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| caption = |
| caption = |
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| formula = Calcium metasilicate, CaSiO<sub>3</sub> |
| formula = Calcium metasilicate, CaSiO<sub>3</sub> |
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| IMAsymbol = Wo<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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| molweight = 116.159{{nbsp}}g/mol<!--2009Weight--> |
| molweight = 116.159{{nbsp}}g/mol<!--2009Weight--> |
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| strunz = 9.DG.05 |
| strunz = 9.DG.05 |
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| system = [[Triclinic]] <br/>[[Monoclinic]] [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polytype]] exists |
| system = [[Triclinic]] <br/>[[Monoclinic]] [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polytype]] exists |
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| class = Pinacoidal ({{overline|1}}) <br/><small>(same [[H-M symbol]])</small> |
| class = Pinacoidal ({{overline|1}}) <br/><small>(same [[H-M symbol]])</small> |
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| symmetry = ''P''{{overline|1}} ( |
| symmetry = ''P''{{overline|1}} (Triclinic)<br/> |
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''P''2<sub>1</sub>/''a'' (Monoclinic) |
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| unit cell = a = 7.925 [[Ångström|Å]], b = 7.32 Å, <br/>c = 7.065 Å; α = 90.055°, <br/>β = 95.217°, γ = 103.42°; Z = 6 |
| unit cell = a = 7.925 [[Ångström|Å]], b = 7.32 Å, <br/>c = 7.065 Å; α = 90.055°, <br/>β = 95.217°, γ = 103.42°; Z = 6 |
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| color = White, colorless or gray |
| color = White, colorless or gray |
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| luster = Vitreous or dull to pearly on cleavage surfaces |
| luster = Vitreous or dull to pearly on cleavage surfaces |
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| refractive = n<sub>α</sub> = 1.616–1.640 <br/>n<sub>β</sub> = 1.628–1.650 <br/>n<sub>γ</sub> = 1.631–1.653 |
| refractive = n<sub>α</sub> = 1.616–1.640 <br/>n<sub>β</sub> = 1.628–1.650 <br/>n<sub>γ</sub> = 1.631–1.653 |
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| opticalprop = Biaxial ( |
| opticalprop = Biaxial (−) |
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| birefringence = δ = 0.015 max |
| birefringence = δ = 0.015 max |
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| pleochroism = |
| pleochroism = |
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| 2V = |
| 2V = Measured: 36° to 60° |
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| streak = White |
| streak = White |
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| gravity = 2.86–3.09 |
| gravity = 2.86–3.09 |
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| other = Heat of |
| other = Heat of formation (@298): −89.61kJ<br> |
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Gibbs |
Gibbs free energy: 41.78kJ |
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| melt = 1540 °C |
| melt = 1540 °C |
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| fusibility = |
| fusibility = |
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| solubility = Soluble in HCl, insoluble in water |
| solubility = Soluble in HCl, insoluble in water |
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| diaphaneity = Transparent to translucent |
| diaphaneity = Transparent to translucent |
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| references = <ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-4323.html Wollastonite], Mindat</ref><ref>[http://webmineral.com/data/Wollastonite-1A.shtml Wollastonite], Webmineral</ref><ref>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/wollastonite.pdf Wollastonite], ''Handbook of Mineralogy''</ref><ref>[http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/am79/am79_134.pdf American Mineralogist, V. 79, pp. 134-144, 1994]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/mineral-resource-month-wollastonite/|title=Mineral Resource of the Month: Wollastonite|magazine=Earth Magazine|publisher=American Geosciences Institute| |
| references = <ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-4323.html Wollastonite], Mindat</ref><ref>[http://webmineral.com/data/Wollastonite-1A.shtml Wollastonite], Webmineral</ref><ref>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/wollastonite.pdf Wollastonite], ''Handbook of Mineralogy''</ref><ref>[http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/am79/am79_134.pdf American Mineralogist, V. 79, pp. 134-144, 1994]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/mineral-resource-month-wollastonite/|title=Mineral Resource of the Month: Wollastonite|magazine=Earth Magazine|publisher=American Geosciences Institute|last1=Virta|first1=Robert|last2=Van Gosen|first2=Brad|date=January 27, 2015}}</ref> |
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'''Wollastonite''' is a |
'''Wollastonite''' is a calcium [[Silicate minerals|inosilicate]] mineral ([[calcium|Ca]][[silicon|Si]][[oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) that may contain small amounts of [[iron]], [[magnesium]], and [[manganese]] substituting for calcium. It is usually white. It forms when impure [[limestone]] or [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] is subjected to high temperature and pressure, which sometimes occurs in the presence of silica-bearing fluids as in [[skarn]]s<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Whitley|first1=Sean|last2=Halama|first2=Ralf|last3=Gertisser|first3=Ralf|last4=Preece|first4=Katie|last5=Deegan|first5=Frances M.|last6=Troll|first6=Valentin R.|date=2020-10-18|title=Magmatic and Metasomatic Effects of Magma–Carbonate Interaction Recorded in Calc-silicate Xenoliths from Merapi Volcano (Indonesia)|url=https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article/61/4/egaa048/5822871|journal=Journal of Petrology|language=en|volume=61|issue=4|doi=10.1093/petrology/egaa048|issn=0022-3530|doi-access=free}}</ref> or in contact with [[metamorphic rocks]]. Associated [[mineral]]s include [[garnet]]s, [[vesuvianite]], [[diopside]], [[tremolite]], [[epidote]], [[plagioclase]] [[feldspar]], pyroxene and [[calcite]]. It is named after the English chemist and mineralogist [[William Hyde Wollaston]] (1766–1828). |
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⚫ | Despite its chemical similarity to the compositional spectrum of the pyroxene group of minerals—where magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) substitution for calcium ends with [[diopside]] and [[hedenbergite]] respectively—it is structurally very different, with a third {{Chem2|SiO4(4-)}} tetrahedron<ref>{{cite book|author1=William Alexander Deer |author2=Robert Andrew Howie|author3=J. Zussman|title=An introduction to the rock-forming minerals |year=1992 |publisher=Longman Scientific & Technical |isbn=978-0-470-21809-9|title-link=An introduction to the rock-forming minerals}}</ref> in the linked chain (as opposed to two in the pyroxenes). |
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Some of the properties that make wollastonite so useful are its high brightness and white coloration, low moisture and oil absorption, and low volatile content. Wollastonite is used primarily in ceramics, friction products (brakes and clutches), metalmaking, paint filler, and plastics. |
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Despite its chemical similarity to the compositional spectrum of the |
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==Production trends== |
==Production trends== |
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[[File:2005wollastonite.PNG|thumb|left|Wollastonite output in 2005]] |
[[File:2005wollastonite.PNG|thumb|left|Wollastonite output in 2005]] |
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Estimated world production of crude wollastonite ore was 1,200,000 [[tonne]]s in 2021. World reserves of wollastonite are estimated to exceed 100 million tonnes, though some existing deposits have not been surveyed. |
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Major producers of wollastonite include China, India, the United States, Mexico, and Finland.<ref name="usgs1">[https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-wollastonite.pdf Wollastonite], ''Mineral Commodity Summaries'' 2021</ref> |
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⚫ | In the United States, wollastonite is mined in [[Willsboro, New York]] (the first laboratory for local wollastonite research was in [[Essex, New York]] by Koert Burnham in the 1940s. The original laboratory building still exists as a residential & commercial building) and [[Gouverneur, New York]]. Deposits have also been mined commercially in North Western [[Mexico]].<ref name=usgs2>Robert L. Virta [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/wollastonite/myb1-2009-wolla.pdf Wollastonite], ''USGS 2009 Minerals Yearbook'' (October 2010)</ref> |
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In 2016, the major producers were China (425,000 tonnes), India (185,000 t), United States (Information withheld for commercial reasons but stated to be in third place), Mexico (67,000 t) and Finland (16,000).<ref name=usgs1/> |
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⚫ | The price of raw wollastonite in 2008 varied between US$80 and US$500 per tonne depending on the country and size and shape of the powder particles.<ref name=usgs2/> |
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⚫ | In the United States, wollastonite is mined in [[Willsboro, New York]] and [[Gouverneur, New York]]. Deposits have also been mined commercially in North Western [[Mexico]].<ref name=usgs2>Robert L. Virta [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/wollastonite/myb1-2009-wolla.pdf Wollastonite], ''USGS 2009 Minerals Yearbook'' (October 2010)</ref> |
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⚫ |
The price of raw wollastonite |
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==Uses== |
==Uses== |
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Wollastonite is among the fastest reacting silicates, but may have high costs associated with carbon storage.<ref>{{cite report |title=Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda |author=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/25259 |year=2019 |chapter=Chapter 6, Carbon mineralization of CO<sub>2</sub> |isbn=978-0-309-48452-7 |place=Washington, DC}}</ref> Addition of wollastonite to soil stimulates organic carbon mineralization.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0341816223001224 | doi=10.1016/j.catena.2023.107031 | title=Wollastonite addition stimulates soil organic carbon mineralization: Evidences from 12 land-use types in subtropical China | date=2023 | last1=Yan | first1=Yongxue | last2=Dong | first2=Xiaohan | last3=Li | first3=Renshan | last4=Zhang | first4=Yankuan | last5=Yan | first5=Shaokui | last6=Guan | first6=Xin | last7=Yang | first7=Qingpeng | last8=Chen | first8=Longchi | last9=Fang | first9=Yunting | last10=Zhang | first10=Weidong | last11=Wang | first11=Silong | journal=Catena | volume=225 | bibcode=2023Caten.22507031Y | s2cid=257202041 }}</ref> |
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Wollastonite has industrial importance |
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=== Ceramics === |
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⚫ | In ceramics, wollastonite decreases shrinkage and gas evolution during [[Pottery firing|firing]], increases [[Green body|green]] and fired strength, maintains brightness during firing, permits fast firing, and reduces crazing, cracking, and glaze defects. |
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⚫ | Wollastonite has industrial importance in ceramics manufacturing as an additive.<ref name=Deer>Deer, Howie and Zussman. ''Rock Forming Minerals; Single Chain Silicates'', Vol. 2A, Second Edition, London, The Geological Society, 1997.</ref> |
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⚫ | In ceramics, wollastonite decreases shrinkage and gas evolution during [[Pottery firing|firing]], increases [[Green body|green]] and fired strength, maintains brightness during firing, permits fast firing, and reduces crazing, cracking, and glaze defects.{{Cn|date=May 2022}} |
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Wollastonite is used in a cement announced in 2019 which "reduces the overall [[carbon footprint]] in [[precast concrete]] by 70%."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/lafargeholcim-selling-co2-sucking-cement-precast-reduces-emissions-70-percent.html |
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=== Construction === |
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⚫ | In metallurgical applications, wollastonite serves as a flux for welding, a source for calcium oxide, a slag conditioner, and to protect the surface of molten metal during the continuous casting of steel. |
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⚫ | Wollastonite can serve as a substitute for [[asbestos]] in floor tiles, friction products, [[Fireproofing|insulating board]] and panels, paint, [[plastic]]s, and roofing products. Similar to asbestos, wollastonite is resistant to chemical attack, stable at high temperatures, and improves flexural and tensile strength in composites.<ref name="usgs2" /> In some industries, wollastonite is used in different percentages of impurities, such as its use as a fabricator of mineral wool insulation, or as an ornamental building material.<ref name="Andrews">Andrews, R. W. (1970). ''Wollastonite''. London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office.</ref> |
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⚫ | Wollastonite is used in a cement announced in 2019 which "reduces the overall [[carbon footprint]] in [[precast concrete]] by 70%."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alter |first=Lloyd |date=August 15, 2019 |title=LafargeHolcim is selling CO<sub>2</sub>-sucking cement for precast, reduces emissions by 70 percent |url=https://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/lafargeholcim-selling-co2-sucking-cement-precast-reduces-emissions-70-percent.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=TreeHugger |language=en}}</ref> |
