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a
Overview of the events of 1918 in science
List of years in science
(
table
)
…
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
…
Art
Archaeology
Architecture
Literature
Music
Philosophy
Science
+...
1918 in science
1917
1919
Fields
Archaeology
Technology
Sustainable energy research
Transportation technology
Social sciences
Psychology
Governance and policy studies
Paleontology
Dinosaurs' extinction
Extraterrestrial environment
Terrestrial environment
Tornado research
Other/related
Literature
Philosophy
Timeline of cosmological theories
List of open letters by academics
History of technology by type
List of science timelines
v
t
e
The year
1918 in
science
and
technology
involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
[
edit
]
June 8 –
Nova
Aquila, the brightest observed since
1604
, is discovered.
Kiyotsugu Hirayama
identifies several groups of
main belt
asteroids
, now known as
Hirayama families
.
Harlow Shapley
demonstrates that
globular clusters
are arranged in a spheroid or halo whose center is not the
Earth
, but the center of the
galaxy
.
Heber Curtis
discovers a
relativistic jet
of matter emerging from
Elliptical galaxy M87
.
Biology
[
edit
]
February 21 – The last known
Carolina parakeet
(the only
parrot
species native to the
eastern United States
) dies in
Cincinnati Zoo
.
Around 1000
pilot whales
strand
in the
Chatham Islands
.
R. A. Fisher
puts forward a
genetic
model that shows that continuous variation could be the result of
Mendelian inheritance
in his paper "
The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance
".
J. Henri Fabre
's
The Sacred Beetle, and others
published in English.
[1]
Jacques Loeb
's
Forced Movements, Tropisms, and Animal Conduct
published in the United States.
[2]
Cryptography
[
edit
]
February 23 –
Arthur Scherbius
applies to
patent
the
Enigma machine
.
[3]
Edward Hugh Hebern
patents the
Hebern rotor machine
.
History of science
[
edit
]
Technisches Museum Wien
opens in
Vienna
.
Mathematics
[
edit
]
Felix Hausdorff
introduces the concept of the fractional
Hausdorff dimension
.
[4]
Gaston Julia
describes the iteration of a
rational function
.
[5]
Physics
[
edit
]
July 26 –
Emmy Noether
introduces what becomes known as
Noether's theorem
, from which
conservation laws
are deduced for symmetries of
angular momentum
, linear
momentum
and
energy
, at
Göttingen
, Germany.
Josef Lense
and
Hans Thirring
find the gravitomagnetic precession of
gyroscopes
in the equations of
general relativity
.
Hans Reissner
and
Gunnar Nordström
solve the
Einstein
and
Maxwell field equations
for charged spherically symmetric non-rotating systems.
Friedrich Kottler
gets a Schwarzschild solution without Einstein vacuum field equations.
Physiology and medicine
[
edit
]
January –
1918 flu pandemic
: "Spanish 'flu" (
influenza
) first observed in
Haskell County, Kansas
.
[6]
March 26 – Dr.
Marie Stopes
publishes her influential book
Married Love
in the U.K., following it with
Wise Parenthood
, a treatise on birth control.
June–August – "
Spanish 'flu
" becomes
pandemic
.
[7]
September 7 –
J. B. Christopherson
publishes his discovery that
antimony potassium tartrate
is an effective cure for
bilharzia
.
[8]
Hartog Jacob Hamburger
describes the
chloride shift
.
[9]
Technology
[
edit
]
April 10 –
Alexander M. Nicholson
files a United States patent for the
radio crystal oscillator
.
[10]
July – American cinematographer
Frank D. Williams
is granted a patent for the "
Williams process
" of travelling
matte
.
[11]
Edwin Howard Armstrong
develops the
superheterodyne receiver
.
[12]
George Constantinescu
publishes
Theory of sonics
: a treatise on transmission of power by vibrations
,
[13]
originating the study of this branch of
continuum mechanics
.
Theodore von Karman
and
Asbóth Oszkár
build the first co-axial
helicopter
.
Charles Strite
invents the
pop-up toaster
.
[14]
Awards
[
edit
]
Nobel Prize
Physics
–
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
Chemistry
–
Fritz Haber
[15]
Medicine
– not awarded
Births
[
edit
]
January 23 –
Gertrude B. Elion
(died
1999
), American
pharmacologist
,
Nobel laureate
.
January 27 –
Antonín Mrkos
(died
1996
), Czech
astronomer
.
March 13 –
Marjorie Blamey
(died
2019
), English botanical illustrator.
March 16 –
Frederick Reines
(died
1998
), American
physicist
, Nobel laureate.
[16]
April 4 –
Joseph Ashbrook
(died
1980
), American astronomer.
April 25 –
Gérard de Vaucouleurs
(died
1995
), French astronomer.
May 11 –
Richard Feynman
(died
1988
), American physicist, Nobel laureate.
May 20 –
Alexandra Illmer Forsythe
(died
1980
), American computer scientist
June 6 –
Edwin G. Krebs
(died
2009
), American
biochemist
, Nobel laureate.
