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Decatur House

Decatur House
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
U.S. National Historic Landmark District Contributing Property
North side of Decatur House as restored 2006–2008.
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Location	748 Jackson Pl., NW. Washington, D.C.
Coordinates	38°54′0.2″N 77°2′17.4″W / 38.900056°N 77.038167°W / 38.900056; -77.038167
Area	< 1-acre (0.40 ha)
Built	1818
Architect	Benjamin Henry Latrobe
Architectural style	Federal
Part of	Lafayette Square Historic District (ID70000833)
NRHP reference No.	66000858
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	October 15, 1966[1]
Designated NHL	December 19, 1960[2]
Designated NHLDCP	August 29, 1970

Decatur House is a historic house museum at 748 Jackson PlaceinWashington, D.C., the capital of the United States. It is named after its first owner and occupant, the naval officer Stephen Decatur.^[2] The house (built, 1818) is located at the northwest corner of Lafayette Square, at the southwest corner of Jackson Place and H Street, about a block from the White House.

In 1836, new owners built an outbuilding on the property at the back which was in part used for slave quarters. Until the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect on January 1, 1863, weekly auctions of enslaved black persons were held in the house's backyard, now a wedding venue.^[3][4][5] The building currently houses a museum, as well as the National Center for White House History, operated by the White House Historical Association.

Decatur House is one of the oldest surviving homes in Washington, D.C., and one of only three remaining houses in the country designed by neoclassical architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe. Completed in 1818 for naval hero Stephen Decatur and his wife, Susan, the Federal Style house is prominently located across Lafayette Square from the White House. It was successively home to Henry Clay, Martin Van Buren and Edward Livingston, who collectively made Decatur House the unofficial residence of the Secretary of State from 1827 to 1833, each renting the house while they served in that post.

In 1836 the wealthiest man in Washington D.C., John Gadsby and his wife Providence moved into the house and brought their house slaves.^[6] They built a two-story structure at the back to house the home's kitchen and serve as quarters for those Gadsby had enslaved, who previously lived in the main house. This structure is one of the few surviving examples of urban slave quarters. It is also one of the only surviving pieces of physical evidence that African Americans were once held "in bondage [within] sight of the White House."^[7]

Following John Gadsby's death, the home was again rented to a series of prominent tenants. In order, these were Vice President George M. Dallas, publisher and former Mayor of Washington Joseph Gales, Congressmen and brothers John A. King and James G. King, Rep. William Appleton, Speaker of the House James Lawrence Orr and Sen. Judah Benjamin. During the Civil War it was used as Army offices and then sat empty for six years.

Decatur House was purchased in 1872 by Edward Fitzgerald Beale, a frontiersman and explorer who later became a rancher and diplomat.^[8] Beale's daughter-in-law, Marie, bequeathed Decatur House to the National Trust for Historic Preservation in 1956. The house was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1976.^[2][9]

Decatur House, now a museum, is located at 748 Jackson Place, N.W., on President's Park (Lafayette Park). The lower floor is kept in the style of the early 19th century while the upper floor was renovated in the early 20th century.

Because of the centrality of its location, the status of its residents, and the fact that urban slaves worked there across from the White House, the house now contains much material interpreting African American history. Among the stories is that of Charlotte Dupuy, who in 1829 sued her master Henry Clay, then Secretary of State, for her freedom and that of her two children. While she lost her court case, Clay finally freed Dupuy and her daughter in 1840, and her son in 1844. A special exhibit on African American history through 1965 has recently been added to the museum and its website.^[10]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Decatur House.

• Decatur House on Lafayette Square: Washington, DC
• Listing at the National Park Service
• Decatur House: A Home of the Rich and Powerful, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan