June 20, 1909: "Typhoid Mary" Mallon story exposedJune 10, 1909: U.S. introduces new coin honoring Abraham LincolnJune 18, 1909: Wilbur and Orville right presented medal by President Taft (center)June 1, 1909: Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition opens in Seattle
The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition opened in Seattleat8:30 am. From the White House, U.S. President William Howard Taft pressed "a telegraph key of Alaska gold" to signal the opening of the fair. A crowd of 89,286 turned out on the first day.[1]
Muhammad Da´ud Murra ibn Yusuf, ruler since 1901 of the Ouaddai Kingdom in the northern part of what is now Chad, was forced to flee after French troops succeeded in capturing the capital at Abéché. The French forces released Adam Asil from confinement and placed him on the throne as a puppet ruler, while incorporating the kingdom into French Equatorial Africa.[3]
Harmon County, Oklahoma, was created by gubernatorial proclamation after being approved in an election on May 22. The new county was named in honor of Judson Harmon, who was Governor of Ohio at the time.[4]
Left with only four ships after the Russo-Japanese War, the Russian Navy commenced rebuilding. The keels were laid down for four dreadnoughts (Gangut, Poltava, Sevastopol and Petropavlovsk), which were all launched in the summer of 1911.[6]
Born:Ira D. Wallach, American businessman and philanthropist; in New York City; (d. 2007)
InSomerville, Massachusetts, a butcher at the North Packing and Provision Company slaughterhouse attacked his co-workers with his 15-inch (380 mm) knife. Five men were killed and four more wounded before John Murphy was overpowered and arrested.[8]
The first race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, with three competitors setting off at 3:45 p.m. and ascending into the sky—in balloons. Six more balloons were launched at 5:00 pm for a distance race.[9][10] John Berry, piloting the University City, landed in Alabama two days later, winning the endurance and distance races.[11]
The Hukuang Loan agreement was signed between the Imperial Chinese government and a consortium of British, German and French banks, providing that the bankers would finance the construction of two railroad lines in central China, connecting Canton, Hankow and Chengtu to the Beijing line. After the agreement was signed, the United States pressed for its own banks to be part of the program. The agreement was renegotiated, delaying construction of the railroad. Public outrage over the handling of the loan was later described as "one of the links in the chain of events that caused the revolution" of 1911, which overthrew the Empire in favor of a republic.[12]
Born:Isaiah Berlin, Russian-born British social theorist; in Riga, Latvia, Russian Empire (d. 1997)
The Unfair Competition Act of 1909 was enacted in Germany, prohibiting five categories of anti-competitive business practices, and providing for injunctions and civil damages. Under the UWG (unlauteren wettbewerb gesetz), fishing for customers, obstructive practices, exploitation of reputation, breach of law and disturbance of the market are barred.[13]
Alice Huyler Ramsey set off from New York to become the first woman to drive across the United States, setting off from the Maxwell Motors dealership at 1930 Broadway Street in New York, along with three female companions. The 22-year-old housewife and mother from Hackensack reached Chicago on June 18 and the four arrived in San Francisco on August 6, 59 days and 3,800 miles after departing. John D. Murphy of the Boston Herald handled publicity for Mrs. Ramsey, traveling ahead by train to prepare for each stop. Since there were no road maps for the Western U.S., Murphy went ahead in another car and followed telephone lines in order to avoid getting lost.[15][16]
Ali bin Hamud al-Busaid, the Sultan of Zanzibar, decreed that compensation claims for former slaveholders would no longer be considered after the end of 1911. Slavery had been abolished in the African nation in 1897, but the practice continued unofficially. Most slaveholders were Arab clover farmers, who used black African field hands.[17]
Born:
Virginia Apgar, American physician who developed the Apgar score in 1952, which aids in determining whether a newborn infant requires emergency medical attention; in Westfield, New Jersey (d. 1974)
Peter Rodino, New Jersey Congressman who chaired the House Judiciary Committee that in 1974 voted to impeach President Richard Nixon; as Pellegrino Rodino, Jr., in West Orange, New Jersey (d. 2005)
The Cunardocean linerRMS Slavonia, with 400 passengers on board, struck rocks off Flores Island (Azores) and sank, the line's only passenger ship lost on a peacetime voyage this century. She became the first vessel to send the new international SOS wireless distress call, and all aboard were rescued by the Princess Irene, which was 180 miles (290 km) away when the call was received.[18][19]
The old "Indian head penny"
The very first Lincoln cent coins were manufactured, as the Philadelphia Mint began production of the new penny, which was released into circulation on August 2. The first 25 million pennies included the initials "V.D.B.", placed on the dies designed by sculptor Victor D. Brenner, until the U.S. Mint eliminated the "signature" beginning August 12.[20] The new one cent coin replaced the Indian Head cent which had been introduced 50 years earlier in 1859.
