The African-American community is unique compared to Afro-CaribbeanorAfro-Brazilian peoples in that "unique natural population growth resulted in a slave population that was already about four-fifths American-born by the late 18th century; after the end of the slave trade in 1808 the number of African-born slaves in the South faded to statistical insignificance."[3]: 587 Revolutionary Anti-Americanism, as manifested by politically active African-American elites, was rare in the 19th and earliest 20th century, in part because African-Americans of the era were educated at institutions that manifested the paternalistic and elite worldviews of the high-caste WASPs who contributed to their establishment.[4]: 26 Some early African-American nationalism was integrated with the idea of the African diaspora and the concept of pan-Africanism, developed by Alexander Crummell, Martin R. Delany, and Henry McNeil Turner, among others.[5]: 186
"We must accept the eventuality of bringing the U.S.A. to its knees; accept the closing off of critical sections of the city with barbed wire, armored pig carriers crisscrossing the streets, soldiers everywhere, tommy guns pointed at stomach level, smoke curling black against the daylight sky, the smell of cordite, house-to-house searches, doors being kicked in, the commonness of death."
Studying patriotism towards the United States among African Americans, Micah E. Johnson identified a subset of the African American population which he termed "subverters".[1] Johnson describes subverters as African Americans who reject patriotism for the United States, due to the racial inequality present in the country.[1]
"American patriotism glorifies a world that doesn’t exist. The idea is that all Americans benefit from their rights to liberty, life, and justice for all, but this is a false ideal because everyone isn’t allotted to those rights in America. I’m not patriotic because I don’t feel there is anything to love about this country that globalizes imperialism and capitalism crippling every nation it comes across."
In a 2022 survey of 1,000 American adults by YouGov, 12% of African American respondents described themselves as "not very patriotic", while 9% of African American respondents described themselves as "not patriotic at all".[14]
Black nationalism – Ideology that seeks to develop a black national identity
Black power – Political and social movement, slogan, and ideology
Black Power movement – African-American social, political & cultural movement in the United StatesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
^Malloy, Sean L. (2017). Out of Oakland: Black Panther Party internationalism during the Cold War. The United States in the world (First published ed.). Ithaca London: Cornell University Press. pp. 161, 172–186. ISBN978-1-5017-1342-2.
^Newton, Huey P.; Erikson, Erik H. (1 October 1973). In Search of Common Ground: Conversations with Erik H. Erikson and Huey P. Newton (New ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
^Burton-Rose, Daniel (2010). Creating a Movement with Teeth: A Documentary History of the George Jackson Brigade. PM Press. ISBN9781604864618.
^Malott, Curry; Scott, Randall; Bailey, Elgin (1 February 2022). "George Jackson's "Blood in my eye:" A critical appraisal". Liberation School. Retrieved 20 January 2024. One of the contributions of Blood in My Eye is its theoretical conceptualization of guerilla warfare depicting its battle ground in the U.S.