August 10, 1913: Bucharest treaty ends Second Balkan WarAugust 20, 1913: Stainless steel invented by British metallurgist Harry Brearley (pictured, the stainless steel plaque honoring him)August 23, 1913: The Little Mermaid statue assembled in CopenhagenAugust 13, 1913: Canadian arctic ship Karluk trapped in iceAugust 2, 1913: Mortal men reach the summit of Mount Olympus, home of the Greek gods
French aviator Eugène Gilbert became the first person to fly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) in a single day to win the semi-annually awarded Pommery Cup. The prize was to be given to the person who "makes the longest flight across country from sunrise to sunset on one day, during which he may stop as often as he wishes to replenish fuel". Gilbert departed Paris at 4:45 am, flew seven hours non-stop to the Spanish town of Vittoria, departed again at 1:00 and arrived at the Portuguese town of Pejabo at 8:00 p.m.[16]
Explosions at the East Brookside Colliery of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company mine at Tower City, Pennsylvania, killed 19 people and seriously injured 20. Thirteen men were killed in the blast, and five men who volunteered to be rescuers were killed in a second explosion in the 1,800-foot (550 m) deep mine shaft.[19][20]
The "Wheatland hop riot" began after farm workers at the hops farm at Durst Ranch, near the town of Wheatland, in Yuba County, California, gathered for a meeting with Richard "Blackie" Ford, an organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World union. When the Yuba County Sheriff and his officers arrived to arrest Ford, a crowd of workers rushed the officers. Four people were killed in the melee.[21]
As the uprising of China's southern provinces collapsed, the Fujian province rescinded its July 20 declaration of independence, and rebel general Xu Chongzhi fled to Japan, returning control of the province to Governor Sun Daoren.[23]
Joseph Knowles, a 44-year-old survivalist, began his experiment of living alone in "the uncharted forests of northeastern Maine", pledging to "live as Adam lived" for two months. Before a group of reporters, Knowles removed all of his clothes, and walked into the forest without clothing, food or tools. The American press followed his progress by written notes that Knowles left at prearranged locations. Knowles would emerge from the forest on October 4, 1913, wearing a bearskin robe, deerskin moccasins, and a knife, bow and arrows that he had crafted himself.[24] However, there were rumors that Knowles's story was a hoax.[25]
Pope Pius X reformed longstanding rules of canon law that had restricted the hearing of confession for members of certain religious orders. Previously, confessions could not be heard without prior approval by a superior.[27]
John Henry Mears set a new record for traveling around the world, arriving back in New York City after 35 days, 21 hours and 35 minutes. Sponsored by the New York Evening Sun, Mears broke the old record (set by Andre Jaeger-Schmidt in 1911) by four days. Mears, who had departed the newspaper's offices in the early morning hours of July 2 returned to the same spot "at 10:10 o'clock" in the evening five weeks later.[29]
Venezuela's President Juan Vicente Gómez temporarily left office in order to personally lead the nation's army against the rebels of Cipriano Castro. José Gil Fortoul of the Federal Council was designated by Gomez to act as President during Gomez's absence.[30]
The Senate of France voted 245-37 to pass the Three Years Act, extending compulsory military service from two years to three years.[35]
El Salvador and the United States signed a five-year treaty, pledging to submit all disputes between them "for investigation and report to an International Commission" composed of representatives from five nations. The proposed Commission would have one year to render its report, during which participating nations would withhold from going to war. The agreement was the first of the international peace treaties that Secretary Bryan had proposed in a "plan for world-wide peace".[36]
Venustiano Carranza, leader of Mexico's rebellion against the government of President Victoriano Huerta, and Governor of the State of Coahuila, sent a reply to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's proposal for a ceasefire until elections could be held in October. Carranza said that he did not recognize President Huerta's authority as legal and that his "comrades in arms in the just defense of our constitutional rights" would continue to fight.[39]
Slightly less than one year before the outbreak of World War I, a diplomat from Austria-Hungary told representatives from Italy and Germany that his Empire intended to plan an invasion of Serbia. The private discussion would be revealed on December 5, 1914, by Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, who said that Italy refused to participate.[43]
The Treaty of Bucharest was signed at 10:30 a.m., ending the Second Balkan War.[44]Serbia and Greece agreed to withdraw their troops from Bulgaria within three days, and Romania agreed to withdraw from Bulgaria within 15 days. In return, Bulgaria, which had won control of most of the region of Macedonia from Turkey in the First Balkan War, gave up 90 percent of its gains. Serbia increased its size by 80% with the acquisition of northern Macedonia, and Greece increased in size by 68% with the southern half of Macedonia. Bulgaria also ceded Southern Dobruja to Romania, and agreed to demobilize its armed forces immediately. The parties also agreed to submit any future disputes over their borders for arbitration by Belgium, the NetherlandsorSwitzerland.[45]
