| Free Church of England | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Classification | Protestant |
| Scripture | Christian Bible |
| Theology | Low Church Anglicanism |
| Polity | Episcopal |
| Associations |
|
| Full communion | Reformed Episcopal Church |
| Origin | 1844 |
| Separated from | Church of England |
| Congregations | 18 |
| Official website | fcofe |
The Free Church of England (FCE) is an episcopal church based in England. The church was founded when a number of congregations separated from the established Church of England in the middle of the 19th century.[1]
The doctrinal basis of the FCE, together with its episcopal structures, organisation, worship, ministry and ethos are recognisably "Anglican" although it is not a member of the Anglican Communion. Its worship style follows that of the Book of Common Prayer or conservative modern-language forms that belong to the Anglican tradition.
The Church of England acknowledges the FCE as a church with valid orders and its canons permit a range of shared liturgical and ministerial activities.
The Free Church of England was founded principally by Evangelical Low Church clergy and congregations in response to what were perceived as attempts (inspired by the Oxford Movement) to re-introduce traditional Catholic practices into the Church of England, England's established church. The first congregation was formed by the Reverend James Shore at St John's Church Bridgetown, Totnes, Devon, in 1844.[2]
In the early years, clergy were often provided by the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion which had its origins in the 18th-century Evangelical Revival. By the middle of the 19th century the connexion still retained many Anglican features such as the use of the surplice and the Book of Common Prayer.[3]
The first bishop was Benjamin Price, who initially had oversight of all the new congregations.
In 1874 the FCE made contact with the newly organised Reformed Episcopal Church in North America.[4]
In 1956, the FCE published a revision of the Book of Common Prayer to form the primary text of the denomination's liturgy. The stated intention of the revision was to remove or explain "particular phrases and expressions" from the Church of England's 1662 edition of the prayer book that "afford at least plausible ground for the teaching and practice of the Sacerdotal and Romanising Party".[5]
In 2003, due to the adoption of High Church practices by the FCE, two bishops and ten congregations split from the main church and formed the Evangelical Connexion of the Free Church of England.[6] Three of these congregations returned to the FCE - those in Exeter (which subsequently left the FCE again in April 2023[7]), Middlesbrough and Oswaldtwistle. Two churches in Farnham and Teddington having become independent altogether, the ECFCE currently has five churches in Fleetwood, Leeds, Leigh-on-Sea, Tuebrook (Liverpool) and Workington.[8]
The church holds a threefold ministryofdeacons, presbyters and bishops and only ordains men.[9] Its orders have been recognised as valid by the Church of England since 2013.[10]
The provision of contemporary language liturgies has been approved by convocation and a process of drafting and authorisation has begun. The church has continued to ordain bishops in the apostolic succession, with Moravian, Church of England and Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishops taking part on occasion.[11]
The united church enjoyed modest growth in the first part of the 20th century, having at one point 90 congregations, but after the Second World War, like most other denominations in the UK, suffered a decline in numbers, though there has been a modest increase in the number of congregations in recent years.[12] The 18 UK churches are located as follows.
Bishops:
| Church | Location | Founded | Link | Minister | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| St George, Mill Hill | Blackburn, Lancashire | 1907 | [13] | Kenneth Howles | |
| Emmanuel, Morecambe | Morecambe, Lancashire | 1886 | Brett Murphy | ||
| Holy Trinity, Oswaldtwistle | Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire | 1870 | [14][better source needed] | Anthony Roberts | |
| St John with Trinity, Tottington | Tottington, Greater Manchester | 1853 | Arthur Kay | ||
| St David, Preston | Preston, Lancashire | 1939 | Vacant | Previously an unaffiliated Anglican church | |
| Christ Church, Liscard | Liscard, Merseyside | 1880 | Trevor Hutchinson | ||
| St Augustine, Isle of Man | Douglas, Isle of Man | 2016 | [15] | Sir Laurence New | Joined FCE 2020. Meets in Jim Crosbie Memorial Hall, Derby Road, Douglas. IM2 3EN |
| Impact Community Church | Hollinwood, Greater Manchester | [16] | Elijah Boswell | Associate church |
St Stephen's Middlesbrough closed its building in 2017. The church continued to meet in a community centre but closed in 2021.[17]
Bishops:
Churches:
| Church | Location | Founded | Link | Minister | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| St Jude, Balham | Balham, London | 1887 | [18] | Mark Gretason | |
| St Andrew, Bentley | Bentley, West Midlands | 1943 | [19] | Paul Hunt | |
| St Jude, Chuckery | Walsall, West Midlands | 1909 | [20] | joined FCE 1947 | |
| Emmanuel, Birmingham | Saltley, West Midlands | 1903 | Daniel Choe | ||
| Christ Church, Broadstairs | Broadstairs, Kent | 1904 | Jabson Watson | ||
| Christ Church, Harlesden | Harlesden, London | 1886 | [21] | Calvin Robinson (priest of the Nordic Catholic Church) | |
| Christ Church, Willesborough | Willesborough, Ashford, Kent | 1874 | Jabson Watson | ||
| St Francis, Shoreham-by-Sea | Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex | 2012 | [22] | Gerald Kirsch | |
| St Paul's, Bexhill-on-Sea | Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex | 1928 | [23] | P. Gadsden | joined FCE 2021 |
Christ ChurchinCrowborough, East Sussex was founded in 1879 and remained in use by the Free Church of England until the early 21st century. It is now an independent Evangelical church.[24]
Emmanuel Anglican Church, Tunbridge Wells, was founded in 2016 and joined the FCE in 2019. Its minister, Peter Sanlon, had previously been a Church of England minister. In May 2021 the church announced it was withdrawing from the FCE following concerns about governance in the FCE and the conduct of Bishop John Fenwick.[25] The same decision was taken by Christ Church, Exmouth (founded 1896; minister Josep Rosello),[26] and Christ Church Balham (founded in 2002 as an independent Anglican church; joined FCE 2019[27]).
St Peter's, Croydon, was a new FCE church in 2018.[28]
The church in South America, comprising 25 congregations, was recognised as an overseas diocese by the convocation held in June 2018. The 16 Brazilian congregations are registered as the Anglican Reformed Church of Brazil (Portuguese: Igreja Anglicana Reformada do Brasil; IARB).[29]
On 5 May 2021, the South American diocese withdrew from the FCE, citing a "total loss of confidence in the leadership of the FCE" and "abuses of power committed by Bishop John Fenwick".[30]
In January 2013 it was announced that the Church of England had recognised the holy orders of the Free Church of England.[31] This move followed approximately three years of contact between the bishops of the Free Church of England, the Council for Christian Unity and the Faith and Order Commission. The recognition was not voted on by the General Synod but was endorsed by the standing committee of the House of Bishops. John McLean, the then Bishop Primus of the Free Church of England, said: "We are grateful to the archbishops for this recognition of our common episcopal heritage. I pray that it will not be an end in itself, but will lead to new opportunities for proclaiming the Gospel." Christopher Hill, Bishop of Guildford and chair of the Church of England's Council for Christian Unity, said: "I hope there will be good relations between us and especially in those places where there is a Free Church of England congregation."[32]
Recognition of the orders of the Free Church of England under the Overseas and Other Clergy (Ministry and Ordination) Measure 1967 means that FCE clergy are eligible to be given permission under that measure to officiate in the Church of England, subject to such procedures and authorisations as may be required. A number have been so authorised while remaining clergy of the FCE in good standing. The measure also permits FCE bishops to ordain and perform other episcopal functions at the request of the bishop of a diocese in the provinces of Canterbury and York, subject to the consent of the relevant archbishop.[33]
The FCE is in communion with the Reformed Episcopal Church, which itself is now a member of the Anglican Church in North America. Within the UK the FCE is a member of the Free Churches Group[34] and Churches Together in England. From 1992 to 1997 the FCE was in official dialogue with the Church of England, which the 1998 Lambeth Conference saw as a sign of hope.[35] It is a Designated Church under the Church of England's Ecumenical Relations Measure 1988.[36]
FCE bishops have attended the enthronements of George Carey, Rowan Williams and Justin WelbyasArchbishops of Canterbury. Since 2013, the Free Church of England has been in dialogue with the conservative Old Catholics of the Union of Scranton; one of the FCE parishes is served by a priest of the Union of Scranton's Nordic Catholic Church, the former FCE deacon Calvin Robinson.[37][38]
The FCE has been involved in the realignments within the Anglican Communion. In 2009 the church was represented at the launch of the Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans (UK and Ireland), the local expression of the Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON) movement inaugurated the previous year in Jerusalem.[citation needed] In October 2013, the bishop primus, John Fenwick, attended the second Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON 2) in Nairobi. He has been consulted in the restructuring of GAFCON UK (the successor body to the Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans (UK and Ireland)) under the leadership of Bishop Andy Lines, the ACNA missionary bishop endorsed by the GAFCON primates.[39]
In February 2016, Foley Beach, archbishop of the Anglican Church in North America, signed an instrument declaring the Anglican Church in North America to be in full communion with the Free Church of England, and recognising "their congregations, clergy, and sacraments, while pledging to work together for the proclamation of the Good News of Jesus Christ and the making of his disciples throughout the world". Archbishop Beach's declaration was ratified by the provincial council of the ACNA in June 2016.[40]
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