvat months || Gregorian months |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
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| ''[[Vaisakha|Vaiśākha]]'' or Baisakh || April–May |
| ''[[Vaisakha|Vaiśākha]]'' or Baisakh || April–May |
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| ''[[Shraavana|Shrāvaṇa]]'' or Sawan or Shrawan || July–August |
| ''[[Shraavana|Shrāvaṇa]]'' or Sawan or Shrawan || July–August |
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|- |
|- |
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| ''[[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhādrapada]]'' or Bhādra or |
| ''[[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhādrapada]]'' or Bhādra or Bhado |
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|August–September |
|August–September |
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|- |
|- |
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| ''[[Ashvin]]'' or Asoj || September–October |
| ''[[Ashvin]]'' or Asoj or Ashwin or kwar || September–October |
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|- |
|- |
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| ''[[Kartik (month)|Kārtika]]'' or Kattik or Kartik || October–November |
| ''[[Kartik (month)|Kārtika]]'' or Kattik or Kartik || October–November |
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| ''[[Phalguna|Phālguna]]'' or Falgun || February–March |
| ''[[Phalguna|Phālguna]]'' or Falgun || February–March |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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{{EB1911 |
{{EB1911 poster|Vikramaditya}} |
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* Harry Falk and Chris Bennett (2009). "Macedonian Intercalary Months and the Era of Azes." ''Acta Orientalia'' 70, pp. 197–215. |
* Harry Falk and Chris Bennett (2009). "Macedonian Intercalary Months and the Era of Azes." ''Acta Orientalia'' 70, pp. 197–215. |
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* "The Dynastic Art of the Kushan", John Rosenfield. |
* "The Dynastic Art of the Kushan", John Rosenfield. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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⚫ | * [http://www.cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp/~yanom/pancanga/ Kyoto University Gregorian – Saka – Vikrami Calendar Converter Tool, version 3.14], Prof. Michio Yano and M. Fushimi. For Kartikadi Vikram used in North India to AD, select Try,Vikram Purnimanta. |
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* [https://nepalicalendar.rat32.com Nepali Calendar] |
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⚫ |
* [http://www.cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp/~yanom/pancanga/ Kyoto University Gregorian – Saka – Vikrami Calendar Converter Tool], |
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{{Hindu calendar}} |
{{Hindu calendar}} |
Vikram Samvat (ISO: Vikrama Saṁvata; abbreviated VS), also known as the Vikrami calendar is a Hindu calendar historically used in the Indian subcontinent and still used in several states.[1][2] It is a solar calendar, using twelve to thirteen lunar months each solar sidereal years. The year count of the Vikram Samvat calendar is usually 57 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar, except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years.
The Vikram Samvat (called Bikram Sambat in Nepal) calendar should not be confused with the Nepal Sambat, a much more recent innovation.
A number of ancient and medieval inscriptions used the Vikram Samvat. Although it was reportedly named after the legendary king Vikramaditya, the term "Vikrama Samvat" does not appear in the historical record before the 9th century; the same calendar system is found with other names, such as Krita and Malava.[3] In colonial scholarship, the era was believed to be based on the commemoration of King Vikramaditya expelling the Sakas from Ujjain. However, later epigraphical evidence and scholarship suggest that this theory has no historical basis. During the 9th century, epigraphical artwork began using Vikram Samvat (suggesting that the Hindu calendar era in use became popular as Vikram Samvat); Buddhist and Jain epigraphy continued to use an era based on the Buddha or the Mahavira.[4]
According to popular tradition, King VikramadityaofUjjain established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the Śakas.
