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Maintenance tag: article needs citations throughout, and new sources could help to expand it as well. Feel free to remove the other maintenance tag in the section below if it's redundant with the higher one.
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{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}{{Short description|Islamic religious school or monastery}} |
{{More citations needed|date=October 2021}}{{Short description|Islamic religious school or monastery}} |
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A '''''zawiya''''' or '''''zaouia''''' ({{lang-ar|زاوية|lit=corner|translit=zāwiyah}}<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Petersen|first=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=9781134613663|location=|pages=318|chapter=zawiya}}</ref><ref name=":052">{{Cite book|last=Blair|first=Sheila|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last2=Katz|first2=J.|last3=Hamès|first3=C.|publisher=Brill|year=1960-2007|isbn=9789004161214|editor-last=Bearman|editor-first=P.|location=|pages=|chapter=Zāwiya|editor-last2=Bianquis|editor-first2=Th.|editor-last3=Bosworth|editor-first3=C.E.|editor-last4=van Donzel|editor-first4=E.|editor-last5=Heinrichs|editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref>; also spelled ''zawiyah'' or ''zawiyya'') is a building and institution associated with [[Sufism|Sufis]] in the [[Islam|Islamic]] world. It can serve a variety of functions such a place of worship, school, [[monastery]] and/or [[mausoleum]].<ref name=":052" /><ref name=":243">{{Cite book|last=Kane|first=Ousmane|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=9780195066135|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|location=|pages=|chapter=Zāwiyah}}</ref> In some regions the term is interchangeable with the term ''[[Khanqah]]'', which serves a similar purpose.<ref name=":242">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor-last=M. Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan|location=|pages=|chapter=Khanaqah|editor-last2=S. Blair|editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref> In the [[Maghreb]], the term is often used for a place where the founder of a Sufi order or a local saint or holy man (e.g. a [[Wali|''wali'']]) lived and was buried.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor-last=M. Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan|location=|pages=|chapter=|editor-last2=S. Blair|editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref> |
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A '''''zaouia''''' or '''''zawiya''''' ({{lang-ar|زاوية}} ''zāwiyah''; "assembly" "group" or "circle", also spelled ''zawiyah, zawiyya, zaouiya, zaouïa'' and ''zwaya'') is an [[Islam]]ic religious school or monastery. The term is [[Maghreb]]i and [[West Africa]]n, roughly corresponding to the Eastern term ''[[madrasa]]''. A ''zawiya'' often contains a pool, and sometimes a fountain.<ref>M. D. Goulder, Stanley E. Porter, Paul M. Joyce, David E. Orton, ''Crossing the Boundaries: Essays in Biblical Interpretation'', 1994, BRILL publisher, 381 pages |
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{{ISBN|90-04-10131-4}}</ref> |
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== Schools in the Maghreb == |
== Schools in the Maghreb == |
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[[File:A zaouia next to the city wall of Kairouan in Tunisia.jpg|thumb|A zaouia next to the city wall of [[Kairouan]] in [[Tunisia]] in the early 20th century]] |
[[File:A zaouia next to the city wall of Kairouan in Tunisia.jpg|thumb|A zaouia next to the city wall of [[Kairouan]] in [[Tunisia]] in the early 20th century]] |
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In precolonial times, these were the primary sources for education in the area, and taught basic [[literacy]] to a large proportion of children even in quite remote mountainous areas - leading to speculation that literacy rates in [[Algeria]] at the time of the French conquest in 1830 may have been higher than those of European France.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ruedy|first=John|title=Modern Algeria : the origins and development of a nation|year=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-21782-0|pages=103}}</ref> Their curriculum began with memorization of the [[Arabic alphabet]] and the later, shorter suras of the [[Qur'an]]; if a student was sufficiently interested or apt, it progressed to law ([[fiqh]]), theology, Arabic grammar (usually taught with [[ibn Adjurrum]]'s famous summary), mathematics (mainly as it pertained to the complex legal system of inheritance distribution), and sometimes astronomy. These are still operational throughout the Maghreb, and continue to be a major educational resource in the [[Sahel]] of [[West Africa]], from [[Mauritania]] to [[Nigeria]]. |