The London ambassadors conference of Europe's six "Great Powers" (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, the United Kingdom) settled on the boundaries of the new Principality of Albania, created from former Turkish territory by the Balkan League during the First Balkan War. Greece received most of the Chameria, the southern part of the region occupied by the Albanian people, which was incorporated into Epirus, with the capital, Yanina, being renamed as Ioannina.[citation needed] British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey told Parliament the next day that the division of the Albanian people had been made to avoid a war between the Great Powers over the region.[47]
Twelve workers on the Panama Canal, all but one of them Panamanian, were killed in a sudden rockslide at the quarry at Puerto Bello.[48]
The brand name "Oreo" was registered by the United States Patent and Trademark Office for exclusive use by the National Biscuit Company for its cookies, first marketed on March 6, 1912.[50] Theories of the origin of the name include that it was from the Greek word oros (όρος) (for "mountain"), or the French word or (for "gold"), or the Greek word oraia (ωραία), meaning "nice".[51]
Impeached Governor Sulzer and Acting Governor Glynn
Chinese government troops and secessionist rebels fought a battle at Guangzhou (Canton), with 1,200 people being killed.[52]
After an all-night session, the New York State Assembly voted 79-45 to impeach Governor William Sulzer. The eight articles included accusations of larceny, bribery, obstruction of justice, abuse of the public trust, and perjury.[53] Lieutenant Governor Martin H. Glynn became the Acting Governor under state law, as confirmed by the state Attorney General on August 18, although Sulzer said that he would not abandon his office while awaiting his trial in the State Senate on September 18.[54] Sulzer would be found guilty, by a vote of 43-12, on three of the charges, and have removed from office on October 17.[55]
In the skies near Kiev, Russian aviator Pyotr Nesterov became the first person to execute a loop, flying his Nieuport airplane on an upward pitch until he was upside down, then bringing it back down.[59]
Albert Schweitzer performed major surgery for the first time at the site of what would become Hôpital Albert SchweitzeratLambarénéinGabon, at that time a part of French Equatorial Africa in the jungle. The mission hospital was still under construction, but the patient had a strangulated hernia that required immediate attention. With his wife as the anesthetist, Dr. Schweitzer did the operation in the students' housing at the nearby mission school.[60]
Harry Kendall Thaw, the millionaire who murdered architect Stanford White on June 25, 1906, and then was confined to an asylum rather than imprisoned, walked out of the mental hospital at Matteawan, New York and fled to Canada.[66] Thaw would be recaptured, sent back to the hospital and finally be released in 1924, and would die in Florida on February 22, 1947.[67]
Massachusetts angler Charles Church caught a 5-foot (1.5 m) long, 73-pound (33 kg) striped bass, the largest up to that time. Church's record would stand for almost 58 years as the mark that "remained the goal of every striper fisherman", until July 17, 1981, when Captain Bob Roschetta would reel in a 76-pound (34 kg) bass.[68]
The passenger ship State of California struck an uncharted reef off Admiralty Island in Alaska and sank within three minutes, with 40 of the 179 passengers and crew drowning. The Pacific Coast Steamship Company vessel had been on its way from SeattletoSkagway.[69]
Venezuelan government troops recaptured the town of Coro, Venezuela, located in the state of Falcón, from the rebels led by Cipriano Castro. Two of the rebel leaders, General Lazaro Gonzales and General Urbina, were killed in the battle, while Castro was able to flee.[70]
At the roulette wheelatLe Grande CasinoinMonte Carlo, Monaco, the color black came up 26 times in a row. The probability of the occurrence was 1 in 136,823,184.[71] The incident is cited as an illustration of the gambler's fallacy, because after the wheel stopped at black ten straight times, casino patrons began betting large sums of money on red, on the logic that black could not possibly come up again. The odds of red or black coming up on any individual spin were the same each time—18 out of 37; to no surprise of statisticians, "the casino made several million francs that night".[72]
The Turkish council of ministers voted to drop claims to territory west of the Maritza River in return for keeping Adrianople.[73]
The derailing of a train carrying dynamite caused an explosion killing almost 100 people in the Mexico City suburb of Tacubaya.[74]
After his airplane failed at an altitude of 900 feet (270 m), aviator Adolphe Pégoud became the first person to bail out from a falling airplane and to land safely.[75]
The combination of materials that would become known as "stainless steel" was cast for the first time, by British metallurgist Harry Brearley. On test number 1008, at a laboratory in Sheffield, Brearley created an alloy that consisted of 12.8% chromium, 0.44% manganese, 0.2% silicon, 0.24% carbon and 85.32% iron. Brearley would later recount that "When microscopic studies of this steel were being made, one of the first noticeable things was that the usual reagent used for etching the polished surface of a microsection would not etch, or etched very slowly... The significance of this is that etching is a form of corrosion, and the specimens behaved in vinegar and other food acids as they behaved with the etching reagents."[78]