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Wollastonite has been studied for carbon mineralization for storage of [[carbon dioxide]] (CO<sub>2</sub>) according to the following reaction:<ref name="pmid30775646">{{cite journal |vauthors=Haque F, Santos RM, Dutta A, Thimmanagari M, Chiang YW |title=Co-Benefits of Wollastonite Weathering in Agriculture: CO2 Sequestration and Promoted Plant Growth |journal=ACS Omega |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1425–1433 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30775646 |pmc=6374988 |doi=10.1021/acsomega.8b02477}}</ref> |
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As an additive in paint, |
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: {{chem2|CaSiO3 + CO2 -> [[CaCO3]] + [[SiO2]]}} |
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=== Metallurgy === |
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⚫ | In plastics, wollastonite improves [[tensile strength|tensile]] and [[flexural strength]], reduces resin consumption, and improves thermal and dimensional stability at elevated temperatures. Surface treatments are used to improve the adhesion between the wollastonite and the polymers to which it is added. |
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⚫ | In metallurgical applications, wollastonite serves as a flux for welding, a source for calcium oxide, a slag conditioner, and to protect the surface of molten metal during the continuous casting of steel.{{Cn|date=May 2022}} |
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=== Paint === |
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⚫ | As an additive in paint, wollastonite improves the durability of the paint film, acts as a [[pH]] buffer, improves its resistance to weathering, reduces gloss, reduces pigment consumption, and acts as a flatting and suspending agent.{{Cn|date=May 2022}} |
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=== Plastic === |
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⚫ | Plastics and rubber applications were estimated to account for 25% to 35% of U.S. sales in 2009, followed by ceramics with 20% to 25%; paint, 10% to 15%; metallurgical applications, 10% to 15%; friction products, 10% to 15%; and miscellaneous, 10% to 15%. Ceramic applications probably account for 30% to 40% of wollastonite sales worldwide, followed by polymers (plastics and rubber) with 30% to 35% of sales, and paint with 10% to 15% of sales. The remaining sales were for construction, friction products, and metallurgical applications. |
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⚫ | In plastics, wollastonite improves [[tensile strength|tensile]] and [[flexural strength]], reduces resin consumption, and improves thermal and dimensional stability at elevated temperatures. Surface treatments are used to improve the adhesion between the wollastonite and the polymers to which it is added.{{Cn|date=May 2022}} |
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⚫ | Plastics and rubber applications were estimated to account for 25% to 35% of U.S. sales in 2009, followed by ceramics with 20% to 25%; paint, 10% to 15%; metallurgical applications, 10% to 15%; friction products, 10% to 15%; and miscellaneous, 10% to 15%. Ceramic applications probably account for 30% to 40% of wollastonite sales worldwide, followed by polymers (plastics and rubber) with 30% to 35% of sales, and paint with 10% to 15% of sales. The remaining sales were for construction, friction products, and metallurgical applications.{{Cn|date=May 2022}} |
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Wollastonite has been studied for carbon mineralization for storage of [[carbon dioxide]]. It is among the fastest reacting silicates, but may have high costs associated with carbon storage.<ref>{{cite report|author=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine|year=2019|title=Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda|chapter=Chapter 6, Carbon mineralization of CO2|place=Washington, DC|publisher=The National Academies Press|doi=10.17226/25259}}</ref> |
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==Substitutes== |
==Substitutes== |
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[[File:Wollastonite-91985.jpg|thumb|White acicular crystals of wollastonite (field of view 8 mm) from the Central Bohemia Region, Czech Republic]] |
[[File:Wollastonite-91985.jpg|thumb|White acicular crystals of wollastonite (field of view 8 mm) from the Central Bohemia Region, Czech Republic]] |
