Insailing, the great capes are three major capes of the continents in the Southern Ocean: Africa's Cape of Good Hope, Australia's Cape Leeuwin, and South America's Cape Horn.[1]
The traditional clipper route followed the winds of the roaring forties south of the great capes. Due to the hazards they presented to shipping, the great capes became landmarks in ocean voyaging.[2] The great capes became common points of reference, though other nearby capes were more southern and also notable.
Today, the great capes feature prominently in ocean yacht racing, with many races and individual sailors following the clipper route. A circumnavigation via the great capes is considered to be a noteworthy achievement.[3] Sailor Joshua Slocum completed the first solo circumnavigation of the world in 1895–1898, and the Joshua Slocum Society International presented its Level 3 Golden Circle Award to sailors who solo circumnavigated passing the great capes.[3] Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz, of Poland, became the first woman to sail solo around the world, embarking on her journey from the Canary Islands on March 28, 1976, and returning on April 21, 1978. Her 401-day circumnavigation covered 31,166 nautical miles (57,719 km).[4]
In his book The Long Way, Bernard Moitessier tries to express the significance to a sailor of the great capes:
A sailor's geography is not always that of the cartographer, for whom a cape is a cape, with a latitude and longitude. For the sailor, a great cape is both a very simple and an extremely complicated whole of rocks, currents, breaking seas and huge waves, fair winds and gales, joys and fears, fatigue, dreams, painful hands, empty stomachs, wonderful moments, and suffering at times. A great cape, for us, can't be expressed in longitude and latitude alone. A great cape has a soul, with very soft, very violent shadows and colours. A soul as smooth as a child's, as hard as a criminal's. And that is why we go.[5]
Other southern capes mark significant points of passage through the southern oceans. The five southernmost capes refer to the five geographically southern mainland (or large island) points on the Earth.[3]
Sailors circumnavigating the world have used these five southernmost capes as goals on their route.
| Cape | Location | Coordinates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cape Horn | Chile | 55°58′45″S 067°16′30″W / 55.97917°S 67.27500°W / -55.97917; -67.27500 (Cape Horn) | Hornos Island; Southernmost point in the Tierra del Fuego islands of South America and the official dividing point between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Roughly 2 degreesoflatitude farther south than Chile's Cape Froward, the southernmost point on the mainland of South America, in the Magellan Strait. |
| Cape Agulhas | South Africa | 34°50′00″S 20°00′00″E / 34.83333°S 20.00000°E / -34.83333; 20.00000 (Cape Agulhas) | From Portuguese Cabo das Agulhas, for "Cape of Needles"; Southernmost point of Africa and the official dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Roughly 29 minutes of latitude farther south than the more commonly cited Cape of Good Hope. |
| West Cape Howe | Australia | 35°8′0″S 117°38′15″E / 35.13333°S 117.63750°E / -35.13333; 117.63750 (West Cape Howe) | Contains three "heads", with the easternmost Torbay Head being the southernmost point of the mainland of Western Australia. Roughly 46 minutesoflatitude farther south than the more commonly cited Cape Leeuwin. |
| South East Cape | Australia | 43°38′30″S 146°49′45″E / 43.64167°S 146.82917°E / -43.64167; 146.82917 (South East Cape) | Southernmost point of the main island of Tasmania and the official dividing point between the Pacific and Indian oceans. Roughly 4° 30′ farther south than South Point on the Wilsons Promontory peninsula in Victoria. South Point, Victoria is the most southern mainland point of Australia, on the north side of the Bass Strait separating Tasmania from the southeast Australian mainland |
| South Cape / Whiore | New Zealand | 47°17′15″S 167°32′15″E / 47.28750°S 167.53750°E / -47.28750; 167.53750 (South Cape) | Southernmost point of Stewart Island / Rakiura and the southernmost point of the main islands of New Zealand. Roughly 37 minutes of latitude farther south than Slope Point, the southernmost point of the South Island. |
