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Estradiol sulfate

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Estradiol sulfate
Names

IUPAC name 17β-Hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-yl hydrogen sulfate
Systematic IUPAC name (1S,3aS,3bR,9bS,11aS)-1-Hydroxy-11a-methyl-2,3,3a,3b,4,5,9b,10,11,11a-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl hydrogen sulfate
Other names Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol 3-sulfate
Identifiers
CAS Number	481-96-9 4999-79-5 (sodium)
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:4866
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1628111
ChemSpider	59790
PubChem CID	66416
UNII	4NKQ3751P6
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID30964000
InChI InChI=1S/C18H24O5S/c1-18-9-8-14-13-5-3-12(23-24(20,21)22)10-11(13)2-4-15(14)16(18)6-7-17(18)19/h3,5,10,14-17,19H,2,4,6-9H2,1H3,(H,20,21,22)/t14-,15-,16+,17+,18+/m1/s1 Key: QZIGLSSUDXBTLJ-ZBRFXRBCSA-N
SMILES CC12CCC3C(C1CCC2O)CCC4=C3C=CC(=C4)OS(=O)(=O)O
Properties
Chemical formula	C₁₈H₂₄O₅S
Molar mass	352.445 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Estradiol sulfate (E2S), or 17β-estradiol 3-sulfate,^[1] is a natural, endogenous steroid and an estrogen ester.^[2] E2S itself is biologically inactive,^[3] but it can be converted by steroid sulfatase (also called estrogen sulfatase) into estradiol, which is a potent estrogen.^[2]^[4]^[5] Simultaneously, estrogen sulfotransferases convert estradiol to E2S, resulting in an equilibrium between the two steroids in various tissues.^[2]^[5] Estrone and E2S are the two immediate metabolic sources of estradiol.^[6] E2S can also be metabolized into estrone sulfate (E1S), which in turn can be converted into estrone and estradiol.^[7] Circulating concentrations of E2S are much lower than those of E1S.^[1] High concentrations of E2S are present in breast tissue, and E2S has been implicated in the biology of breast cancer via serving as an active reservoir of estradiol.^[2]^[4]

As the sodium salt sodium estradiol sulfate, E2S is present as a minor constituent (0.9%) of conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs), or Premarin.^[8] It effectively functions as a prodrug to estradiol in this preparation, similarly to E1S. E2S is also formed as a metabolite of estradiol, as well as of estrone and E1S.^[9]^[10] Aside from its presence in CEEs, E2S is not available as a commercial pharmaceutical drug.^[11]

E2S shows about 10,000-fold lower potency in activating the estrogen receptors relative to estradiol in vitro.^[12] It is 10-fold less potent than estrone sulfate orally in terms of in vivo uterotrophic effect in rats.^[13] Estrogen sulfates like estradiol sulfate or estrone sulfate are about twice as potent as the corresponding free estrogens in terms of estrogenic effect when given orally to rodents.^[14] This in part led to the introduction of conjugated estrogens (Premarin), which are primarily estrone sulfate, in 1941.^[14]

Although inactive at steroid hormone receptors, E2S has been found to act as a potent inhibitorofglutathione S-transferase,^[15]anenzyme that contributes to the inactivation of estradiol via conversion of it into an estradiol-glutathione conjugate.^[16] As such, E2S can indirectly serve as a positive effector of estrogen signaling.^[15]

Estradiol levels are about 1.5- to 4-fold higher than E2S levels in women. This is in contrast to E1S, the levels of which are about 10 to 15 times higher than those of estrone.^[17]

E2S at an oral dosage of 5 mg/day in women resulted in inhibition of ovulation in 89% of cycles (47 of 53).^[18]