Died:Edward Everett Hale, 87, American author, Unitarian minister, and abolitionist
At 9:16 in the evening, an earthquake struck Rognes, Lambesc and neighbouring villages in Southern France, killing 46 people. Rognes was half destroyed, especially the houses on the flanks of the hill Le Foussa. People were relocated under tents on another hill Le devin and near the primary school. Had the earthquake happened an hour later, more people would have been in bed, hence more casualties would have been recorded. The quake was the largest in France during the 20th century.[21]
George S. Patton graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, ranked 46th in his class of 103.[22]
Three people traveled in an airplane for the first time in history, as Louis Bleriot lifted off from Juvisy, France, in a monoplane, carrying Alberto Santos-Dumont and Heraclio Fournier.[23]
The "non-magnetic" yacht Carnegie was launched. Owned by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the small ship was designed from materials that would not interfere with the workings of a magnetic compass, making accurate measurements of the Earth's changing magnetic field possible for the first time.[24]
Colombian President Rafael Reyes abruptly resigned and went into exile. Reyes' five-year dictatorial rule, known as the "Quinquenio", over the South American nation, ended after financial problems and public outrage over his recognition of Panamanian independence forced him to leave.[25]
Four specimens of the now-extinct Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis, called at the time the West Indian seal from the West Indies rather than India), and the only ones known to be living in captivity, were brought to the New York Aquarium.[26] The last of the species would be observed in 1952, and NOAA would declare the species extinct in 2008.[27]
Nilo Peçanha was sworn into office as the seventh President of Brazil, the day after the sudden death of President Afonso Pena. Peçanha, the descendant of slaves, was the only African-Brazilian president of South American's largest nation. He completed the remaining 17 months of Penna's term, serving until November 15, 1910.[30]
U.S. President William Howard Taft recommended to Congress that it vote to propose an amendment to the United States Constitution to permit the federal government to levy an income tax upon persons and corporations. The Sixteenth Amendment was ratified effective February 25, 1913.[33]
The ocean liner RMS Megantic began its maiden voyage from Liverpool to Montreal for White Star Lines.[34]
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia held a summit meeting, with sessions taking place on their respective yachts, Hohenzollern and Standart[35]
William Lorimer was sworn in as U.S. Senator from Illinois, after being elected May 26 by the Illinois Senate. After the U.S. Senate determined that the Illinois vote had been tainted by corruption, Lorimer's seat was declared vacant by a 55–28 vote taken on July 14, 1912. The Lorimer scandal was considered a factor in the ratification of the 17th Amendment, providing for U.S. Senators to be elected by popular vote.[36]
In what was later known as the "Chinatown Trunk Mystery", 19-year-old Elsie Sigel was found dead at Sun Leung's chop suey restaurant. Sun Leung had reported the disappearance of his cousin, Leon Ling, to the New York Police Department. Sigel had been missing since June 9.[38]
The New York American first broke the story of Mary Mallon in its Sunday magazine, entitled "'Typhoid Mary' Most Harmless and yet the Most Dangerous Woman in America". Mallon had been quarantined since 1907 by the New York City health department because she continued to work as a cook even after being identified as a carrier of typhoid fever.[40]
The team of Bert W. Scott and C. James Smith arrived first in Seattle in a Model T Ford, to win the first transcontinental auto race and a $2,000 prize.[43] The race's sponsor, Henry Ford, then used the victory to promote the sale of Ford automobiles.[44]
