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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m H u n g a r i a n s i n S w e d e n )
Hungarian people and their descendants living outside Hungary
Hungarian diaspora in the world (includes people with Hungarian ancestry or citizenship).
Hungary
+ 1,000,000
+ 100,000
+ 10,000
+ 1,000
Areas with ethnic Hungarian majorities in the neighboring countries of Hungary, according to László Sebők.[1]
The Hungarian diaspora (Hungarian : magyar diaszpóra ) comprises the total ethnic Hungarian population located outside current-day Hungary.
There are two main groups of the diaspora. The first group includes those who are autochthonous to their homeland and live outside Hungary since the border changes of the post-World War I Treaty of Trianon of 1920.[2] [note 1] The victorious forces redrew the borders of Hungary so that it runs through Hungarian-majority areas. As a consequence, 3.3 million Hungarians found themselves outside the new borders. Although those Hungarians are usually not included in the term "Hungarian diaspora",[3] they are listed as such in this article. The other main group is the emigrants who left Hungary at various times (such as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ). There has been some emigration since Hungary joined the EU in 2004, especially to countries such as Germany,[4] but those patterns have been less extensive than for certain other countries of Central Europe such as Poland and Slovakia .
Additionally, there is the Magyarab people , a small ethnic group located in Egypt and Sudan.[5]
Distribution by country [ edit ]
Country
Hungarian population
Note
Article
Neighboring countries
Romania
1,002,151 (2021 )[6] (excluding Csángós )[7]
Native to Transylvania ,[8] Csángós in Western Moldavia (moved from Transylvania there in the past), and a very small community of Szeklers also in Bukovina (see also Székelys of Bukovina )
Hungarians in Romania
Slovakia
456,154 (2021)[9]
Autochthonous[10]
Hungarians in Slovakia
Serbia
184,442 (2021)[11]
Autochthonous in Vojvodina
Hungarians in Serbia
Ukraine
156,600 (2001)[12]
Autochthonous in Zakarpattia Oblast
Hungarians in Ukraine
Austria
107,347 (2024)[13]
Autochthonous in Burgenland
Hungarians in Austria
Croatia
10,315 (2021)[14]
Autochthonous in Croatia , except in Istria and Dalmatia
Hungarians in Croatia
Slovenia
10,500 (2021)[15]
Autochthonous in Prekmurje
Hungarians in Slovenia
Other countries
United States
1,563,081 (2006)[16]
Immigrants
Hungarian Americans
Canada
348,085 (2016)[17]
Immigrants
Hungarian Canadians
Argentina
300,000 (2024)[18]
Immigrants
Hungarians in Germany
Israel
200,000 to 250,000 (2000s)[19]
Immigrants; most are Hungarian Jews
United Kingdom
200,000 to 250,000 (2020)[20] [21]
Immigrants
Hungarians in the United Kingdom
France
200,000 to 250,000 (2021)[22] [23]
Immigrants
Hungarians in France
Brazil
80,000 (2002)[24]
Immigrants
Hungarian Brazilians
Russia
76,500 (2002)
Immigrants
Hungarians in Russia
Australia
69,167 (2011)[25]
Immigrants
Hungarian Australians
Australia
70,000 (2011)[26]
Immigrants
Hungarian Argentines
Sweden
33,018 (2018)[27]
Immigrants
Hungarians in Sweden
Switzerland
27,000 (2019)[28]
Immigrants
Netherlands
26,172 (2020)[29]
Immigrants
Czech Republic
20,000 (2013)[30]
People of Hungarian descent forcibly relocated from the Slovak part of the Third Czechoslovak Republic
Belgium
15,000 (2013)[30]
Immigrants
Italy
14,000 (2019)[28]
Immigrants
Spain
10,000 (2019)[28]
Immigrants
Ireland
9,000 (2019)[28]
Immigrants
Norway
8,316 (2015)[31]
Immigrants
New Zealand
7,000 (2013)[30]
Immigrants
Hungarian New Zealanders
Turkey
6,800 (2001)
Immigrants
Hungarians in Turkey
Denmark
6,000 (2019)[28]
Immigrants
Japan
5,600 (2022)[28]
Immigrants
Bosnia and Herzegovina
