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(Top) 1 List of countries using closed list systems 1.1 Proportional representation 1.2 Mixed electoral systems 1.3 Majoritarian representation 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

Closed list

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Electoral systems
Part of the Politics and Economics series

Comparison of electoral systems Social choice theory Mechanism design List (By country)
Single-winner methods Single vote-runoff methods Plurality (FPP) Two-round (US: Jungle primary) Partisan primary Alternative vote (US: Ranked-choice) Condorcet-IRV Condorcet methods Ranked pairs Schulze Minimax Kemeny–Young Nanson Condorcet-IRV Maximal lottery Positional voting Plurality Borda count Antiplurality Cardinal voting Score voting Approval voting Majority judgment STAR voting Quadratic voting
Proportional representation Party-list List type Open list Closed list Localized list Panachage Mixed single vote Apportionment Highest averages Largest remainders National remnant Biproportional STV-Quota methods Hare STV (Gregory · Wright) Schulze STV CPO-STV Single non-transferable vote Single divisible vote Approval-based committee Thiele's method Phragmen's method Expanding approvals rule Method of equal shares Fractional social choice Direct representation Interactive representation Liquid democracy Fractional approval voting Maximal lottery
Mixed systems By type of representation Winner-take-all Mixed-member proportional Non-compensatory mixed systems Parallel voting Majority bonus Compensatory mixed systems Additional member system Scorporo Double simultaneous vote Mixed ballot transferable vote Alternative Vote Plus Dual-member proportional Rural–urban proportional
Voting system criteria Spoiler-resistance Condorcet criterion Smith independence Spoiler independence Clone independence Strategy-resistance No lesser evil voting IIA Later-no-harm Later-no-help Rational response Participation criterion Monotonicity criterion Reversal symmetry
Social and collective choice Impossibility theorems Arrow's theorem Impossibility of majority-rule Moulin's impossibility theorem Gibbard's theorem Fishburn's theorem Positive results Median voter theorem Condorcet's jury theorem May's theorem Campbell-Kelly theorem Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem Tournament sets Smith set Landau set Copeland set Split-cycle set Bipartisan set
Politics portal Economics portal
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Closed list describes the variant of party-list systems where voters can effectively vote for only political parties as a whole; thus they have no influence on the party-supplied order in which party candidates are elected. If voters had some influence, that would be called an open list. Closed list systems are still commonly used in party-list proportional representation, and most mixed electoral systems also use closed lists in their party list component. Many countries, however have changed their electoral systems to use open lists to incorporate personalised representation to their proportional systems.

In closed list systems, each political party has pre-decided who will receive the seats allocated to that party in the elections,^[1] so that the candidates positioned highest on this list tend to always get a seat in the parliament while the candidates positioned very low on the closed list will not. However, the candidates "at the water mark" of a given party are in the position of either losing or winning their seat depending on the number of votes the party gets. "The water mark" is the number of seats a specific party can be expected to achieve. The number of seats that the party wins, combined with the candidates' positions on the party's list, will then determine whether a particular candidate will get a seat.

List of countries using closed list systems

[edit]

Countries using closed-lists as of 2022 in the electoral system of their legislature (unicameral, or lower chamber)

Proportional representation: countries where all parties use a closed-list

Proportional representation: countries where only some parties use a closed-list

Mixed-member proportional systems with closed-lists

Mixed-member majoritarian representation with closed-lists

Proportional representation

[edit]

Algeria

Colombia (depending on the party)

Costa Rica

Dominican Republic^[2]

Hong Kong (1997-2016)

Israel

Kazakhstan^[3]

Kyrgyzstan

Lithuania (1992-1997) (Seimas and municipalities' councils)

Namibia^[4]

Norway (de facto)

Romania^[5]

Wales(from 2026)^[6]

Mixed electoral systems

[edit]

Mixed electoral system using closed lists for the proportional component

Andorra

Hungary

Germany (mixed-member proportional representation)

Italy

New Zealand (mixed-member proportional representation)

Russia

Scotland

Taiwan

Wales (1999-2024)

Majoritarian representation

[edit]

Party block voting (general ticket) with a closed list

Côte d'Ivoire (party block voting in multi-member districts)

Singapore (party block voting in multi-member districts)

United States (electoral college)

References

[edit]

^ "Open, Closed and Free Lists —". ACE Project. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2021.

^ "{title}". Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2018.

^ Lundberg, Thomas Carl (22 October 2010). "Post-communism and the abandonment of mixedmember electoral systems" (PDF). University of Glasgow. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.

^ "Elections - GRN Portal". www.ecn.na. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.

^ Filimon, Paul (20 July 2015). "Legea ALEGERILOR PARLAMENTARE pe LISTE, promulgată de Iohannis". România Liberă (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2018.

^ https://www.gov.wales/historic-act-strengthens-democracy-in-wales