Contents

Branco River

Branco River
Branco River in Boa Vista city, Roraima state, Brazil. The Macuxi Bridge, 1.2 km (0.75 mi) long,[1] can be seen in the background.
The Branco River is a tributary of the Rio Negro (highlighted on map)
Native name	Rio Branco (Portuguese)
Location
Country	Brazil
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	confluence of Takutu and Uraricoera, Roraima, Brazil
• coordinates	3°1′28.5276″N 60°29′14.8596″W / 3.024591000°N 60.487461000°W / 3.024591000; -60.487461000
• elevation	64 m (210 ft)
2nd source
• location	Uraricoera, Parima Mountains
• coordinates	3°41′42.2484″N 64°12′36.018″W / 3.695069000°N 64.21000500°W / 3.695069000; -64.21000500
• elevation	1,240 m (4,070 ft)
3rd source
• location	Takutu, Guiana Shield
• coordinates	1°47′48.6492″N 60°1′38.2656″W / 1.796847000°N 60.027296000°W / 1.796847000; -60.027296000
• elevation	306 m (1,004 ft)
Mouth
• location	Rio Negro, Roraima, Brazil
• coordinates	1°23′38″S 61°50′46″W / 1.39389°S 61.84611°W / -1.39389; -61.84611
• elevation	12 m (39 ft)
Length	560 km (350 mi)[2] to 775 km (482 mi)[3]
Basin size	192,392.66 km2 (74,283.22 sq mi)[4]
Discharge
• location	Confluence of Rio Negro, Roraima
• average	(Period:1967-2010)5,400 m3/s (190,000 cu ft/s)[4] (Period: 1980-2006)5,300 m3/s (190,000 cu ft/s)[6] (Period: 1998-2022)6,469 m3/s (228,500 cu ft/s)[5]
• minimum	278 m3/s (9,800 cu ft/s)[5]
• maximum	28,697 m3/s (1,013,400 cu ft/s)[5]
Discharge
• location	Caracaraí (400 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: 124,980 km2 (48,260 sq mi)
• average	(Period: 1997/01/01-2015/12/31) 3,170.343 m3/s (111,959.6 cu ft/s)[7] (Period: 1998-2022)3,615.65 m3/s (127,685 cu ft/s)[4]
• minimum	178 m3/s (6,300 cu ft/s) (1998/03/24)[4]
• maximum	15,735 m3/s (555,700 cu ft/s) (1976/07/10)[4]
Discharge
• location	Boa Vista (Basin size: 97,200 km2 (37,500 sq mi)
• average	(Period: 1967-2010)2,436.76 m3/s (86,053 cu ft/s)[4] (Period: 1998-2022)3,129.97 m3/s (110,534 cu ft/s)[4]
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Takutu, Anauá, Itapará
• right	Uraricoera, Mucajai, Ajarani, Univini, Catrimani, Xeruini

The Branco River (Portuguese: Rio Branco; Engl: White River) is the principal affluent of the Rio Negro from the north.

Basin[edit]

The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion.^[8] It is enriched by many streams from the Tepui highlands which separate Venezuela and Guyana from Brazil. Its two upper main tributaries are the Uraricoera and the Takutu.^[9] The latter almost links its sources with those of the Essequibo; during floods headwaters of the Branco and those of the Essequibo are connected, allowing a level of exchange in the aquatic fauna (such as fish) between the two systems.^[10]

The Branco flows nearly south, and finds its way into the Negro through several channels and a chain of lagoons similar to those of the latter river. It is 350 miles (560 km) long, up to its Uraricoera confluence. It has numerous islands, and, 235 miles (378 km) above its mouth, it is broken by a bad series of rapids.

Discharge[edit]

Average, minimum and maximum discharge of the Branco River at near mouth. Period from 1998 to 2022.^[5]

Water chemistry[edit]

As suggested by its name, the Branco (literally "white" in Portuguese) has whitish water that may appear almost milky due to the inorganic sediments it carries.^[11] It is traditionally considered a whitewater river,^[12][13] although the major seasonal fluctuations in its physico-chemical characteristics makes a classification difficult and some consider it clearwater.^[14][15] Especially the river's upper parts at the headwaters are clear and flow through rocky country, leading to the suggestion that sediments mainly originate from the lower parts.^[11] Furthermore, its chemistry and color may contradict each other compared to the traditional Amazonian river classifications.^[14] The Branco River has pH 6–7 and low levels of dissolved organic carbon.^[15]

Alfred Russel Wallace mentioned the coloration in "On the Rio Negro", a paper read at the 13 June 1853 meeting of the Royal Geographical Society, in which he said: "[The Rio Branco] is white to a remarkable degree, its waters being actually milky in appearance". Alexander von Humboldt attributed the color to the presence of silicates in the water, principally mica and talc.^[16] There is a visible contrast with the waters of the Rio Negro at the confluence of the two rivers. The Rio Negro is a blackwater river with dark tea-colored acidic water (pH 3.5–4.5) that contains high levels of dissolved organic carbon.^[15]

River capture[edit]

Until approximately 20,000 years ago the headwaters of the Branco River flowed not into the Amazon, but via the Takutu Graben in the Rupununi area of Guyana towards the Caribbean.^[17] Currently in the rainy season much of the Rupununi area floods, with water draining both to the Amazon (via the Branco River) and the Essequibo River.^[10]

Citations[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• Encyclopædia Britannica Online.com: "Branco River" . retrieved 19 September 2009.

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