4,000[citation needed ]
Immigrants
South Africa
4,000 (2013)[30]
Immigrants
Venezuela
4,000 (2013)[30]
Immigrants
Hungarian Venezuelans
Mexico
3,500 (2006)
Immigrants
Hungarian Mexicans
Finland
3,000 (2019)[28]
Immigrants
Hungarians in Finland
Uruguay
3,000 (2013)[30]
Immigrants
Hungarian Uruguayans
Greece
2,387 (2018)[21]
Immigrants
Chile
2,000 (2012)[32]
Immigrants
Hungarians in Chile
Luxembourg
2,000 (2019)[28]
Immigrants
Poland
1,728 (2011)[33]
Immigrants
Hungarians in Poland
Portugal
1,230 (2022)[34]
Foreign citizens only; for instance, excludes 79 Luso-Hungarians who have acquired Portuguese citizenship since 2008[35]
Jordan
1,000 (2019)[28]
Immigrants
Cyprus
620 (2018)[21]
Immigrants
Kazakhstan
500 (2021)[36]
Immigrants
Montenegro
400[citation needed ]
Immigrants
Latvia
300[citation needed ]
Immigrants
Uzbekistan
300[citation needed ]
Immigrants
Philippines
206 (2010)[37]
Immigrants
Iceland
200 (2015)[31]
Immigrants
North Macedonia
200[citation needed ]
Immigrants
Estonia
173 (2018)[21]
Immigrants
Bulgaria
153 (2015)[31]
Immigrants
Vietnam
100 (2015)[38]
Immigrants
Liechtenstein
44 (2015)[31]
Immigrants
Lithuania
23 (2015)[31]
Immigrants
Total
5.2–5.5 million
Hungarians
Hungarian immigration patterns to Western Europe increased in the 1990s and especially since 2004, after Hungary's admission in the European Union . Thousands of Hungarians from Hungary sought available work through guest-worker contracts in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, Sweden, Spain, and Portugal.
Hungarian citizenship [ edit ]
Flag of Hungary
A proposal supported by the DAHR to grant Hungarian citizenship to Hungarians living in Romania but without meeting Hungarian-law residency requirements was narrowly defeated at a 2004 referendum in Hungary.[39] The referendum was invalid because of not enough participants. After the failure of the 2004 referendum, the leaders of the Hungarian ethnic parties in the neighboring countries formed the HTMSZF organization in January 2005, as an instrument lobbying for preferential treatment in the granting of Hungarian citizenship.[40]
In 2010, some amendments were passed in Hungarian law facilitating an accelerated naturalization process for ethnic Hungarians living abroad; among other changes, the residency-in-Hungary requirement was waived.[41] In May 2010, Slovakia announced it would strip Slovak citizenship from anyone applying for Hungarian citizenship.[42] Romania's President Traian Băsescu declared in October 2010: "We have no objections to the adoption by the Hungarian government and parliament of a law making it easier to grant Hungarian citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living abroad."[43]
The new citizenship law took effect on 1 January 2011. It did not grant the right to vote, even in national elections, to Hungarian citizens unless they also resided in Hungary on a permanent basis.[44] In February 2011, the Fidesz government announced that it intended to grant the right to vote to its new citizens.[45] Between 2011 and 2012, 200,000 applicants took advantage of the new, accelerated naturalization process;[46] there were another 100,000 applications pending in the summer of 2012.[47] As of February 2013, the Hungarian government had granted citizenship to almost 400,000 Hungarians ‘beyond the borders’.[48] In June 2013, Deputy Prime Minister Zsolt Semjén announced that he expected the number to reach about half a million by the end of the year.[49]
Hungarian citizens abroad have been able to participate in the parliamentary elections without Hungarian residency starting from the 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election , however, they cannot vote for a candidate running for the seat in a single-seat constituency, but for a party list.