Kalakacharya Kathanaka (An account of the monk Kalakacharya), by the Jain sage Mahesarasuri, gives the following account: Gandharvasena, the then-powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati, who was the sister of the monk. The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi in Sistan. Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself was forgiven. The defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from Pratishthana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away from the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the "Vikrama era". The Ujjain calendar started around 58–56 BCE, and the subsequent Shaka-era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana.[full citation needed]
The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE; earlier sources call the era『Kṛṭa』(343 and 371 CE), "Kritaa" (404), "the era of the Malava tribe" (424), or simply "Samvat".[5][6] The earliest known inscription which calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842. This inscription, from the Chauhana ruler Chandamahasena, was found at Dholpur and is dated "Vikrama Samvat 898, Vaishakha Shukla 2, Chanda" (20 April 842). The earliest known inscription which associates the era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971, and the earliest literary work connecting the era to Vikramaditya is Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha (993-994) by the Jain author Amitagati.[6]
A number of authors believe that the Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya, who might be a legendary king or a title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself. V. A. Smith and D. R. Bhandarkar believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title of Vikramaditya, and changed the era's name to "Vikrama Samvat". According to Rudolf Hoernlé, the king responsible for this change was Yashodharman. Hoernlé believed that he conquered Kashmir and is the "Harsha Vikramaditya" mentioned in Kalhana's Rajatarangini.[6]
Some earlier scholars believed that the Vikram Samvat corresponded to the Azes era of the Indo-Scythian (Śaka) king King Azes. This was disputed by Robert Bracey after the discovery of an inscription of Vijayamitra, which is dated in two eras.[7] The theory was discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of the Azes era in 47–46 BCE.[8]
The Vikram Samvat has been used by Hindus, Sikhs,[9] and Pashtuns.[10] One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on the Indian subcontinent, it is based on twelve synodic lunar months and 365 solar days.[9][11] The lunar year begins with the new moon of the month of Chaitra.[12] This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted (optional) holiday in India.[13][failed verification]
The calendar remains in use by people in Nepal serving as its national calendar where the first month is Baisakh and the last month is Chaitra. It is also symbolically used by Hindus of north, west and central India.[3] In south India and portions of east and west India (such as Assam, West Bengal and Gujarat), the Indian national calendar is widely used.[14]
With the arrival of Islamic rule, the Hijri calendar became the official calendar of sultanates and the Mughal Empire. During British colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent, the Gregorian calendar was adopted and is commonly used in urban areas of India.[15] The predominantly-Muslim countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh have used the Islamic calendar since 1947, but older texts included the Vikram Samvat and Gregorian calendars. In 2003, the India-based Sikh Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee controversially adopted the Nanakshahi calendar.[9] Alongside Nepal Sambat, Vikram Samvat is one of two official calendars used in Nepal.[16]
Like the Hebrew and Chinese calendars, the Vikram Samvat is lunisolar.[9] In common years, the year is 354 days long,[17] while a leap month (adhik maas) is added in accordance to the Metonic cycle roughly once every three years (or 7 times in a 19-year cycle) to ensure that festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season.[9][11] Early Buddhist communities in India adopted the ancient Hindu calendar, followed by the Vikram Samvat and local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals are still scheduled according to a lunar system.[18]
The Vikram Samvat has two systems. It began in 56 BCE in the southern Hindu calendar system (amaanta) and 57–56 BCE in the northern system (purnimaanta). The Shukla Paksha, when most festivals occur, coincides in both systems.[14][5] The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solar Gregorian calendar; the year 2081 BS begins mid-April 2024 CE, and ends mid-April 2025 CE.
The Rana dynasty of Nepal made the Bikram Sambat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which began as 1958 BS.[19] The new year in Nepal begins with the first day of the month of Baisakh, which usually falls around 13–15 April in the Gregorian calendar and ends with the last day of the month Chaitra. The first day of the new year is a public holiday in Nepal. Bisket Jatra, an annual carnival in Bhaktapur, is also celebrated on Baishakh 1. In 2007, Nepal Sambat was also recognised as a national calendar alongside Bikram Sambat.
In India, the reformulated Saka calendar is officially used (except for computing dates of the traditional festivals). In the Hindi version of the preamble of the constitution of India, the date of its adoption (26 November 1949) is presented in Vikram Samvat as Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006. A call has been made for the Vikram Samvat to replace the Saka calendar as India's official calendar.[20]
The Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year, correctional months (adhika māsa) are added or (occasionally) subtracted (kshaya masa). A lunar year consists of 12 months, and each month has two fortnights, with a variable duration ranging from 29 to 32 days. The lunar days are called tithis. Each month has 30 tithis, which vary in length from 20 to 27 hours. The waxing phase, beginning with the day after the new moon (amavasya), is called gauraorshukla paksha (the bright or auspicious fortnight). The waning phase is called krishnaorvadhya paksha (the dark fortnight, considered inauspicious).[28]
The classical Vikram Samvat is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calendar, except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years. The month that the new year starts varies by region or sub-culture.
Upto 12 April 2024, it will be 2080 BS in the BS calendar. The names of months in the Vikram Samvat in Sanskrit and Nepali,[30][31] with their roughly corresponding Gregorian months, respectively are:
Vikram Samvat months | Gregorian months |
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Vaiśākha or Baisakh | April–May |
Jyēṣṭha or Jestha or Jeth | May–June |
Āshādha or Asar or Asadh | June–July |
Shrāvaṇa or Sawan or Shrawan | July–August |
Bhādrapada or Bhādra or Bhado | August–September |
Ashvin or Asoj or Ashwin or kwar | September–October |
Kārtika or Kattik or Kartik | October–November |
Agrahāyaṇa or Mangsir/Mārgaśīrṣa or Aghan | November–December |
Pauṣa or Paush or Poush | December–January |
Māgha or Magh | January–February |
Phālguna or Falgun | February–March |
Chaitra or Chait or Chaitra | March–April |
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