VT-EBD, the aircraft involved, seen at Paris Orly Airport in 1976
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| Accident | |
|---|---|
| Date | 1 January 1978 (1978-01-01) |
| Summary | Crashed following loss of control at night |
| Site | Arabian Sea, 3 km (1.9 mls) west of Santacruz Airport, Bombay, India 18°58′30″N 72°09′33″E / 18.975°N 72.1592°E / 18.975; 72.1592 |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | Boeing 747-237B |
| Aircraft name | Emperor Ashoka |
| Operator | Air India |
| Call sign | AIR INDIA 855 |
| Registration | VT-EBD |
| Flight origin | Santacruz Airport, Bombay, India |
| Destination | Dubai International Airport, Dubai, United Arab Emirates |
| Occupants | 213 |
| Passengers | 190 |
| Crew | 23 |
| Fatalities | 213 |
| Survivors | 0 |
Air India Flight 855 was a scheduled passenger flight from Bombay (now Mumbai), India, to Dubai, United Arab Emirates. On 1 January 1978, the Boeing 747 operating the flight crashed about 3 km (1.9 mi; 1.6 nmi) off the coast of Bandra, less than two minutes after take-off, killing all 213 passengers and crew on board. An investigation into the crash determined the most likely probable cause was the captain becoming spatially disoriented and losing control of the aircraft after the failure of one of the flight instruments. It was the deadliest air accident both in Air India's and India's history until Flight 182 in 1985 and then Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision in 1996.[1][2]
The aircraft involved was a Boeing 747-237B,[note 1] registration VT-EBD, named Emperor Ashoka. The plane first flew on 8 March 1971 and was the first 747 delivered to Air India on 22 April 1971. The aircraft was equipped with four Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7J engines.[3][4]
The flight crew consisted of the following persons:
The aircraft departed from Bombay's Santa Cruz Airport (later Sahar Airport, now called Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport). The destination was Dubai International AirportinDubai.[1][6]
Approximately one minute after takeoff from runway 27, Captain Kukar made a scheduled right turn upon crossing the Bombay coastline over the Arabian Sea, after which the aircraft briefly returned to a normal level position. Soon it began rolling to the left, and never regained level flight.[7][8]
The cockpit voice recorder recovered from the wreckage revealed that Captain Kukar was the first to notice a problem, when he said, "What's happened here, my instruments ..." The captain was explaining that his attitude direction indicator (ADI) had "toppled", meaning that it was still showing the aircraft in a right bank. First Officer Virmani, whose presumably functional AI was now showing a left bank (and not noticing the captain's concern), said, "Mine has also toppled, looks fine." It is believed that the Captain mistakenly took this to mean that both primary AIs were indicating a right bank, in effect confirming what he believed he was seeing. It was after sunset and the aircraft was flying over a dark Arabian Sea, leaving the aircrew unable to visually cross-check their AI instrument readings with the actual horizon outside the cockpit windows.[1][9][additional citation(s) needed]
The Boeing 747 had a third backup AI in the center instrument panel between the two pilots, and the transcripts of the cockpit conversation showed Flight Engineer Faria telling the captain, "Don't go by that one, don't go by that one..." trying to direct his attention towards that third AI, or perhaps to another instrument called the turn and bank indicator, just five seconds before the aircraft impacted the sea.[10]
The captain's mistaken perception of the aircraft's attitude resulted in him using the aircraft flight control system to add more left bank and left rudder, causing the Boeing 747 to roll further left into a bank of 108 degrees and rapidly lose altitude. Just 101 seconds after leaving the runway, the jet hit the Arabian Sea at an estimated 35-degree nose-down angle. There were no survivors among the 190 passengers and 23 crew members.[1][11]
The partially recovered wreckage revealed no evidence of explosion, fire, or any electrical or mechanical failure; and an initial theory of sabotage was ruled out.[12]
The investigation concluded that the probable cause was "due to the irrational control inputs by the captain following complete unawareness of the altitude as his ADI had malfunctioned. The crew failed to gain control based on the other flight instruments."[13][14][15]
US Federal District Judge James M. Fitzgerald, in a 139-page decision issued 1 November 1985, rejected charges of negligence against the Boeing Company, Lear Siegler Inc, the manufacturer of the altitude director indicator, and the Collins Radio division of Rockwell International, which manufactured the backup system in a suit related to the crash. Steven C. Marshall, the attorney for Boeing asserted that the crash had been caused by Captain Madan Kukar, who he said was "flying illegally under the influence of diabetic drugs, a condition compounded by his alcoholic intake and dieting in the 24 hours before the flight," and not due to equipment malfunctions. The suit was dismissed in 1986.[6][16][17]
Air India today operates this flight number from Mumbai to Delhi using an Airbus A350 or an Airbus A319, A320orA321.
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Aviation accidents and incidents in 1978 (1978)
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Jan 1 Feb 11 Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314 Feb 17 Mar 1 Continental Airlines Flight 603 Mar 3 Mar 9 Mar 13 Mar 16 Balkan Bulgarian Airlines Flight 107 Apr 20 May 8 May 19 May 23 Jun 21 Jun 26 Jun 26 Aug 9 Aug 30 LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 hijacking Sep 3 Sep 7 Air Ceylon Avro HS 748 bombing Sep 25 Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 182 Sep 26 Sep 30 Oct 3 Oct 7 Oct 21 Nov 15 Dec 17 Dec 20 Dec 21 Dec 22 Dec 23 Dec 28 | |
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India
1970s