Famous people of Hungarian descent [ edit ]
Country
Name
Occupation
Source
Austria
Ferenc Anisits
Engineer
United States
Albert-László Barabási
Physicist and discoverer of scale-free networks
United States
Drew Barrymore
Actress
[50] [51]
Austria
Béla Barényi
Engineer and prolific inventor
Germany
Josef von Báky
Film director
United States
Béla Bartók
Composer
United States
Zoltán Bay
Physicist and engineer
United States
György von Békésy
Biophysicist and Nobel Prize winner
United States
Pal Benko
Chess player and a record eight-time U.S. Open winner
United States
Adrien Brody
Actor and youngest winner of the Academy Award for Best Actor
[52]
United States
György Buzsáki [53]
Neuroscientist
United States
Mihály Csíkszentmihályi
Psychologist of flow
United States
Larry Csonka
American football fullback
United States
Tony Curtis
Actor
[54] [55]
France
György Cziffra
Pianist
United States Mexico
Louis C.K.
Comedian
[56]
United States
Rodney Dangerfield
Comedian
[57]
United States
Frank Darabont
Film director and screenplay writer
United States
Ernst von Dohnányi
Composer, pianist, and conductor
United States
Bobby Fischer
Chess player
Germany
Ferenc Fricsay
Conductor
United Kingdom
Stephen Fry
Comedian
[58]
United States
Zsa Zsa Gabor
Actress
[59]
United States
Peter Carl Goldmark
Engineer and inventor
United States
Andrew Grove
Businessman and entrepreneur
United States
Mickey Hargitay
Actor, body builder, and 1955 Mr. Universe
United States
Harry Houdini
Escapologist and magician
United States
Tim Howard
Soccer goalkeeper
Sweden Germany
George de Hevesy
Radiochemist and co-discoverer of hafnium
[60]
United States
Katalin Karikó
Biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
United States
John George Kemeny
Mathematician, computer scientist, and co-developer of BASIC
[61]
United States
Laszlo B. Kish
Physicist
Sweden
George Klein
Microbiologist and author
Austria
Ferenc Krausz
Physicist and Nobel Prize winner
Belgium
Alexandre Lamfalussy
Economist
Germany
Philipp Lenard
Physicist and Nobel Prize winner
United States
Bela Lugosi
Actor
Mexico
Luis Mandoki
Film director
United States
Ilona Massey
Actress
United States
Paul Neményi
Physicist and mathematician
[62]
United States
John von Neumann
Mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath
[63] [64]
United States
Thomas Peterffy
Businessman and founder of Interactive Brokers
United States
Joaquin Phoenix
Actor
[65]
United States
Joseph Pulitzer
Journalist
[66]
United Kingdom
Árpád Pusztai
Biochemist
Slovakia
Ľudovít Rajter
Conductor
France
Nicolas Sarkozy
23rd President of France
[67]
Austria
Franz Schmidt
Composer
United States
Jerry Seinfeld
Comedian, actor, writer, and producer
[68]
United States
Monica Seles
Tennis player
United States
Gene Simmons
Musician
[69]
Canada
Hans Selye
Endocrinologist
United States
Charles Simonyi
Software architect
United States
Victor Szebehely
Astronomist and physicist
United States
Albert Szent-Györgyi
Biochemist and Nobel Prize winner
United States
Leó Szilárd
Physicist and inventor
[70]
United States
Mária Telkes
Biophysicist and inventor
United States
Edward Teller
Physicist, engineer, and “father of the hydrogen bomb
[71]
United Kingdom
Kálmán Tihanyi
Physicist, engineer, and inventor
Czech Republic
Tomáš Ujfaluši
Association football player
France
Victor Vasarely
Artist of op art movement
United States
Gabriel von Wayditch
Composer
Germany
Richárd Zsigmondy
Chemist and Nobel Prize winner
France
Gyula Halász (Brassaï)
Photographer, sculptor, medalist, writer, and filmmaker
United States
Ivan Soltész
Scientist
United States
Jerry Seinfeld
Entertainer/comedian
[72]
Czech Republic
Tomáš Ujfaluši
Football player
Politics [ edit ]
Since the Hungarian diaspora could start voting in elections in Hungary from 2012,[73] they have overwhelmingly supported the ruling Fidesz . In the 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election , Fidesz won over 95% of the vote,[74] in the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election , over 96%, while in the 2019 European Parliament election in Hungary , Fidesz received 96%.[75]
Minority interest parties [ edit ]
In several Eastern European countries, parties that represent the interests of Hungarian minorities have emerged.