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The acicular nature of many wollastonite products allows it to compete with other acicular materials, such as ceramic fiber, glass fiber, steel fiber, and several organic fibers, such as [[aramid]], [[polyethylene]], [[polypropylene]], and [[polytetrafluoroethylene]] in products where improvements in dimensional stability, flexural modulus, and heat deflection are sought. |
The [[Acicular_(crystal_habit)|acicular]] nature of many wollastonite products allows it to compete with other acicular materials, such as ceramic fiber, glass fiber, steel fiber, and several organic fibers, such as [[aramid]], [[polyethylene]], [[polypropylene]], and [[polytetrafluoroethylene]] in products where improvements in dimensional stability, flexural modulus, and heat deflection are sought. |
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Wollastonite also competes with several nonfibrous minerals or rocks, such as [[kaolin]], [[mica]], and [[talc]], which are added to plastics to increase flexural strength, and such minerals as barite, calcium carbonate, gypsum, and talc, which impart dimensional stability to plastics. |
Wollastonite also competes with several nonfibrous minerals or rocks, such as [[kaolin]], [[mica]], and [[talc]], which are added to plastics to increase flexural strength, and such minerals as barite, calcium carbonate, gypsum, and talc, which impart dimensional stability to plastics. |
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==Geologic occurrence== |
==Geologic occurrence== |
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[[File:WEZUWIAN WOLLASTONIT ANDRADYT 2.jpg|thumb|left|Wollastonite skarn with diopside (green), andradite garnet (red) and vesuvianite (dark brown) from the Stanisław mine near Szklarska Poręba, Izerskie Mountains, Lower Silesia, Poland.]] |
[[File:WEZUWIAN WOLLASTONIT ANDRADYT 2.jpg|thumb|left|Wollastonite [[skarn]] with [[diopside]] (green), [[andradite]] [[garnet]] (red) and [[vesuvianite]] (dark brown) from the Stanisław mine near [[Szklarska Poręba]], Izerskie Mountains, [[Lower Silesia]], [[Poland]].]] |
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Wollastonite usually occurs as a common constituent of a thermally metamorphosed impure limestone, it also could occur when the silicon is due to metamorphism in contact altered calcareous sediments, or to contamination in the invading igneous rock. In most of these occurrences it is the result of the following reaction between calcite and silica with the loss of carbon dioxide:<ref name=Deer/> |
Wollastonite usually occurs as a common constituent of a thermally metamorphosed impure [[limestone]], it also could occur when the [[silicon]] is due to [[metamorphism]] in contact altered calcareous sediments, or to contamination in the invading [[igneous rock]]. In most of these occurrences it is the result of the following reaction between [[calcite]] and [[silica]] with the loss of [[carbon dioxide]]:<ref name=Deer/> |
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:CaCO<sub>3</sub> + SiO<sub>2</sub> → CaSiO<sub>3</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> |
:CaCO<sub>3</sub> + SiO<sub>2</sub> → CaSiO<sub>3</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> |
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[[File:Wollastonite-cell.png|thumb|Unit cell of triclinic wollastonite-1A]] |
[[File:Wollastonite-cell.png|thumb|Unit cell of triclinic wollastonite-1A]] |
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[[File:SiO3 chains Pyrox vs Wollast.png|thumb|Tetrahedra arrangement within the chains in pyroxenes compared to wollastonite]] |
[[File:SiO3 chains Pyrox vs Wollast.png|thumb|Tetrahedra arrangement within the chains in pyroxenes compared to wollastonite]] |
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Wollastonite crystallizes [[triclinic crystal system|triclinically]] in [[space group]] P{{overline|1}} with the [[lattice constant]]s ''a'' = 7.94 [[Ångström|Å]], ''b'' = 7.32 Å, c = 7.07 Å; ''α'' = 90,03°, ''β'' = 95,37°, ''γ'' = 103,43° and six [[formula unit]]s per [[unit cell]].<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=71064|title=The crystal structures of wollastonite and pectolite|doi=10.1073/pnas.47.12.1884|pmid=16578516|year=1961|last1=Buerger|first1=M. J.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=47|issue=12|pages=1884–1888|bibcode = 1961PNAS...47.1884B |pmc=223235|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wollastonite was once classed structurally among the pyroxene group, because both of these groups have a ratio of Si:O = 1:3. In 1931, Warren and Biscoe showed that the crystal structure of wollastonite differs from minerals of the pyroxene group, and they classified this mineral within a group known as the pyroxenoids.<ref name=Deer/> It has been shown that the pyroxenoid chains are more kinked than those of pyroxene group, and exhibit longer repeat distance. The structure of wollastonite contains infinite chains of [SiO<sub>4</sub>] tetrahedra sharing common vertices, running parallel to the ''b''-axis. The chain motif in wollastonite repeats after three tetrahedra, whereas in pyroxenes only two are needed. The repeat distance in the wollastonite chains is 7.32 |