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Affinities and estrogenic potencies of estrogen esters and ethers at the estrogen receptors
Estrogen	Other names	RBATooltip Relative binding affinity (%)^a	REP (%)^b
Estrogen	Other names	ER	ERα	ERβ
Estradiol	E2	100	100	100
Estradiol 3-sulfate	E2S; E2-3S	?	0.02	0.04
Estradiol 3-glucuronide	E2-3G	?	0.02	0.09
Estradiol 17β-glucuronide	E2-17G	?	0.002	0.0002
Estradiol benzoate	EB; Estradiol 3-benzoate	10	1.1	0.52
Estradiol 17β-acetate	E2-17A	31–45	24	?
Estradiol diacetate	EDA; Estradiol 3,17β-diacetate	?	0.79	?
Estradiol propionate	EP; Estradiol 17β-propionate	19–26	2.6	?
Estradiol valerate	EV; Estradiol 17β-valerate	2–11	0.04–21	?
Estradiol cypionate	EC; Estradiol 17β-cypionate	?^c	4.0	?
Estradiol palmitate	Estradiol 17β-palmitate	0	?	?
Estradiol stearate	Estradiol 17β-stearate	0	?	?
Estrone	E1; 17-Ketoestradiol	11	5.3–38	14
Estrone sulfate	E1S; Estrone 3-sulfate	2	0.004	0.002
Estrone glucuronide	E1G; Estrone 3-glucuronide	?	<0.001	0.0006
Ethinylestradiol	EE; 17α-Ethynylestradiol	100	17–150	129
Mestranol	EE 3-methyl ether	1	1.3–8.2	0.16
Quinestrol	EE 3-cyclopentyl ether	?	0.37	?
Footnotes: ^a = Relative binding affinities (RBAs) were determined via in-vitro displacement of labeled estradiol from estrogen receptors (ERs) generally of rodent uterine cytosol. Estrogen esters are variably hydrolyzed into estrogens in these systems (shorter ester chain length -> greater rate of hydrolysis) and the ER RBAs of the esters decrease strongly when hydrolysis is prevented. ^b = Relative estrogenic potencies (REPs) were calculated from half-maximal effective concentrations (EC₅₀) that were determined via in-vitro β‐galactosidase (β-gal) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) production assaysinyeast expressing human ERα and human ERβ. Both mammalian cells and yeast have the capacity to hydrolyze estrogen esters. ^c = The affinities of estradiol cypionate for the ERs are similar to those of estradiol valerate and estradiol benzoate (figure). Sources: See template page.

v

t

e
Structural properties of selected estradiol esters
Estrogen	Structure	Ester(s)				Relative mol. weight	Relative E2 content^b	log P^c
Estrogen	Structure	Position(s)	Moiet(ies)	Type	Length^a	Relative mol. weight	Relative E2 content^b	log P^c
Estradiol		–	–	–	–	1.00	1.00	4.0
Estradiol acetate		C3	Ethanoic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	2	1.15	0.87	4.2
Estradiol benzoate		C3	Benzoic acid	Aromatic fatty acid	– (~4–5)	1.38	0.72	4.7
Estradiol dipropionate		C3, C17β	Propanoic acid (×2)	Straight-chain fatty acid	3 (×2)	1.41	0.71	4.9
Estradiol valerate		C17β	Pentanoic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	5	1.31	0.76	5.6–6.3
Estradiol benzoate butyrate		C3, C17β	Benzoic acid, butyric acid	Mixed fatty acid	– (~6, 2)	1.64	0.61	6.3
Estradiol cypionate		C17β	Cyclopentylpropanoic acid	Cyclic fatty acid	– (~6)	1.46	0.69	6.9
Estradiol enanthate		C17β	Heptanoic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	7	1.41	0.71	6.7–7.3
Estradiol dienanthate		C3, C17β	Heptanoic acid (×2)	Straight-chain fatty acid	7 (×2)	1.82	0.55	8.1–10.4
Estradiol undecylate		C17β	Undecanoic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	11	1.62	0.62	9.2–9.8
Estradiol stearate		C17β	Octadecanoic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	18	1.98	0.51	12.2–12.4
Estradiol distearate		C3, C17β	Octadecanoic acid (×2)	Straight-chain fatty acid	18 (×2)	2.96	0.34	20.2
Estradiol sulfate		C3	Sulfuric acid	Water-soluble conjugate	–	1.29	0.77	0.3–3.8
Estradiol glucuronide		C17β	Glucuronic acid	Water-soluble conjugate	–	1.65	0.61	2.1–2.7
Estramustine phosphate^d		C3, C17β	Normustine, phosphoric acid	Water-soluble conjugate	–	1.91	0.52	2.9–5.0
Polyestradiol phosphate^e		C3–C17β	Phosphoric acid	Water-soluble conjugate	–	1.23^f	0.81^f	2.9^g
Footnotes: ^a = Length of esterincarbon atoms for straight-chain fatty acids or approximate length of ester in carbon atoms for aromaticorcyclic fatty acids. ^b = Relative estradiol content by weight (i.e., relative estrogenic exposure). ^c = Experimental or predicted octanol/water partition coefficient (i.e., lipophilicity/hydrophobicity). Retrieved from PubChem, ChemSpider, and DrugBank. ^d = Also known as estradiol normustine phosphate. ^e = Polymerofestradiol phosphate (~13 repeat units). ^f = Relative molecular weight or estradiol content per repeat unit. ^g = log P of repeat unit (i.e., estradiol phosphate). Sources: See individual articles.