Gallery [ edit ]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ Mathey, Éva (2012-09-14). "Chasing a Mirage: Hungarian Revisionist Search for U.S. Support to Dismantle the Trianon Peace Treaty, 1920–1938" (PDF) . The Trianon Syndrome and Treaty Revision . University of Debrecen. pp. 38–39. Retrieved 2021-05-08 . Since the Great Powers who dictated the peace terms disregarded the principle of national self-determination in Hungary's case and did not draw the new borders of Hungary to follow ethnic and linguistic lines, 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians were lost to the successor states.
^ "Diaspora and scattering" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2021-05-05 . Hungarian communities abroad can be divided into at least two major categories. On the one hand, the so-called indigenous (autochthonous) minority communities – established as a result of border changes, mainly the new state borders set out in the Treaty of Trianon. On the other hand, diaspora communities of migratory (allochthonous) origin.
^ "See page 21 of this report" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2014-04-26 .
^ huconedit (2023-06-19). "Magyarabs, the Descendants of Hungarians in Africa | Hungarian Conservative" . www.hungarianconservative.com . Retrieved 2023-08-24 .
^ Széchely, István (3 January 2023). "Mintha városok ürültek volna ki" [As if cities had been emptied]. Székelyhon (in Hungarian). Retrieved 24 January 2023 .
^ 1,370 persons Archived March 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine declared themselves Csángós at the 2002 Romanian census. Some estimates of the Csángó population run higher. For instance, the Council of Europe Archived 2008-10-02 at the Wayback Machine suggests a figure as high as 260,000.
^ Patrick Heenan, Monique Lamontagne (1999). The Central and Eastern Europe Handbook . Taylor & Francis . p. 70. ISBN 978-1-57958-089-6 .
^ "Népszámlálás, 2021: nézzünk szét a "házunk tájékán"!" . felvidek.ma . January 21, 2021.
^ Roseann Duenas Gonzalez, Ildiko Melis (2001). Language Ideologies: Critical Perspectives on the Official English Movement . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-8058-4054-4 .
^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF) . Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2014.
^ https://mek.oszk.hu/12300/12394/12394.pdf [bare URL PDF ]
^ "Átlépte a lélektani határt az Ausztriában élő magyarok száma" . 24.hu . 19 February 2024.
^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Croatia : Overview (2001 census data)" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . July 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-16 .
^ "PeopleGroups.org - Hungarians of Slovenia" . peoplegroups.org .[permanent dead link ]
^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "U.S. Census website" . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2017-10-19 .
^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 25, 2017). "Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3 ), Generation Status (4 ), Age (12 ) and Sex (3 ) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data" . www12.statcan.gc.ca .
^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten nach Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn nach Geburtsstaat in Staatengruppen" . Statistisches Bundesamt (in German). Retrieved 2022-02-04 .
^ "MAGYAR NEMZETISMERET" . nemzetismeret.hu .
^ "It has been officially recognized: far more Hungarians live in the United Kingdom than previously thought" . portfolio.hu. 16 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2021 .
^ a b c d Sándor, Joób (April 21, 2018). "Hány magyar dolgozik külföldön és hol?" . index.hu .
^ "Hungarians in France" . Archived from the original on February 4, 2007.
^ "PeopleGroups.org - Hungarians of France" . peoplegroups.org .[permanent dead link ]
^ "Hungarians in Brazil" . Archived from the original on September 22, 2007.