July 15
Bertram Brockhouse
(died
2003
), Canadian physicist.
Brenda Milner
, English-born neuropsychologist.
July 16 –
Samuel Victor Perry
(died
2009
), English biochemist, pioneer in the field of muscle biochemistry.
August 3 –
Cheng Kaijia
(died
2018
), Chinese
nuclear physicist
.
August 13 –
Frederick Sanger
(died
2013
), English
molecular biologist
, double Nobel laureate.
August 26 –
Katherine Johnson
(died
2020
), African American mathematician and space physicist.
August 29 –
John Herivel
(died
2011
), British
cryptanalyst
and science historian.
September 8 –
Derek Barton
(died 1998), English-born
organic chemist
, Nobel laureate.
September 27 –
Martin Ryle
(died
1984
), English
radio astronomer
.
October 4 –
Adrian Kantrowitz
(died
2008
), American
cardiac surgeon
.
November 10 –
Ernst Otto Fischer
(died
2007
), German
chemist
, Nobel laureate.
November 19 –
Hendrik C. van de Hulst
(died
2000
), Dutch astronomer.
December 25 –
Tamara Mikhaylovna Smirnova
(died
2001
), Russian astronomer.
Eleanor C. Pressly
(died
2003
), American mathematician and aeronautical engineer.
Deaths
[
edit
]
January 6 –
Georg Cantor
(born
1845
), German
mathematician
.
January 26 –
Ewald Hering
(born
1834
), German
physiologist
.
January 31 –
Ivan Puluj
(born
1845
), Austrian-born Ukrainian
physicist
.
April 20 –
Karl Ferdinand Braun
(born
1850
), German physicist, Nobel laureate.
May 1 –
G. K. Gilbert
(born
1843
), American
geologist
.
May 31 –
Alexander Mitscherlich
(born
1836
), German
chemist
.
June 13 –
Samuel Jean de Pozzi
(born
1846
), French
gynaecologist
.
June 27 –
George Mary Searle
(born
1839
), American
astronomer
.
June 29 –
Alfred Senier
(born
1853
), Irish
chemist
.
September 7 –
Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow
(born
1832
), Norwegian
mathematician
.
August 22 –
Korbinian Brodmann
(born
1868
), German
neurologist
.
October 28 –
Ulisse Dini
(born
1845
), Italian mathematician.
November 3 –
Aleksandr Lyapunov
(born
1857
), Russian mathematician and physicist.
November 29 –
Thomas Allinson
(born
1858
), English
physician
and dietetic reformer.
December 26 –
William Hampton Patton
(born
1853
), American entomologist.
December 27 –
Birt Acres
(born
1854
), American-born English pioneer of
cinematography
.
References
[
edit
]
^
Fabre, Jean-Henri (1918).
The Sacred Beetle, and others
. Translated by Teixeira de Mattos, Alexander. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
doi
:
10.5962/bhl.title.8946
.
^
Loeb, Jacques (1918).
Forced movements, tropisms, and animal conduct
. Philadelphia and London: J.B. Lippincott company.
doi
:
10.5962/bhl.title.18452
.
^
Singh, Simon
(1999).
The Code Book: the Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography
. London: Fourth Estate. p. 127.
ISBN
978-1-85702-879-9
.
^
Crilly, Tony (2007).
50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know
. London: Quercus. p. 97.
ISBN
978-1-84724-008-8
.
^
"Mémoire sur l'itération des fonctions rationnelles".
Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées
.
8
: 47–245.
^
Barry, John M.
(2005) [2004].
The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History
. New York: Penguin Books.
^
"La Grippe Espagnole de 1918"
.
Institut Pasteur
. Archived from
the original
on 4 June 2011
. Retrieved
3 May
2011
.
^
Christopherson, J. B. (1918).
"The Successful Use of Antimony in Bilharziosis"
.
The Lancet
.
192
(4958): 325.
doi
:
10.1016/S0140-6736(
01
)02807-0
.
^
Hamburger, H. J. (1918). "Anionenwanderungen in serum und blut unter dem einfluss von CO
2
, Saure und Akali".
Biochemische Zeitschrift
.
86
: 309–324.
^
Nicholson, Alexander M.
Generating and transmitting electric currents
U.S. patent 2,212,845
, granted August 27, 1940.
^
U.S. patent 1,273,435
.
^
"Radio/Broadcasting Timeline"
.
CBN History
. WCBN. Archived from
the original
on 2022-03-01
. Retrieved
2019-10-23
.
^
London: The Admiralty.
^
U.S. patent 1,394,450
, granted October 18, 1921.
^
"These Nobel Prize Winners Weren't Always Noble"
.
National Geographic News
. 6 October 2015. Archived from
the original
on August 8, 2020
. Retrieved
19 January
2021
.
^
Wilford, John Noble (28 August 1998).
"Frederick Reines Dies at 80; Nobelist Discovered Neutrino"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
24 October
2021
.
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