George Sylvester Viereck (December 31, 1884 – March 18, 1962) was a German-American poet, writer, and pro-German propagandist. He worked on behalf of Nazi Germany.[1] He preferred to use the name Sylvester.[2]
Sylvester's father, Louis Viereck, was born in Berlin in 1851, to the unmarried actress Edwina Viereck. It was rumored that Louis was the son of Kaiser William I, but Louis was acknowledged as a son instead by Louis von Prillwitz, a son of Prince Augustus of Prussia. Louis joined the Socialist Party in 1870, and eight years later was banished from Berlin under Otto von Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws. In 1881 he became editor of a socialist periodical in Munich. In 1884 he was elected to the Reichstag, but in 1886 was imprisoned for attending Socialist Party meetings. He left the Party upon his release from prison.[3]
Sylvester's mother, Laura Viereck, was born in San Francisco to William Viereck, a younger brother of Edwina Viereck. William was an unsuccessful revolutionary who had fled the German States like other Forty-Eighters and operated a German theatre in San Francisco. After William's death in 1865, his wife returned to Germany with their children. In 1881, Laura married her first cousin Louis. At her urging, Louis emigrated to the United States in 1896, and Laura followed with Sylvester some months later. Louis became an American citizen in 1901, but he returned to Germany in 1911.[4]
George Sylvester Viereck was born in Munich on 31 December 1884.[5] Sylvester began writing poetry when he was eleven. His heroes were Jesus Christ, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Oscar Wilde; his short story The House of the Vampire is heavily inspired by Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest.[2] While still in college, in 1904, George Sylvester Viereck, with the help of literary critic Ludwig Lewisohn, published his first collection of poems.[6] He graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1906. The next year, his collection Nineveh and Other Poems (1907) won Viereck national fame. A number of his poems were written in the style of the Uranian male love poetry of the time.[7]The Saturday Evening Post called Viereck "the most widely-discussed young literary man in the United States today".[8]
Between 1907 and 1912, Viereck turned into a Germanophile. In 1908, he published the best-selling Confessions of a Barbarian. Viereck lectured at the University of BerlinonAmerican poetry in 1911.[9] For his support of Germany and pacifism, Viereck was expelled from several social clubs and fraternal organizations, and had a falling out with a close friend, poet Blanche Shoemaker Wagstaff.[10][11][12]
During World War I, he edited a German-sponsored weekly magazine, The Fatherland, with a claimed circulation of 80,000.[13] The magazine was later renamed after him.[2]
When a German torpedo sank the Lusitania, he released a statement in support of the attack.[2]
He once left a briefcase of German government documents on a train in Manhattan, which were published in the New York World, revealing a long list of American citizens—including Viereck himself—who had received payment from the German government to sway public opinion in their favor. It also described German sabotage plans.[2]
Theodore Roosevelt—whom Viereck's father had helped to elect president—once wrote him an angry letter encouraging him to leave the United States and go back to Germany.[2]
In August 1918, a lynch mob stormed Viereck's house in Mount Vernon, forcing him to seek refuge in a New York City hotel.[14] In 1919, shortly after the Great War, he was expelled from the Poetry Society of America.[15]
Viereck became close friends with Nikola Tesla.[19] Tesla occasionally attended dinner parties held by Viereck and his wife. He dedicated his poem "Fragments of Olympian Gossip" to Viereck, a work in which Tesla ridiculed the scientific establishment of the day.
Viereck founded two publications, The International (of which the notorious poet and occultist Aleister Crowley was a contributing editor for a time) and The Fatherland, which argued the German cause during World War I. Viereck became a well-known supporter of Nazism. In 1933, Viereck again met with Hitler, now Germany's leader, in Berlin, and in 1934, he gave a speech to twenty thousand "Friends of the New Germany" at New York's Madison Square Garden, in which he compared Hitler to Franklin D. Roosevelt and told his audience to sympathize with Nazism without being antisemites. His Jewish friends denounced him as "George Swastika Viereck", but he continued to promote Nazism.[20]
In 1940, Viereck launched a scheme in which he "paid members of Congress to take propaganda from the Hitler government — he'd literally get it from the German embassy — and deliver it in Congress in floor speeches. Then he'd use their offices' franking privileges to get thousands, in some cases millions, of reprints of this Nazi propaganda. He would mail it out, at taxpayer expense, all over the United States."[21] The key members of Congress working with Viereck in this scheme were Sen. Ernest Lundeen,[22] Rep. Hamilton Fish,[23] and Rep. Jacob Thorkelson.[24]
In October 1941, Viereck was indicted in the U.S. for a violation of the Foreign Agents Registration Act when he set up his publishing house, Flanders Hall, in Scotch Plains, New Jersey.[25] In 1942, he was convicted of failing to register with the United States Department of State as a Nazi agent and sentenced to 2 to 6 years in prison.[26] In 1943, his conviction was reversed by the Supreme Court. Later that year, however, Viereck was convicted on six counts and sentenced to one to 5 years in prison. Viereck, who returned to prison on July 31, 1943, spent 3 years and 10 months in prison. He was released on parole on May 17, 1947.[27]
Viereck's memoir of life in prison, Men Into Beasts, was published as a paperback original by Fawcett Publications in 1952. The book is a general memoir of discomfort, loss of dignity, and brutality in prison life. The front matter and backcover text focuses on the situational homosexuality and male rape described in the book (witnessed, not experienced, by Viereck).
He had two sons, George and Peter. George was killed in action during the Second World War. His other son, Peter Viereck, was a historian, political writer and poet. A 2005 New Yorker article discusses how the younger Viereck both rejected and was shaped by the ideologies of his father.[28]
The poem "Slaves" published in the 1924 collection The Three Sphinxes and Other Poems inspired the title of the 1968 psychothriller Twisted Nerve, and is quoted several times in the film:
A twisted nerve, a ganglion gone awry,
Predestinates the sinner and the saint.
The short story The House of the Vampire was not received well by critics, but was adapted into a stage play by Edgar Allan Woolf.[2]
(1925) The Harlot’s House and Other Poems. Edited, with an introduction, by George Sylvester Viereck. Girard, Kansas: Haldeman-Julius Company.
(1929) As They Saw Us: Foch, Ludendorff and Other Leaders Write Our War History. Edited by George Sylvester Viereck. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Company.
^Keller, Phyllis (Summer 1971). "George Sylvester Viereck: The Psychology of a German-American Militant". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 2 (1): 59–108. doi:10.2307/202443. JSTOR202443.
^Keller, Phyllis (Summer 1971). "George Sylvester Viereck: The Psychology of a German-American Militant". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 2 (1): 60-61.
^Keller, Phyllis (Summer 1971). "George Sylvester Viereck: The Psychology of a German-American Militant". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 2 (1).
^Keller, Phyllis (1979). States of Belonging: German-American Intellectuals and the First World War, Harvard University Press.
^Mader, D. H. (2005). "The Greek Mirror: Uranians and their use of Greece", in Verstraete and Provencal, (ed.) Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity, Psychology Press, p. 384.
^Reiss, Tom (2005). The Orientalist. Solving the Mystery of a Strange and Dangerous Life. New York: Random House, p. 285.
^Gertz, Elmer (1978). The Odyssey of a Barbarian: The Biography of George Sylvester Viereck, Prometheus Books, p. 99.
