2020s political history refers to significant political and societal historical events in the United Kingdom in the 2020s, presented as a historical overview in narrative format.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic spread to the United Kingdom in late January 2020. As of 15 January 2022[update] there have been 15,147,120 confirmed cases[nb 1] and 151,899 confirmed deaths overall,[nb 2] the world's 31st-highest death-rate per capita.[2] There were 174,233 deaths where the death certificate mentioned COVID-19 by January 15 (see Statistics).[3] More than 90% of those dying had underlying illnesses or were over 60 years old. The infection rate is higher in care homes than in the community, which is inflating the overall infection rate. There is large regional variation in the outbreak's severity. In March, London had the highest number of infections[4] while North East England has the highest infection rate.[5]England is the country of the UK with the most such deaths per capita, while Northern Ireland has the lowest. Healthcare in the UKisdevolved to each country.
In March, the UK government imposed a lockdown, banning all "non-essential" travel and contact with people outside one's home (including family and partners), and shutting almost all schools and other educational institutions, shops selling nonessential goods, venues, facilities, amenities and places of worship. Those with symptoms, and their household, were told to self-isolate, while the most vulnerable (the over 70s and those with certain illnesses) were told to shield themselves. People were made to keep apart in public. Police were empowered to enforce the lockdown, and the Coronavirus Act 2020 gave the government emergency powers[6] not used since the Second World War.[7][8]Panic buying was reported.
In late May and in June 2020, protests took place across the country following the murder of George Floyd, a 46-year-old African American man, by police officers while under arrest in Minneapolis, Minnesota on 25 May. Immediately after the murder, protests and riots broke out in dozens of cities across the United States. These spread internationally for the first time three days later, with a solidarity demonstration outside the United States EmbassyinLondon.
Protests spread across the UK, particularly in London, Birmingham and Manchester. Many have been organised by the Black Lives Matter and Stand Up to Racism movements. As well as providing solidarity to protests in the United States, many of the protests highlight pockets and instances of racism in operational policy and conduct of UK policing, rehabilitation and in daily life.
Many protests have received endorsement and support from local councils and politicians, including in Liverpool and Oxford. Most such UK protests have been peaceful, although notable clashes between protesters and police have occurred many times in central London. Confrontations between police and protesters included a group spraying "ACAB" on the memorialtoEarl Haig. When soldiers from the Household Cavalry in plain clothes scrubbed the graffiti off, protesters criticised them for doing so.[9] Protesters sprayed graffiti on the plinth of the statue of Winston Churchill in Parliament Square calling him a racist.[10] A statue of 17th-century slave trader and town benefactor Edward Colston was toppled from its pedestal in The Centre, Bristol and thrown into Bristol Harbour on 7 June.[11] The movement having identified many divisive figures of the past, some local councils have renamed such streets and public buildings, notably the Bristol Beacon having formerly paid homage to Colston.
Following her victory in the leadership election, Liz Truss was appointed Prime Minister by Queen Elizabeth II, one of her last official acts before her death. The state funeral of the Queen coincided with the proclamation of the new monarch, Charles III.