Wollastonite crystallizes [[triclinic crystal system|triclinically]] in [[space group]] P{{overline|1}} with the [[lattice constant]]s ''a'' = 7.94 [[Ångström|Å]], ''b'' = 7.32 Å, c = 7.07 Å; ''α'' = 90,03°, ''β'' = 95,37°, ''γ'' = 103,43° and six [[formula unit]]s per [[unit cell]].<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=71064|title=The crystal structures of wollastonite and pectolite|doi=10.1073/pnas.47.12.1884|pmid=16578516|year=1961|last1=Buerger|first1=M. J.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=47|issue=12|pages=1884–1888|bibcode = 1961PNAS...47.1884B |pmc=223235|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wollastonite was once classed structurally among the pyroxene group, because both of these groups have a ratio of Si:O = 1:3. In 1931, Warren and Biscoe showed that the crystal structure of wollastonite differs from minerals of the pyroxene group, and they classified this mineral within a group known as the pyroxenoids.<ref name=Deer/> It has been shown that the pyroxenoid chains are more kinked than those of pyroxene group, and exhibit longer repeat distance. The structure of wollastonite contains infinite chains of [SiO<sub>4</sub>] tetrahedra sharing common vertices, running parallel to the ''b''-axis. The chain motif in wollastonite repeats after three tetrahedra, whereas in pyroxenes only two are needed. The repeat distance in the wollastonite chains is 7.32 Å and equals the length of the crystallographic ''b''-axis. |
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⚫ |
Molten CaSiO<sub>3</sub> |
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==Physical and optical properties== |
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⚫ | Molten CaSiO<sub>3</sub> maintains a tetrahedral SiO<sub>4</sub> local structure at temperatures up to 2000 °C.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Temperature-dependent structural heterogeneity in calcium silicate liquids|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.82.224202|year=2010|author=Benmore, C.J.|journal=Phys. Rev. B|volume=82|issue=22|pages=224202|bibcode = 2010PhRvB..82v4202B |s2cid=67808796 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc107770/|display-authors=etal|hdl=2160/8569|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The nearest neighbor Ca-O coordination decreases from 6.0(2) in the room temperature glass to 5.0(2) in the 1700 °C liquid, coincident with an increasing number of longer Ca-O neighbors.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Structure of molten CaSiO<sub>3</sub>: Neutron diffraction isotope substitution with aerodynamic levitation and molecular dynamics Study|doi=10.1021/jp3066019|pmid=23106223|year=2012|author=Skinner, L.B.|journal= J. Phys. Chem. B|volume=116|issue=45|pages=13439–13447|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Structural ordering in a calcium silicate glass|doi=10.1038/335525a0|year=1988|author=Eckersley, M.C.|journal=Nature|volume=355|issue=6190|pages=525–527|bibcode = 1988Natur.335..525E |s2cid=4360261|display-authors=etal}}</ref> |
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Wollastonite occurs as bladed crystal masses, single crystals can show an acicular particle shape and usually it exhibits a white color, but sometimes cream, grey or very pale green. |
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The streak of wollastonite is white, its [[Mohs hardness]] is 4.5–5 and specific gravity is 2.87–3.09. There are more than one cleavage planes for it, there is a perfect cleavage on {{mset|100}}, good cleavages on {{mset|001}}, and {{mset|{{overline|1}}02}}, and an imperfect cleavage on {{mset|101}}. It is common for wollastonite to have a twin axis [010], a composition plane (100), and rarely to have a twin axis [001]. The luster is usually vitreous to pearly. The melting point of wollastonite is about 1540 ˚C. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{commons category|Wollastonite}} |
{{commons category|Wollastonite}} |
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*[http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/WO/wollastonite.html Oxford University MSDS sheet] |
