Contents

Jules de Polignac

Jules de Polignac GCOSL, OLH, KOHS, KOSML
Prime Minister of France
In office 8 August 1829 – 29 July 1830
Monarchs	Charles X Louis XIX Henry V
Preceded by	Jean-Baptiste de Martignac
Succeeded by	Jacques Laffitte
French Ambassador to the United Kingdom
In office 28 December 1822 – 4 January 1828
Appointed by	Jean-Baptiste de Villèle
Preceded by	François-René de Chateaubriand
Succeeded by	Pierre de Montmorency-Laval
Personal details
Born	(1780-05-14)14 May 1780 Versailles, Île-de-France, Kingdom of France
Died	2 March 1847(1847-03-02) (aged 66) Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Yvelines, France
Resting place	Picpus Cemetery
Political party	Ultra-royalist
Spouses	Barbara Campbell ​ ​ (m. 1816; died 1819)​ Charlotte Parkyns de Choiseul ​ ​ (m. 1824; annulled 1832)​
Children	Armand Seyna-Camille Alphonse Ludovic Yolande Camille Edmond
Parent(s)	Jules, 1st Duke of Polignac Gabrielle de Polastron
Signature

Jules Auguste Armand Marie de Polignac, Count of Polignac (French pronunciation: [ʒyl də pɔliɲak]; 14 May 1780 – 30 March 1847),^[1] then Prince of Polignac, and briefly 3rd Duke of Polignac in 1847, was a French statesman and ultra-royalist politician after the Revolution. He served as prime minister under Charles X, just before the July Revolution in 1830 that overthrew the senior line of the House of Bourbon.

Early life[edit]

Born in Versailles, Jules was the younger son of Jules, 1st Duke of Polignac, and Gabrielle de Polastron, a confidante and favourite of Queen Marie-Antoinette. Due to his mother's privileged position, the young Jules was raised in the environment of the court of Versailles, where his family occupied a luxurious suite of thirteen rooms. His sister, Aglaé, was married to the duc de Guîche at a young age, helping to cement the Polignac family's position as one of the leaders of high society at Versailles.

With the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Jules's mother and her circle were forced to flee abroad due to threats against their lives. She had been one of the most consistent supporters of absolutism, and she bequeathed these political sympathies to her son following her death in 1793.

Marriages and issue[edit]

Jules married twice. He was married firstly, in 1816, at London to Barbara Campbell (Ardneaves House, Islay 22 Aug. 1788 – Saint-Mandé 23 May 1819), a young Scotswoman, who later returned with him to France, with whom he had two children:

• Prince Armand (1817–1890), later 4th duc de Polignac;^{[citation needed]} he has male-line descendants to date who bear the principal title.
• Princess Seyna-Camille (1818–1833)

After his first wife's death in 1819, he married in London, on 3 June 1824, Charlotte, comtesse de Choiseul, widow of comte Cesar de Choiseul (d. 1821), née the Honourable (Maria) Charlotte Parkyns (St. Marylebone, 6 Jan. 1792 – 1/2 Sep. 1864). She was the youngest child (of six children) of Thomas Parkyns, 1st Baron Rancliffe (created 1795)^[2] and his wife Elizabeth Anne James, and sister of George Augustus Anne Parkyns, Lord Rancliffe^[3] and Henrietta, Lady Rumbold (1789–1833), wife of Sir William Rumbold, 3rd Bt.^[4] He had met her while she was renewing her passport at the London embassy, where he was the Ambassador (1823–1829).^[5] They had five children, two of whom were born while their father was in prison:

• Prince Alphonse (1826–1863), born during his father's ambassadorship in London. He entered Polytechnique in 1849 and formulated Polignac's conjecture the same year. He married Jeanne Emilie Mirès (called Amelie by Kahan) and had one daughter. He died some time after a very public trial exonerated his father-in-law Jules Mirès of embezzlement.^[6]
• Prince Ludovic or "Louis" (1827–1904), born during his father's ambassadorship in London. He entered Polytechnique in 1851 and pursued a military career. He married in 1874 Gabriele, Princess von Croy, with no issue.
• Princess Yolande (1830–1855), named after her grandmother Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchess of Polignac. She was born shortly before her father's incarceration as an Ultra.^[7] In 1848, she married Sosthène II de La Rochefoucauld, duc de Doudeauville.
• Prince Camille (1832–1913), a major-general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He married twice: by his first marriage, he had one daughter; by his second marriage, he had two daughters and one son, Prince Victor de Polignac (1899–1998). He has issue and descendants through his eldest daughter.^[8]
• Prince Edmond (1834–1901), later a noted musician and composer, who married Winnaretta Singer in a famous mariage blanc.

The couple's marriage was annulled by the French Chamber of Peers, but Jules and Charlotte went to England after his release in 1836, and they renewed their vows before the French consul in 1837.^[9]

Career[edit]