References

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^ ^a ^b F. A. Kincl; J. R. Pasqualini (22 October 2013). Hormones and the Fetus: Volume 1: Production, Concentration and Metabolism During Pregnancy. Elsevier Science. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-1-4832-8538-2.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Peter J. O'Brien; William Robert Bruce (2 December 2009). Endogenous Toxins: Targets for Disease Treatment and Prevention, 2 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 869–. ISBN 978-3-527-32363-0.

^ Wang, Li-Quan; James, Margaret O. (2005). "Sulfotransferase 2A1 forms estradiol-17-sulfate and celecoxib switches the dominant product from estradiol-3-sulfate to estradiol-17-sulfate". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 96 (5): 367–374. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.05.002. ISSN 0960-0760. PMID 16011896. S2CID 24671971.

^ ^a ^b Jorge R. Pasqualini (17 July 2002). Breast Cancer: Prognosis, Treatment, and Prevention. CRC Press. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0-203-90924-9.

^ ^a ^b IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; World Health Organization; International Agency for Research on Cancer (2007). Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-92-832-1291-1.

^ G. Leclercq; S. Toma; R. Paridaens; J. C. Heuson (6 December 2012). Clinical Interest of Steroid Hormone Receptors in Breast Cancer. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2105–. ISBN 978-3-642-82188-2.

^ A. T. Gregoire (13 March 2013). Contraceptive Steroids: Pharmacology and Safety. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 109–. ISBN 978-1-4613-2241-2.

^ Marc A. Fritz; Leon Speroff (28 March 2012). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 751–. ISBN 978-1-4511-4847-3.

^ Christian Lauritzen; John W. W. Studd (22 June 2005). Current Management of the Menopause. CRC Press. pp. 364–. ISBN 978-0-203-48612-2.

^ Ryan J. Huxtable (11 November 2013). Biochemistry of Sulfur. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 312–. ISBN 978-1-4757-9438-0.

^ King, Roberta; Ghosh, Anasuya; Wu, Jinfang (2006). "Inhibition of human phenol and estrogen sulfotransferase by certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents". Current Drug Metabolism. 7 (7): 745–753. doi:10.2174/138920006778520615. ISSN 1389-2002. PMC 2105742. PMID 17073578.

^ Coldham NG, Dave M, Sivapathasundaram S, McDonnell DP, Connor C, Sauer MJ (July 1997). "Evaluation of a recombinant yeast cell estrogen screening assay". Environ. Health Perspect. 105 (7): 734–42. doi:10.1289/ehp.97105734. PMC 1470103. PMID 9294720.

^ Bhavnani BR (November 1988). "The saga of the ring B unsaturated equine estrogens". Endocr. Rev. 9 (4): 396–416. doi:10.1210/edrv-9-4-396. PMID 3065072.

^ ^a ^b Herr, F.; Revesz, C.; Manson, A. J.; Jewell, J. B. (1970). "Biological Properties of Estrogen Sulfates". Chemical and Biological Aspects of Steroid Conjugation. pp. 368–408. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-95177-0_8 (inactive 2024-03-25). ISBN 978-3-642-95179-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link)

^ ^a ^b Runge-Morris MA (1997). "Regulation of expression of the rodent cytosolic sulfotransferases". FASEB J. 11 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1096/fasebj.11.2.9039952. PMID 9039952. S2CID 22112485.

^ Singh D, Pandey RS (1996). "Glutathione-S-transferase in rat ovary: its changes during estrous cycle and increase in its activity by estradiol-17 beta". Indian J. Exp. Biol. 34 (11): 1158–60. PMID 9055636.

^ Cowie, Alfred T.; Forsyth, Isabel A.; Hart, Ian C. (1980). "Growth and Development of the Mammary Gland". Hormonal Control of Lactation. Monographs on Endocrinology. Vol. 15. pp. 58–145. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-81389-4_3. ISBN 978-3-642-81391-7. ISSN 0077-1015. PMID 6250026.

^ Gual C, Becerra C, Rice-Wray E, Goldzieher JW (February 1967). "Inhibition of ovulation by estrogens". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 97 (4): 443–7. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(67)90555-8. PMID 4163201.

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