Under pressure from Russia and Britain, Shah of Iran Muhammad Ali Shah signed into law new electoral rules and promised free elections. Muhammad Ali was deposed anyway on July 16.[45]
The Hope Diamond was sold at a loss for $80,000 to Louis Aucoc. The cursed diamond had been bought for the Habib collection at $400,000.[46]
The German Reichstag voted 195–187 against an inheritance tax proposed by Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow. The Chancellor, who had pushed the tax in the face of the deficits caused by the expansion of the German Navy, resigned on July 16.[47]
Robert Eastman a/k/a Emmett E. Roberts, died of a gunshot as a sheriff's posse closed in on him at St. Michaels, Maryland. Eastman, a former stockbroker, had been sought for the June 19 slaying of Edith Woodill,[48]
Mrs. Katherine Gould was granted a separation from her husband, millionaire Howard Gould, son of the financier Jay Gould. She was also awarded an alimony of $3,000 a month by a New York court.[49]
Police in New York rounded up 21 fortune tellers for disorderly conduct, then released them upon the signing of a $1,000 peace bond, which would be payable if they used their psychic powers over the next twelve months.[50]
A state visit by Tsar Nicholas IItoSweden was marred by the assassination of Major General Otto Ludvig Beckman, Chief of Sweden's Coast Artillery. General Beckman was shot twice outside of Stockholm's Grand Hotel by an assassin who then killed himself. Sweden's King Gustav V hosted a state banquet for the visiting Tsar at the royal palace that evening.[51]
In Detroit, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers voted to reject an honorary membership for Noah. Though the biblical ark builder was championed by two nominators as father of the designing profession, the majority agreed with the sentiment that Noah was "a gamekeeper, not a designer primarily".[52]
InSpringfield, Massachusetts, a riot broke out between the Turkish and Syrian communities, following an argument over a married Syrian woman. An estimated 400 people fought for more than an hour along Ferry Street before Springfield police quelled the violence. Said Burak, a leader in the Turkish community, died after being stabbed three times.[54]
Guests dined on the roof of the White House for the first time in the history of the American presidency. Because of an ongoing heat wave, President William Howard Taft arranged to have a dinner for distinguished guests al fresco, with tables moved to the top of the West Wing.[57]
Cincinnati, Ohio, became the first American city to adopt daylight saving time, after the City Council, encouraged by native son President William Howard Taft, voted unanimously to enact the ordinance. Effective May 1, 1910, clocks in Cincinnati would be set ahead one hour, and would fall back on October 1, 1910.[58]
The women's suffrage movement in Britain took a violent turn after WSPU leader Emmeline Pankhurst marched to Parliament to present a petition to Prime Minister Asquith. When Asquith declined to receive the delegation, Mrs. Pankhurst struck a police inspector. Outside of Parliament, hundreds of suffragettes confronted police officers and began smashing windows. Afterwards, 107 women and eight men were arrested.[59] The right to vote was granted to some women in 1918, and universal suffrage achieved in 1928.
Forbes FieldinPittsburgh hosted its first event, as 30,338 spectators watched the Pittsburgh Pirates lose to the Chicago Cubs 3–2. The last event there, a doubleheader baseball game between the Pirates and Cubs, would be played on June 28, 1970. In the opener, the Pirates were the 3-2 winners over the Cubs, followed by a 4–1 win to close the park.[60]
Born:Juan Bosch, Dominican author and President for seven months in 1963; in La Vega (d. 2001)
^"Notable Achievements of Wireless". Modern Electrics. September 1910.
^Carter, Charles Frederick (May 1911). "World's Debt To Wireless". The Technical World Magazine: 326–335.
^Lange, David W. (2005). The Complete Guide to Lincoln Cents. Zyrus Press. pp. 11–18.
