Jump to content
 







Main menu
   


Navigation  



Main page
Contents
Current events
Random article
About Wikipedia
Contact us
Donate
 




Contribute  



Help
Learn to edit
Community portal
Recent changes
Upload file
 








Search  

































Create account

Log in
 









Create account
 Log in
 




Pages for logged out editors learn more  



Contributions
Talk
 



















Contents

   



(Top)
 


1 History  





2 Varieties  





3 Numbers  





4 See also  





5 References  





6 Bibliography  














Central Asian Arabic






العربية

Ελληνικά
فارسی
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Македонски

Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча
پنجابی
Português
Русский
Simple English
Татарча / tatarça
Тоҷикӣ
اردو
Tiếng Vit

 

Edit links
 









Article
Talk
 

















Read
Edit
View history
 








Tools
   


Actions  



Read
Edit
View history
 




General  



What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Cite this page
Get shortened URL
Download QR code
Wikidata item
 




Print/export  



Download as PDF
Printable version
 
















Appearance
   

 






From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 

(Redirected from ISO 639:auz)

Central Asian Arabic
Jugari Arabic
Native toAfghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
EthnicityCentral Asian Arabs
Speakers(16,000 cited 1992–2023)[1]

Language family

Afro-Asiatic

Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
abh – Tajiki Arabic
auz – Uzbeki Arabic
Glottologcent2410

Enclaves in Afghanistan, Iran and Uzbekistan where Central Asian Arabic is still spoken. In brackets, after the name of each region, is the number of villages with Arabic-speaking inhabitants.

Central Asian ArabicorJugari Arabic (Arabic: العربية الآسيوية الوسطى) refers to a set of four closely-related varietiesofArabic currently facing extinction and spoken predominantly by Arab communities living in portions of Central Asia. These varieties are Bactrian (or Bakhtiari) Arabic, Bukhara (or Buxara) Arabic,[2] Qashqa Darya (or Kashkadarya) Arabic,[3] and Khorasani Arabic.

The Central Asian Arabic varieties are markedly different from all other Arabic language varieties, especially in their syntax and to a lesser extent, morphology, which have been heavily influenced by the surrounding Western Iranian and Turkic languages.[2][3] They are, however, relatively conservative in their lexicon and phonology.[2] While they bear certain similarities with North Mesopotamian Arabic, they constitute an independent linguistic branch of Arabic, the Central Asian family.

Along with Maltese, the Central Asian Arabic varieties are exceptional among Arabic-speaking communities in not being characterized by diglossia with Modern Standard Arabic, except in religious contexts; rather, UzbekorPersian (including Dari and Tajik) function as the high prestige lect and literary language for these communities.[3][4] Essentially all speakers are reported to be bilingual, with essentially no Jugari Arabic monolinguals remaining. Many, if not most self-identified ethnic Arabs in these communities do not speak the language at a native level, and report other languages as their mother tongues.[4]

These varieties are estimated to be spoken by an estimated 6,000 people total in Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, but declining in number; in all four of these countries, Arabic is not an official language.[4]

History

[edit]

It was once spoken among Central Asia's numerous settled and nomadic Arab communities who moved there after the fall of Sasanian Empire. They inhabited areas in Samarqand, Bukhara, Qashqadarya, Surkhandarya (present-day Uzbekistan), and Khatlon (present-day Tajikistan), as well as Afghanistan. The first wave of Arabs migrated to this region in the 8th century during the Muslim conquests and was later joined by groups of Arabs from Balkh and Andkhoy (present-day Afghanistan). According to Ibn Al-Athir, the Arabic conquerors settled about 50,000 Arabic families in to Iranian Khorasan, modern day Northern Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan, but the number is definitely exaggerated.[5] Owing to heavy Islamic influences, Arabic quickly became the common language of science and literature of the epoch. Most Central Asian Arabs lived in isolated communities and did not favour intermarriages with the local population. This factor helped their language survive in a multilingual milieu until the 20th century. By the 1880s many Arab pastoralists had migrated to northern Afghanistan from what is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan following the Russian conquest of Central Asia. These Arabs nowadays speak no Arabic, having adapted to Dari and Uzbek.[6]

With the establishment of the Soviet rule in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, Arab communities faced major linguistic and identity changes having had to abandon nomadic lifestyles and gradually mixing with Uzbeks, Tajiks and Turkmen. According to the 1959 census, only 34% of Soviet Arabs, mostly elderly, spoke their language at a native level. Others reported UzbekorTajik as their mother tongue.

