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The name abessive is derived from abesse "to be away/absent", and is especially used in reference to Uralic languages. The name caritive is derived from Latin: carere "to lack", and is especially used in reference to Caucasian languages. The name privative is derived from Latin: privare "to deprive".
In the Finnish language, the abessive case is marked by -tta for back vowels and -ttä for front vowels according to vowel harmony. For example:
raha "money"
rahatta "without money"
An equivalent construction exists using the word ilman and the partitive:
ilman rahaa "without money"
or, less commonly:
rahaa ilman "without money"
The abessive case of nouns is rarely used in writing and even less in speech, although some abessive forms are more common than their equivalent ilman forms:
tuloksetta "unsuccessfully, fruitlessly"
Itkin syyttä. "I cried for no reason."
The abessive is, however, commonly used in nominal forms of verbs (formed with the affix -ma- / -mä-):
puhu-ma-tta "without speaking"
osta-ma-tta "without buying"
välittä-mä-ttä "without caring"
Juna jäi tulematta. "The train didn't show up."
This form can often be replaced by using the negative form of the verb:
Juna ei tullut. "The train didn't show up."
It is possible to occasionally hear what is considered wrong usage of the abessive in Finnish, where the abessive and ilman forms are combined:
ilman rahatta
There is debate as to whether this is interference from Estonian.
Tallinn has a pair of bars that play on the use of the comitative and abessive, the Nimeta baar[1] (the nameless bar) and the Nimega baar[2] (the bar with a name).
InHungarian, the abessive case is marked by -talan for back vowels and -telen for front vowels according to vowel harmony. Sometimes, with certain roots, the suffix becomes -tlanor-tlen. For example:
pénz "money"
pénztelen "without money"
haza "home(land)"
hazátlan "(one) without a homeland"
There is also the postposition nélkül, which also means without, but is not meant for physical locations.[3]
Cukor nélkül iszom a teát. "I drink tea without sugar."
Testvér nélkül éltem. "I lived without siblings."
Eljöttél Magyarországra a testvéred nélkül? "Did you come to Hungary without your sibling?"
InMongolian, the privative suffix is -гүй (-güy). It is not universally considered to be a case, because the suffix does not conform to vowel harmony or undergo any stem-dependent orthographical variation. However, its grammatical function is the precise inverse of the comitative case, and the two form a pair of complementary case forms.[4]
InRussian, the Abessive is a marginal case, known as the Caritive (лиши́тельный), used with the negation of verbs: не знать пра́вды (not know the truth) – знать пра́вду (know the truth). When differentiated, this case is identical to the genitive, otherwise it resembles the accusative.