^ Hungary, About (November 19, 2019). "Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council" . Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council .
^ "Thursday Top Ten: Top Ten Countries With The Largest Hungarian Diaspora In The World" . December 1, 2016.
^ Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland 31 december 2018
^ a b c d e f g h i "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination" . migrationpolicy.org . February 10, 2014.
^ "Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari" . CBS StatLine. Retrieved 2021-03-14 .
^ a b c d e f "A diaszpóra tudományos megközelítése" . Kőrösi Csoma Sándor program . July 3, 2015.
^ a b c d e https://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Rifa2020.pdf [bare URL PDF ]
^ "Los obreros húngaros emigrados en América Latina entre las dos guerras mundiales. Ilona Varga" (PDF) . www.ikl.org.pl . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2016.
^ Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna . Narodowy Spis Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (National Census of Population and Housing 2011). GUS . 2013. p. 264.
^ "Sefstat 2022" (PDF) .
^ "Acquisition of citizenship statistics" . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2023-05-28 .
^ April 2018, Assel Satubaldina in People on 19 (April 19, 2018). "Hungarians, Kazakhs are almost relatives, says Hungarian cultural centre head" . {{cite web }}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link )
^ "Foreign Citizens in the Philippines (Results from the 2010 Census)" . psa.gov.ph . Philippine Statistics Authority. November 19, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2021 .
^ Sain, Adrienn (December 20, 2015). "Hungarians in Vietnam – VIDEO" . Daily News Hungary .
^ Rogers Brubaker (2006). Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town . Princeton University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-691-12834-4 .
^ Tristan James Mabry; John McGarry; Margaret Moore; Brendan O'Leary (30 May 2013). Divided Nations and European Integration . University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8122-4497-7 .
^ Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth, Country report: Hungary Archived 2018-08-30 at the Wayback Machine , Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 1 and 7
^ Slovaks retaliate over Hungarian citizenship law , BBC, 26 May 2010
^ Romania backs Hungarian citizenship law , 18 October 2010, AFP text syndicated to eubusiness.com.
^ New double citizenship law does not change voting rights , EUobserver , 28.05.2010
^ Dual citizenship at its logical conclusion. Policy Solutions’ analysis: A vote for lost Hungarians is a vote for the right Archived 2016-08-10 at the Wayback Machine , Budapest Times , 7 February 2011
^ Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth, Country report: Hungary Archived 2018-08-30 at the Wayback Machine , Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 11
^ Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth, Country report: Hungary Archived 2018-08-30 at the Wayback Machine , Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 18
^ Hungary and Romania. Flag wars , 21 Feb 2013, The Economist
^ Open wound. Trianon remembered 93 years on Archived 2013-06-14 at the Wayback Machine , Budapest Times , 12 June 2013
^ "Drew Barrymore News and Trivias at CelebrityWonder.com" . Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-06-10 . "She is half Hungarian on her mother's side."
^ "Simply Drew - Biography" . . "Drews Mother - Jaid Barrymore (nee Ildiko Jaid Mako) [was] Born on 8 May 1946 in Brannenburg, West Germany in a camp for displaced persons. Jaids parents (Drew's grandparents) were Hungarian."
^ Fox, Chloe (November 12, 2006). "The prime of Adrien Brody" . London: Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved December 13, 2006 .
^ "The Brain Prize Winners 2017 - Lundbeckfonden - The Brain Prize" . www.thebrainprize.org .
^ "Ananova - Tony Curtis to promote Hungarian tourism" . Archived from the original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2016-07-24 .
^ "Born Bernard Schwartz in 1925 to Jewish-Hungarian parents, Curtis grew up in New York’s matinee movie-palaces..."
^ Vogel, Laura (May 27, 2007). "Louis C.K." New York Post . Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2010 .
^ Rodney Dangerfield: A Lifetime of No Respect but Plenty of Sex and Drugs by Rodney Dangerfield "The whole family had come to America from Hungary when my mother was four. My mother's father--my grandfather--was almost never referred to in that house. Rumor has it he's still in Hungary--and still drinking."