Varieties

[edit]

Giorgi Tsereteli and Isaak Natanovich Vinnikov were responsible for the first academic studies of Central Asian Arabic, which is heavily influenced by the local languages in phonetics, vocabulary and syntax.

The Jugari Arabic comprises four varieties: Bakhtiari Arabic (also called Bactrian Arabic), Bukhara Arabic (also called Buxara Arabic), Kashkadarya Arabic and Khorasani Arabic. The first three have their speakers spread across Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Khorasani came to be considered by scholars as part of the Central Asian Arabic dialect family only recently.

It is reported to be spoken in 5 villages of Surkhandarya, Qashqadarya and Bukhara. In Uzbekistan, there are at least two dialects of Central Asian Arabic: Bukharian (influenced by Tajik) and Qashqadaryavi (influenced by Turkic languages). These dialects are not mutually intelligible.[7] In Tajikistan, Central Asian Arabic is spoken by 35.7% of the country's Arab population,[as of?] having been largely replaced by Tajik.[8] Bakhtiari Arabic is spoken in Arab communities in northern Afghanistan.[9][10] Recent studies considered Khorasani Arabic (spoken in Khorasan, Iran) as part of the Central Asian Arabic family, and found that it was closely related to Qashqadaryavi.[11]

Numbers

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Tajiki ArabicatEthnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed access icon
    Uzbeki ArabicatEthnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed access icon
  • ^ a b c Ratcliffe, Robert R. (2004-08-02). "Bukhara Arabic: A Metatypized Dialect of Arabic in Central Asia". In Csató, Éva Ágnes; Isaksson, Bo; Jahani, Carina (eds.). Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203327715. ISBN 978-1-134-39631-3.
  • ^ a b c Jastrow, Otto (2004-08-02). "Uzbekistan Arabic: A Language Created by Semitic-Iranian-Turkic Linguistic Convergence". In Csató, Éva Ágnes; Isaksson, Bo; Jahani, Carina (eds.). Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203327715. ISBN 978-1-134-39631-3.
  • ^ a b c Frawley, William (2003). "Semitic Languages". International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0195139778.
  • ^ Prof. Dr. Aydın Usta, Türkler ve İslamiyet, Yeditepe Yayınevi, 1. Baskı, March 2020, s. 56-57 (using the Turkish translation of el-Kamil fi't-Tarih by Ibn Al-Athir as a source)
  • ^ Peter R. Blood, ed. Afghanistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 2001
  • ^ Kobzeva, Olga. Этнические атлас Узбекистана: Арабы [Ethnic Minorities of Uzbekistan: Arabs]. Этнические меньшинства (PDF) (Report) (in Russian). pp. 27–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2007.
  • ^ Арабы Таджикистана [Ethnic Minorities of Tajikistan: Arabs]. Этнические группы. Minority: Национальные меньшинства Таджикситана (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2007-09-30.
  • ^ Sharqāwī, Muḥammad; al-Sharkawi, Muhammad, eds. (2005). "Foreigner Talk in Arabic". The Ecology of Arabic: A Study of Arabicization. Brill. p. 243. ISBN 978-9004186064.
  • ^ Owens, Jonathan (2000). Owens, Jonathan (ed.). Arabic as a Minority Language (Contributions to the Sociology of Language). De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-3110165784.
  • ^ Ulrich Seeger, On the Relationship of the Central Asian Arabic Dialects (translated from German to English by Sarah Dickins)
  • Bibliography

    [edit]
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Asian_Arabic&oldid=1234076381"

    Categories: 
    Arabic languages
    Mashriqi Arabic
    Languages of Afghanistan
    Languages of Uzbekistan
    Languages of Tajikistan
    Languages of Iran
    Hidden categories: 
    Language articles citing Ethnologue 27
    CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)
    CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
    Articles needing translation from Arabic Wikipedia
    Articles with short description
    Short description is different from Wikidata
    Language articles with old speaker data
    Articles with unnamed Glottolog code
    Ill-formatted infobox-language images
    ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue
    Articles containing Arabic-language text
    All articles with vague or ambiguous time
    Vague or ambiguous time from June 2024
    Articles needing additional references from June 2024
    All articles needing additional references
     



    This page was last edited on 12 July 2024, at 13:16 (UTC).

    Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.



    Privacy policy

    About Wikipedia

    Disclaimers

    Contact Wikipedia

    Code of Conduct

    Developers

    Statistics

    Cookie statement

    Mobile view



    Wikimedia Foundation
    Powered by MediaWiki