In precolonial times, these were the primary sources for education in the area, and taught basic [[literacy]] to a large proportion of children even in quite remote mountainous areas - leading to speculation that literacy rates in [[Algeria]] at the time of the French conquest in 1830 may have been higher than those of European France.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ruedy|first=John|title=Modern Algeria : the origins and development of a nation|year=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-21782-0|pages=103}}</ref>{{Verification needed|date=October 2021}} Their curriculum began with memorization of the [[Arabic alphabet]] and the later, shorter suras of the [[Qur'an]]; if a student was sufficiently interested or apt, it progressed to law ([[fiqh]]), theology, Arabic grammar (usually taught with [[ibn Adjurrum]]'s famous summary), mathematics (mainly as it pertained to the complex legal system of inheritance distribution), and sometimes astronomy. These are still operational throughout the Maghreb, and continue to be a major educational resource in the [[Sahel]] of [[West Africa]], from [[Mauritania]] to [[Nigeria]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} |
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== Sufi lodges == |
== Sufi lodges == |
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Zawiya" institution – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Azawiyaorzaouia (Arabic: زاوية, romanized: zāwiyah, lit. 'corner'[1][2]; also spelled zawiyahorzawiyya) is a building and institution associated with Sufis in the Islamic world. It can serve a variety of functions such a place of worship, school, monastery and/or mausoleum.[2][3] In some regions the term is interchangeable with the term Khanqah, which serves a similar purpose.[4] In the Maghreb, the term is often used for a place where the founder of a Sufi order or a local saint or holy man (e.g. a wali) lived and was buried.[5]
In precolonial times, these were the primary sources for education in the area, and taught basic literacy to a large proportion of children even in quite remote mountainous areas - leading to speculation that literacy rates in Algeria at the time of the French conquest in 1830 may have been higher than those of European France.[6][verification needed] Their curriculum began with memorization of the Arabic alphabet and the later, shorter suras of the Qur'an; if a student was sufficiently interested or apt, it progressed to law (fiqh), theology, Arabic grammar (usually taught with ibn Adjurrum's famous summary), mathematics (mainly as it pertained to the complex legal system of inheritance distribution), and sometimes astronomy. These are still operational throughout the Maghreb, and continue to be a major educational resource in the SahelofWest Africa, from MauritaniatoNigeria.[citation needed]
In the Arab world, the term zawiya can also refer to a Sufi lodge, akin to the term tekke/tekyeh in Iran, Turkey and the former Ottoman areas, as well as khanqahordargah used in various parts of Asia. An example is the Hilaliyya ZawiyainSyria. One of the best known living or contemporary zawiyas is the Zawiya of Sheikh Ahmed Tijani located in Fes, Morocco. There are several extensions or sub-zawiyas affiliated with this Zawiya located in various places around the world.
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This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this sectionbyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Among the Hassaniya Arabic-speaking populations of Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco, Mali and Algeria (often referred to as Sahrawis), the term is also used to signify a certain type of tribe. Sahrawi society was traditionally (and still is, to some extent) stratified into several tribal castes, with the Hassane warrior tribes ruling and extracting tribute—horma—from the subservient Sanhaja Berbers. A middle caste was formed by the Zawaya, or scholarly tribes, who provided religious instruction and services. This did not necessarily mean that they maintained a monastery or school as described above, since all these tribes were more or less nomadic. However, important sheikhs and Sufis would sometimes create schools, or, after their deaths, their mazar (mausoleum) would turn into holy places of significance to the tribe.
Often, the Zawaya were descended from Sanhaja, while the Hassane claimed lineage from the Beni Ḥassān, who are identified as Arabs. Even if intermarriage and tribal alliances made the distinction difficult to maintain from a scientific perspective, it was culturally important; however, from about the 19th century, most or all Sahrawi tribes had adopted Hassaniya Arabic and come to regard themselves as Arabs. Sometimes, the Zawaya and Hassane roles changed with this: military and economic strength would often lead to a gradual redefinition of the tribe's role, and, simultaneously, to its self-perception of religious and ethnic background. Especially in the northern Hassane areas, i.e. today's Western Sahara, the Zawaya tribes were more or less synonymous with the Chorfa, tribes who claimed descent from Muhammad. In the areas corresponding broadly to today's Mauritania, this was not necessarily so; there, the name "Marabout" is also used synonymously with "Zawaya" in its tribal meaning.
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Sufism terminology
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Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments - Algerian islamic reference | ||
| Zawiyas |
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| Tariqas |
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Islam in Algeria - Muftis in Algiers - List of mosques in Algeria | ||
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