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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
Gambierdiscus toxicus eukaryote belonging to the Alveolata , part of the SAR supergroup . It is a dinoflagellate which can cause the foodborne illness ciguatera ,[1] polyethers including ciguatoxin , maitotoxin , gambieric acid , and gambierol .[2] [3] brown macroalgae .[2]
Taxonomy [ edit ]
This species was first described by Adachi, R. & Fukuyo, Y in 1979 using samples collected around Gambier Islands .[4] Gambierdiscus caribaeus , Gambierdiscus carolinianus , Gambierdiscus carpenteri , Gambierdiscus ruetzleri and Gambierdiscus toxicus ) according to their morphological characteristic of thecal structure, and the sequence of both D1–D3 and D8–D10 regions in large-subunit rDNA.[5]
Distribution [ edit ]
This species can be found in tropical and subtropical regions in Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.[6] [7] [7] [8]
Secondary metabolites [ edit ]
This algae species is capable of producing a variety of bioactive polyketide natural products such as ciguatoxin with characteristic fused-ring cyclic polyether structure. It is believed that the biosynthesis pathway involves epoxide as an intermediate which then undergoes a cyclization reaction to form the fused-ring cyclic polyether structure.[9]
References [ edit ]
^
Cuypers, E.; Abdel-Mottaleb, Y.; Kopljar, I.; Raes, A. L.; Snyders, D. J.; Tytgat, J (2008). "Gambierol, a toxin produced by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, is a potent blocker of voltage-gated potassium" . Toxicon . 51 6 ): 974–983. doi :10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.01.004 . PMC 2597072 PMID 18313714 .
^ ADACHI, Rokuro; FUKUYO, Yasuwo (1979). "The Thecal Structure of a Marine Toxic Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus gen. et sp. nov. Collected in a Ciguatera-endemic Area" . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi . 45 1 ): 67–71. doi :10.2331/suisan.45.67 ISSN 1349-998X .
^ Litaker, R. Wayne; Vandersea, Mark W.; Faust, Maria A.; Kibler, Steven R.; Chinain, Mireille; Holmes, Michael J.; Holland, William C.; Tester, Patricia A. (September 2009). "Taxonomy of Gambierdiscus including four new species, Gambierdiscus caribaeus , Gambierdiscus carolinianus , Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)" . Phycologia . 48 5 ): 344–390. Bibcode :2009Phyco..48..344L . doi :10.2216/07-15.1 . ISSN 0031-8884 . S2CID 86334317 .
^ Tester, Patricia A.; Litaker, R. Wayne; Berdalet, Elisa (January 2020). "Climate change and harmful benthic microalgae" . Harmful Algae . 91 doi :10.1016/j.hal.2019.101655 hdl :10261/200648 ISSN 1568-9883 . PMID 32057343 .
^ a b Parsons, Michael L.; Settlemier, Chelsie J.; Ballauer, Josh M. (April 2011). "An examination of the epiphytic nature of Gambierdiscus toxicus, a dinoflagellate involved in ciguatera fish poisoning" . Harmful Algae . 10 6 ): 598–605. doi :10.1016/j.hal.2011.04.011 . ISSN 1568-9883 . PMC 3182139 PMID 21966283 .
^ Nakahara, Hiroyuki; Sakami, Tomoko; Chinain, Mireille; Ishida, Yuzaburo (June 1996). "The role of macroalgae in epiphytism of the toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae)" . Phycological Research . 44 2 ): 113–117. doi :10.1111/j.1440-1835.1996.tb00385.x . ISSN 1322-0829 . S2CID 84070794 .
^ Van Wagoner, Ryan M.; Satake, Masayuki; Wright, Jeffrey L. C. (2014-06-16). "Polyketide biosynthesis in dinoflagellates: what makes it different?" . Natural Product Reports . 31 9 ): 1101–37. doi :10.1039/c4np00016a . ISSN 0265-0568 . PMID 24930430 .
External links [ edit ]
t
e
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gambierdiscus_toxicus&oldid=1218901491 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● G o n y a u l a c a l e s ● P r o t i s t s d e s c r i b e d i n 1 9 7 9 ● D i n o f l a g e l l a t e s p e c i e s ● D i n o f l a g e l l a t e s t u b s H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● C S 1 e r r o r s : m i s s i n g p e r i o d i c a l ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n m a t c h e s W i k i d a t a ● A r t i c l e s w i t h ' s p e c i e s ' m i c r o f o r m a t s ● A l l s t u b a r t i c l e s
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 4 A p r i l 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 5 : 0 9 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