^ "BBC - Family History - WDYTYA? Series Two: Celebrity Gallery" . www.bbc.co.uk .
^ "Zsa Zsa Gabor born, Budapest Hungary. Though some sources say 1918, 1919, or 1920. 1936 Elected Miss Hungary."
^ George de Hevesy: life and work : a biography , Hilde Levi, A. Hilger, 1985
^ Weibel, Peter (2005). Beyond Art - A Third Culture : a Comparative Study in Cultures, Art, and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary . Springer. p. 350. ISBN 3-211-24562-6 .
^ Nicholas, Peter (September 21, 2009). "Chasing the king of chess" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 25, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2009 .
^ Doran, p. 1
^ Nathan Myhrvold, "John von Neumann". Time , March 21, 1999. Accessed September 5, 2010
^ Naomi Pfefferman (2002-04-12). "The Days of Summer" . Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2007-09-01 .
^ András Csillag, "Joseph Pulitzer's Roots in Europe: A Genealogical History," American Jewish Archives, Jan 1987, Vol. 39 Issue 1, pp 49–68
^ Schmemann, Serge (15 May 2007). "Opinion - The New French President's Roots Are Worth Remembering" . The New York Times .
^ "Jerry Seinfeld's Biography" . Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . 2008. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2010 .
^ Biography Archived 2012-09-06 at archive.today . GeneSimmons.com. Retrieved on February 1, 2011.
^ Blumesberger, Susanne; et al. (2002). Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft . Vol. 1. K. G. Saur. ISBN 3-598-11545-8 .
^ Video in which Teller recalls his earliest memories.
^ "Jerry Seinfeld's Biography" . Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . 2008. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2010 .
^ "Hungary's Orban courts diaspora for election boost" . France 24 . 28 March 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2021 .
^ "Viktor Orbán courts voters beyond 'fortress Hungary' " . POLITICO . August 22, 2017.
^ "Hungarians Outside EU Cast Votes for Fidesz" . May 29, 2019.
External links [ edit ]
Media related to Hungarian diaspora at Wikimedia Commons
t
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Britain and Ireland
Caucasus
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southeastern Europe
Southwestern Europe
Western Europe
Comprehensive group
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Africa
Europe
Americas
Oceania
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_diaspora&oldid=1229963040 "
C a t e g o r i e s :
● H u n g a r i a n d i a s p o r a
● E u r o p e a n d i a s p o r a s
H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s :
● C S 1 H u n g a r i a n - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( hu )
● W e b a r c h i v e t e m p l a t e w a y b a c k l i n k s
● A l l a r t i c l e s w i t h b a r e U R L s f o r c i t a t i o n s
● A r t i c l e s w i t h b a r e U R L s f o r c i t a t i o n s f r o m M a r c h 2 0 2 2
● A r t i c l e s w i t h P D F f o r m a t b a r e U R L s f o r c i t a t i o n s
● A l l a r t i c l e s w i t h d e a d e x t e r n a l l i n k s
● A r t i c l e s w i t h d e a d e x t e r n a l l i n k s f r o m N o v e m b e r 2 0 2 3
● A r t i c l e s w i t h p e r m a n e n t l y d e a d e x t e r n a l l i n k s
● C S 1 G e r m a n - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( de )
● C S 1 m a i n t : n u m e r i c n a m e s : a u t h o r s l i s t
● W e b a r c h i v e t e m p l a t e a r c h i v e i s l i n k s
● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n
● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a
● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g H u n g a r i a n - l a n g u a g e t e x t
● A l l a r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s
● A r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m M a r c h 2 0 2 4
● C o m m o n s c a t e g o r y l i n k f r o m W i k i d a t a
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 9 J u n e 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 8 : 4 3 ( U T C ) .
● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n .
● P r i v a c y p o l i c y
● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a
● D i s c l a i m e r s
● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a
● C o d e o f C o n d u c t
● D e v e l o p e r s
● S t a t i s t i c s
● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t
● M o b i l e v i e w