This article is part of a serieson
Conservatism in France
Ideologies French nationalism Integral Nouvelle Droite Gaullism Political Catholicism Christian democracy Integralism Ultramontanism Révolution nationale Royalism Bonapartism Legitimism Maurrassisme Orléanism Sarkozysm
Principles Anti-communism Catholic social teaching Counter-revolution Dirigisme Elitism Meritocracy Noblesse oblige Family values French culture Imperialism Monarchism Restauration Nativism Patriotism  Social hierarchy Social order Souverainisme Traditional authority
History Ancien Régime Monarchiens Feuillant War in the Vendée Thermidorian Reaction First White Terror Companions of Jehu Muscadins Second White Terror Bourbon Restoration Ultra-royalists Second French Empire Vichy France
Intellectuals Barbey d'Aurevilly Bainville Barrès Barruel Bellamy de Benoist Blanc de Saint-Bonnet de Bonald Boutang Bruckner Carrel de Chateaubriand Daudet Dimier Faye Ferré Fustel de Coulanges Guénon de Gobineau Houellebecq de Jouvenel de La Mennais Le Bon Lefebvre Lemaître Le Play de Maistre Massis Maurras des Mousseaux d'Ornellas Pujo Renan de Rivarol Rueff Taine de Tocqueville Veuillot Zemmour
Works Considerations on France (1796) Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism (1797) The Genius of Christianity (1802) On the Pope (1819) St Petersburg Dialogues (1821) Democracy in America (1835) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1855) "What Is a Nation?" (1882) The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1895) The Future of Intelligentsia (1905) The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times (1945) The French Suicide (2014)
Politicians Bellamy de Bonald Cathelineau de Chateaubriand Ciotti de La Tour du Pin de Gaulle Juppé Le Pen (Marine) Maurras MacMahon Messmer Pécresse Poincaré Poisson de Polignac Pompidou Retailleau Sarkozy Schuman de Vaublanc de Villèle Zemmour
Parties Active Alliance Royale Debout la France French Future The Nationalists Future with Confidence National Centre of Independents & Peasants Reconquête The Republicans Soyons libres VIA, the Way of the People Defunct Feuillants French Agrarian and Peasant Party French Social Party Movement for France Independent Republicans Party of Order Rally for France Rally for the Republic Republican Federation Resistance Party Union for a Popular Movement
Organisations Active Action Française Initiative and Liberty Movement La Manif pour tous March for Life Student Cockade Union Nationale Inter-universitaire Defunct Camelots du Roi Cercle Proudhon Civitas Croix-de-Feu Independent Republicans Service d'Action Civique
Media CNews Éléments Famille chrétienne L'Écho du Sud La Croix La Nation française Le Figaro Le Figaro Magazine Le Point Minute Nouvelle École Radio Courtoisie Valeurs actuelles
Related topics French–German enmity French Revolution Sinistrisme
Conservatism portal France portal
v t e

Returning to France, which was then ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, Jules continued in his zealous loyalty to the exiled Royal Family. In 1804, a year after his sister's death, Jules was implicated in the conspiracy of Cadoudal and Pichegru to assassinate Bonaparte, and was imprisoned until 1813. After the restoration of the Bourbons, he was rewarded with various honours and positions. He held various offices, received from the Pope his title of "Prince," in 1820, and in 1823, King Louis XVIII made him ambassador to Great Britain. A year later, his mother's former friend ascended the throne as King Charles X. Polignac's political sympathies did not alter, and he was one of the most conspicuous ultra-royalists during the Restoration era.

At the time, it was rumoured that Polignac supported ultra-royalist policies because he thought he was receiving inspiration from the Virgin Mary. There is little historical evidence for this story, however. There is no mention of such motivation in Polignac's personal memoirs or in the memoirs of the Restoration court.

On 8 August 1829, Charles X appointed him to the ministry of foreign affairs and in the following November, Polignac became president of the council, effectively the most powerful politician in France. His appointment was considered a step towards overthrowing the constitution and Polignac, with other ministers, was held responsible for the decision to issue the Four Ordinances, which were the immediate cause of the revolution of July 1830.

Upon the outbreak of revolt, he fled, wandering for some time among the wilds of Normandy before he was arrested at Granville. At his trial before the Chamber of Peers, he was condemned and sentenced to 'perpetual' imprisonment at the château in Ham. But he benefited by the amnesty of 1836, when his sentence was commuted to exile. During his captivity, he wrote Considerations politiques (1832). Afterwards, he spent several years in exile in England before being permitted to re-enter France, on condition that he never again take up his abode in Paris.

According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London, de Polignac was awarded a payment as a slave trader in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837. The British Government took out a £15 million loan (worth £1.8 billion in 2024^[10]) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers (ending in 2015). de Polignac was associated with three different claims, he owned 628 slaves in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and received a £15,765 payment at the time (worth £1.89 million in 2024^[10]).^[11] Although a French subject, de Polignac had connections in the British Empire due to his Scottish wife, Barbara Campbell (1788–1819), daughter of Duncan Campbell of Ardnave.

From his second marriage to Maria-Charlotte Parkyns, daughter of Lord Rancliffe, Jules de Polignac had fathered seven children, including Prince Ludovic de Polignac (1827–1904), a lieutenant-colonel in the French Army who participated in the colonization of Algeria; Prince Camille Armand Jules Marie de Polignac (1832–1913), a major-general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War; and Prince Edmond de Polignac (1834–1901), a composer, musical theorist and proponent of the octatonic scale.

Jules died at St. Germain in 1847 from the effects of his imprisonment.^[12] About one month prior, he had assumed the title of duc de Polignac upon the death of his older brother, Armand, who had died without children.

Comte Pierre de Polignac, later Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois (father of Rainier III of Monaco and therefore an ancestor of the entire current princely family) is descended from a different and cadet branch of the Polignac family, which has the comital rank only. Pierre was the youngest son, descended from the youngest son of the first Duke of Polignac.^[12]

Ancestry[edit]

See also[edit]

• List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom

Literature[edit]

• W. Schlésinger, Les femmes du XVIIIe siècle: La duchesse de Polignac et son temps (Paris, 1889)
• Michael St. John Packe, refers to Polignac as "rascally" in his "Life of John Stuart Mill".

^[13]

Notes[edit]

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Polignac". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.