^"The Provence Earthquake of 11th June 1909 (France): A New Assessment of Near Field Effects". Seismic Hazard in Mediterranean Regions: Proceedings of the Summer School Organized in Strasbourg, France July 15-August 1, 1986. Springer. 1988. p. 383.
^Richard Ferris, How To Fly or The Conquest of the Air: The Story of Man's Endeavours to Fly and of the Inventions by Which He Has Succeeded (Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1910), p422
^"The Most Curious Craft Afloat", by L.A. Bauer, National Geographic Magazine (March 1910), pp 223–245
^Rausch, Jane M. (1999). Colombia: Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier. University Press of Florida. pp. 15–18.
^"The West Indian Seal at the Aquarium". Science: 212. August 13, 1909.
^"Endangered Species Act 5-Year Review Caribbean Monk Seal (Monachus tropicalis)" by Kyle Baker, et al., NOAA Service (March 2008)
^Johnson, Rebecca L. (2003). Ernest Shackleton: gripped by the Antarctic. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 55.
^McLaren, Walter W. (1966). Political History of Japan During the Meiji Era, 1867–1912. Routledge. p. 318.
^G. Reginald Daniel, Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths? (Penn State Press, 2006) pp40–41
^Gideon Haigh, Silent Revolutions: Writings on Cricket History (Black Inc., 2006), p180
^Joseph Nathan Kane, Famous First Facts, 4th Ed., (Ace Books, 1974) p96
^"Income Tax", Encyclopedia Americana (1919), vol. 14, p744
^"Lorimer, William". Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 17. 1919. p. 663.
^Stathis, Stephen W. (2002). Congressional Gold Medals, 1776–2002. Nova Publishers. p. 15.
^Lui, Mary Ting Yi (2005). The Chinatown Trunk Mystery: Murder, Miscegenation, and Other Dangerous Encounters in Turn-of-the-century New York City. Princeton University Press. p. 1.
^George W. Hilton and John F. Due, The Electric Interurban Railways in America (Stanford University Press, 2000), p88
^Judith Walzer Leavitt, Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public's Health (Beacon Press, 1997), pp73–74, pp131–135
^"Hot Wave Kills Three", New York Times, June 22, 1909, p1
^J. North Conway, The Cape Cod Canal: Breaking Through the Bared and Bended Arm (The History Press, 2008), pp98–99
^Joseph Nathan Kane, Famous First Facts, 4th Ed., (Ace Books, 1974) p59
^Clarence Hooker, Life in the shadows of the Crystal Palace, 1910–1927: Ford workers in the Model T era (Popular Press, 1997), p25
^Janet Afary, The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, & the Origins of Feminism (Columbia University Press, 1996), pp252–3
^"Hope Diamond Goes Cheap", New York Times, June 25, 1909, p1
^Quincy Howe, A World History of Our Own Times from the Turn of the Century to the 1918 Armistice – Volume I (READ BOOKS, 2007), pp286–87
^"Murderer of Woman Commits Suicide", Oakland Tribune, June 25, 1909, p1
^"$36,000 Yearly and Separation", Atlanta Constitution, June 26, 1909, p1
^"Twenty-one Prophets and Seers Rounded Up by New York Police", Syracuse Herald, June 26, 1909, p1
^"Slays Swedish General", New York Times, June 27, 1909, p1
^"Naval Architects Bar Noah", New York Times, June 27, 1909, p1
^"Dine On White House Roof". The New York Times. June 29, 1909. p. 1.
^"Adopts Longer Afternoons". The New York Times. June 29, 1909. p. 1.
^Sophia A. Van Wingerden, The Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain, 1866–1928 (Palgrave Macmillan, 1999), pp86–87; "Suffragettes Riot, 112 Are Arrested", New York Times, June 30, 1909, p1
^David Cicotello, Forbes Field: Essays and Memories of the Pirates' Historic Ballpark, 1909–1971 (McFarland & Company, Inc., 2007), p17, p53