*[http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/WO/wollastonite.html Oxford University MSDS sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815213541/http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/WO/wollastonite.html |date=2007-08-15 }} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
Wollastonite | |
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General | |
Category | Inosilicate mineral |
Formula (repeating unit) | Calcium metasilicate, CaSiO3 |
IMA symbol | Wo[1] |
Strunz classification | 9.DG.05 |
Crystal system | Triclinic Monoclinic polytype exists |
Crystal class | Pinacoidal (1) (same H-M symbol) |
Space group | P1 (Triclinic) P21/a (Monoclinic) |
Unit cell | a = 7.925 Å, b = 7.32 Å, c = 7.065 Å; α = 90.055°, β = 95.217°, γ = 103.42°; Z = 6 |
Identification | |
Formula mass | 116.159 g/mol |
Color | White, colorless or gray |
Crystal habit | Rare as tabular crystals—commonly massive in lamellar, radiating, compact and fibrous aggregates. |
Twinning | Common |
Cleavage | Perfect in two directions at near 90° |
Fracture | Splintery to uneven |
Mohs scale hardness | 4.5 to 5.0 |
Luster | Vitreous or dull to pearly on cleavage surfaces |
Streak | White |
Diaphaneity | Transparent to translucent |
Specific gravity | 2.86–3.09 |
Optical properties | Biaxial (−) |
Refractive index | nα = 1.616–1.640 nβ = 1.628–1.650 nγ = 1.631–1.653 |
Birefringence | δ = 0.015 max |
2V angle | Measured: 36° to 60° |
Melting point | 1540 °C |
Solubility | Soluble in HCl, insoluble in water |
Other characteristics | Heat of formation (@298): −89.61kJ Gibbs free energy: 41.78kJ |
References | [2][3][4][5][6] |
Wollastonite is a calcium inosilicate mineral (CaSiO3) that may contain small amounts of iron, magnesium, and manganese substituting for calcium. It is usually white. It forms when impure limestoneordolomite is subjected to high temperature and pressure, which sometimes occurs in the presence of silica-bearing fluids as in skarns[7] or in contact with metamorphic rocks. Associated minerals include garnets, vesuvianite, diopside, tremolite, epidote, plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene and calcite. It is named after the English chemist and mineralogist William Hyde Wollaston (1766–1828).
Despite its chemical similarity to the compositional spectrum of the pyroxene group of minerals—where magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) substitution for calcium ends with diopside and hedenbergite respectively—it is structurally very different, with a third SiO4−4 tetrahedron[8] in the linked chain (as opposed to two in the pyroxenes).
Estimated world production of crude wollastonite ore was 1,200,000 tonnes in 2021. World reserves of wollastonite are estimated to exceed 100 million tonnes, though some existing deposits have not been surveyed.
Major producers of wollastonite include China, India, the United States, Mexico, and Finland.[9]
In the United States, wollastonite is mined in Willsboro, New York (the first laboratory for local wollastonite research was in Essex, New York by Koert Burnham in the 1940s. The original laboratory building still exists as a residential & commercial building) and Gouverneur, New York. Deposits have also been mined commercially in North Western Mexico.[10]
The price of raw wollastonite in 2008 varied between US$80 and US$500 per tonne depending on the country and size and shape of the powder particles.[10]
Wollastonite is among the fastest reacting silicates, but may have high costs associated with carbon storage.[11] Addition of wollastonite to soil stimulates organic carbon mineralization.[12]
Wollastonite has industrial importance in ceramics manufacturing as an additive.[13]
In ceramics, wollastonite decreases shrinkage and gas evolution during firing, increases green and fired strength, maintains brightness during firing, permits fast firing, and reduces crazing, cracking, and glaze defects.[citation needed]
Wollastonite can serve as a substitute for asbestos in floor tiles, friction products, insulating board and panels, paint, plastics, and roofing products. Similar to asbestos, wollastonite is resistant to chemical attack, stable at high temperatures, and improves flexural and tensile strength in composites.[10] In some industries, wollastonite is used in different percentages of impurities, such as its use as a fabricator of mineral wool insulation, or as an ornamental building material.[14] Wollastonite is used in a cement announced in 2019 which "reduces the overall carbon footprintinprecast concrete by 70%."[15]
Wollastonite has been studied for carbon mineralization for storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) according to the following reaction:[16]