In January 2020, the United Kingdom and Gibraltar left the European Union,[15] beginning an 11-month transition period, during which they remain in the Single Market and Customs Union.[16]
In December 2019, the World Meteorological Organization released its annual climate report revealing that climate impacts are worsening.[17] They found the global sea temperatures are rising as well as land temperatures worldwide. 2019 is the last year in a decade that is the warmest on record.[18]
Global carbon emissions hit a record high in 2019, even though the rate of increase slowed somewhat, according to a report from Global Carbon Project.[19]
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Omits progress after April 2022. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(May 2022)
This article outlines the history of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (granular timelines can be found here). Though later reporting indicated that there may have been some cases dating from late 2019,[20][21]COVID-19 was confirmed to be spreading in the UK by the end of January 2020.[22] The country was initially relatively slow implementing restrictions but a legally enforced stay-at-home order had been introduced by late March.[23][24][25] Restrictions were steadily eased across the UK in late spring and early summer that year.[26][27][28][29][30][31]
By the Autumn, COVID-19 cases were again rising.[32] This led to the creation of new regulations along with the introduction of the concept of a local lockdown, a variance in restrictions in a more specific geographic location than the four nations of the UK.[33][34][35][36][37][38] Lockdowns took place in Wales, England and Northern Ireland later that season.[39][40][41] In part due to a new variant of the virus,[42][43] cases were still increasing[44] and the NHS had come under severe strain by late December.[45][46][47][48][49] This led to a tightening of restrictions across the UK.[50][51][52][53]
The first COVID-19 vaccine was approved and began its rollout in the UK in early December.[54][55] 15 million vaccine doses had been given to predominantly those most vulnerable to the virus by mid-February.[56] 6 months later more than 75% of adults in the UK were fully vaccinated against COVID-19.[57] Restrictions began to ease from late February onwards and almost all had ended in Great Britain by August.[58][59][60][61] The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant drove an increase in daily case numbers that remained high through autumn, although the vaccination programme led to a lower mortality rate.[62][63] The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant arrived in early December, driving a further increase in cases.[64][65][66]
After their leader (Jo Swinson) lost her seat at the 2019 general election, the Liberal Democrats announced early in 2020 that they planned to have new leader in place by the middle of July that year.[73] The contest was delayed by six weeks due to the COVID-19 pandemic with the winner being declared in late August, until then MP Sir Ed Davey and the party's president Mark Pack remained its acting leadership.[74][75][76] The contest was won by Ed Davey with 63.5% of the vote.[77]
The 2021 Scottish Parliament election took place on 6 May 2021.[97] The election saw limited changes in vote share and seats with each party gaining or losing less than 2% of the overall share in each category of voting. The SNP gained one seat but fell one short of an overall majority. The Scottish Conservatives maintained their second-place position with the same number of seats as in 2016. Whilst, Scottish Labour continued in third place with a loss of two seats. The Scottish Greens gained two extra seats with a small increase in their vote share. The election also had an unusually high voter turnout compared to previous Scottish parliament elections of 63.2%. It was suggested that this may have been in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic leading to higher postal voting and lockdown giving people more time to engage with political activists and go to the polling station.[98][99] Later that year, the SNP and Scottish Greens established a powersharing agreement where the latter was given non-cabinet ministerial positions in exchange for support on votes of confidence, budgets and some areas of policy.[100]
The 2021 Senedd election took place on 6 May 2021.[97] It was the first Welsh Parliament election where 16- and 17-year-olds could vote, following the enactment of Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act that lowered the voting age to 16 for Welsh Senedd elections.[101] The election saw Welsh Labour gain one seat falling one short of an overall majority (which no party had ever achieved). The Welsh Conservatives gained five seats returning their strongest ever result of 16. Plaid Cymru made a net gain of one seat returning 13. The Welsh Liberal Democrats lost their only constituency but kept a seat through the regional vote, whilst UKIP lost all its seats from 2016 and no other party gained any.[102][103] While Labour lacked an overall majority it decided to not make any kind of coalition or confidence pact and its leader Mark Drakeford was reconfirmed as First Minister of Wales a few days later with none of the other parties attempting to mount any kind of challenge.[104][105] Though, in late 2021, Welsh Labour and Plaid Cymru reached an agreement to cooperate for three years.[106]
The Northern Irish Assembly returned to business in January 2020 after a three-year hiatus with a new power sharing agreement between Sinn Féin and the DUP.[108]
At the 2022 local elections, the Conservatives made a net loss of 487 seats in comparison to 2017 in Scotland and Wales and 2018 in England, whilst Labour gained 108 seats (22 in England, 20 in Scotland, and 66 in Wales). The Liberal Democrats and Greens made gains of 224 seats and 87 seats, respectively, which exceeded those of the Labour Party in England but were also seen to a more modest extent in Scotland and Wales. The Scottish National Party (SNP) gained 22 seats in Scotland whilst Plaid Cymru made a net loss of 6 seats in Wales.[125]
At the 2023 United Kingdom local elections there were significant losses for the governing Conservative Party, which lost over 1,000 council seats. The Labour Party, the Liberal Democrats and the Green Party of England and Wales all made gains, with Labour becoming the party with most members elected to local government for the first time since 2002.[126] The 2023 Northern Ireland local elections marked the first time that nationalist parties had garnered a greater share of the vote than unionist parties.[127]