In metallurgical applications, wollastonite serves as a flux for welding, a source for calcium oxide, a slag conditioner, and to protect the surface of molten metal during the continuous casting of steel.[citation needed]
As an additive in paint, wollastonite improves the durability of the paint film, acts as a pH buffer, improves its resistance to weathering, reduces gloss, reduces pigment consumption, and acts as a flatting and suspending agent.[citation needed]
In plastics, wollastonite improves tensile and flexural strength, reduces resin consumption, and improves thermal and dimensional stability at elevated temperatures. Surface treatments are used to improve the adhesion between the wollastonite and the polymers to which it is added.[citation needed]
Plastics and rubber applications were estimated to account for 25% to 35% of U.S. sales in 2009, followed by ceramics with 20% to 25%; paint, 10% to 15%; metallurgical applications, 10% to 15%; friction products, 10% to 15%; and miscellaneous, 10% to 15%. Ceramic applications probably account for 30% to 40% of wollastonite sales worldwide, followed by polymers (plastics and rubber) with 30% to 35% of sales, and paint with 10% to 15% of sales. The remaining sales were for construction, friction products, and metallurgical applications.[citation needed]
The acicular nature of many wollastonite products allows it to compete with other acicular materials, such as ceramic fiber, glass fiber, steel fiber, and several organic fibers, such as aramid, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polytetrafluoroethylene in products where improvements in dimensional stability, flexural modulus, and heat deflection are sought.
Wollastonite also competes with several nonfibrous minerals or rocks, such as kaolin, mica, and talc, which are added to plastics to increase flexural strength, and such minerals as barite, calcium carbonate, gypsum, and talc, which impart dimensional stability to plastics.
In ceramics, wollastonite competes with carbonates, feldspar, lime, and silica as a source of calcium and silicon. Its use in ceramics depends on the formulation of the ceramic body and the firing method.[9]
In a pure CaSiO3, each component forms nearly half of the mineral by weight: 48.3% of CaO and 51.7% of SiO2. In some cases, small amounts of iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn), and lesser amounts of magnesium (Mg) substitute for calcium (Ca) in the mineral formula (e.g., rhodonite).[14] Wollastonite can form a series of solid solutions in the system CaSiO3-FeSiO3, or hydrothermal synthesis of phases in the system MnSiO3-CaSiO3.[13]
Wollastonite usually occurs as a common constituent of a thermally metamorphosed impure limestone, it also could occur when the silicon is due to metamorphism in contact altered calcareous sediments, or to contamination in the invading igneous rock. In most of these occurrences it is the result of the following reaction between calcite and silica with the loss of carbon dioxide:[13]
Wollastonite may also be produced in a diffusion reaction in skarn, it develops when limestone within a sandstone is metamorphosed by a dike, which results in the formation of wollastonite in the sandstone as a result of outward migration of Ca.[13]
Wollastonite crystallizes triclinicallyinspace groupP1 with the lattice constants a = 7.94 Å, b = 7.32 Å, c = 7.07 Å; α = 90,03°, β = 95,37°, γ = 103,43° and six formula units per unit cell.[17] Wollastonite was once classed structurally among the pyroxene group, because both of these groups have a ratio of Si:O = 1:3. In 1931, Warren and Biscoe showed that the crystal structure of wollastonite differs from minerals of the pyroxene group, and they classified this mineral within a group known as the pyroxenoids.[13] It has been shown that the pyroxenoid chains are more kinked than those of pyroxene group, and exhibit longer repeat distance. The structure of wollastonite contains infinite chains of [SiO4] tetrahedra sharing common vertices, running parallel to the b-axis. The chain motif in wollastonite repeats after three tetrahedra, whereas in pyroxenes only two are needed. The repeat distance in the wollastonite chains is 7.32 Å and equals the length of the crystallographic b-axis.
Molten CaSiO3 maintains a tetrahedral SiO4 local structure at temperatures up to 2000 °C.[18] The nearest neighbor Ca-O coordination decreases from 6.0(2) in the room temperature glass to 5.0(2) in the 1700 °C liquid, coincident with an increasing number of longer Ca-O neighbors.[19][20]
This article incorporates public domain material from Wollastonite. United States Geological Survey.
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