John Henry Faulk, American radio broadcaster, known for his popular radio program The John Henry Faulk Show until it was cancelled following being accusations of being a communist by Red Channels, later winning a $3.5 million lawsuit against the group; in Austin, Texas (d. 1990)
Fifty men employed at a gold mine in the Mysore StateofIndia were killed as they were being lowered into the mine shaft. The cable that held their elevator cage broke, sending them plummeting to the bottom.[83]
As it neared completion, Wolf House, built by author Jack London, was destroyed by a fire before he could move in. "Carefully designed to avert natural disasters and last a thousand years," an author would write later, "it lasted two days."[84] In 1995, a forensic team would conclude that the fire was accidental, caused by the summer heat and the resulting combustion of an oil-soaked rag left behind by a workman.[85]
The city of San Gabriel, California, was incorporated, 142 years after the founding of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel in 1771, with a population of 1,500 people. One century later, it would have over 40,000 residents.[94]
Leo Frank, the Jewish superintendent of a pencil factory in Atlanta, was convicted by a jury of the April 26 murder of Mary Phagan, and sentenced to death.[96][97]
British aviator Harry Hawker was two-thirds of the way done with his quest to become the first person to fly an airplane around the British Isles, and slightly less than 500 miles (800 km) from winning a £10,000 prize ($25,000 in 1913 USD, worth roughly $580,000 or £375,000 a century later), when his plane crashed in an accident blamed on his footwear. Hawker escaped serious injury, but "His boots were rubber-soled, and at a critical moment his foot slipped off the rudder bar" of his seaplane, which went out of control and crashed into the Irish Sea, a few feet from the Irish coast at Loughshinny. Hawker escaped with only a broken arm. The sponsor of the prize, the British newspaper the Daily Mail, presented Hawker with a smaller £1,000 prize "in recognition of his skill and courage". The rubber-soled boots, which cost Hawker the equivalent of half a million dollars, were ruined by the seawater.[103]
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson delivered a written message to Congress, proclaiming American neutrality in Mexico's civil war, and urged all Americans to leave that nation. Wilson stated that he would "see to it that neither side to the struggle now going on in Mexico receive any assistance from this side of the border" and that the U.S. could not "be the partisans of either party" nor "the virtual umpire between them".[104]
Ameteor crashed into the Sakonnet River, near Tiverton, Rhode Island. The explosion, which news reports said "sounded like the discharge of a twelve-inch gun", was heard within a 20-mile (32 km) radius and broke windows in nearby homes.[105]
French Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, assisting on the expedition to locate further remains of the Piltdown Man, found a canine tooth that perfectly fit the skull of the alleged early ancestor of homo sapiens.[113]
Eight men and one woman aboard the tugboat Alice were killed when the boilers exploded as the boat was towing barges on the Ohio River near Coraopolis, Pennsylvania. The force of the blast hurled one of the boilers a distance of 1,600 feet (490 m). Six other persons survived and were rescued by a passing steamer, the Harriet.[116]
The last barrier to the Pacific side of the Panama Canal was opened with the explosion of 44,800 pounds (20,300 kg) of dynamite, allowing the Pacific Ocean to flow into the locks at Miraflores. Work began two days later "to remove the last barrier of the Atlantic Channel".[119]
Chinese government troops retook the city of Nanjing from rebels.[120]
The Dublin lock-out strike took a deadly turn when the Dublin Metropolitan Police killed one demonstrator and injured 500 more in dispersing the street-car strike protesters. Thirty people were arrested, including the Irish Transport Union leader, James Larkin, whose attempt to address the crowd from a hotel balcony was followed by the police intervention.[122] The burial of James Nolan, three days later, was attended by 50,000 people.[123]
Unidentified accident victim for two weeks, U.S. Congressman Timothy Sullivan.
U.S. Congressman Timothy Sullivan, who had represented New York's 13th congressional district (and upper Manhattan) since March, was struck and dismembered by a train in New York City. Sullivan, who had also represented the state in Congress from 1903 to 1906 remained unidentified for several days and was set to be sent to a potter's field for the poor, but was recognized on September 13 by a policeman, after which he received a large funeral.[124][125]
The association football (soccer) team PSV Eindhoven was established by Philips Sport Vereniging in Eindhoven in the Netherlands.
^"Gomez Dictator to Oppose Castro", The New York Times, August 2, 1913
^"Record of Current Events", The American Monthly Review of Reviews (September 1913), pp. 297-298
^"Record of Current Events" September 1913, pp. 297-298
^"Huerta to Stick; No Interference", The New York Times, August 2, 1913
^"Record of Current Events" September 1913, pp. 297-298
^"Russia Latest To Decline; Joins Seven Other Nations in Refusing — 27 Have Accepted", The New York Times, August 2, 1913
^Frederick, J.B.M. (1984). Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978. Wakefield, Yorkshire: Microform Academic Publishers. p. 447. ISBN1-85117-009-X.
^Sayles, Adelaide B. The Story of The Children's Museum of Boston: From Its Beginnings to November 18, 1936. Boston: Geo. H. Ellis Co., 1937, pp. 7-8.
^Thomas T Mackie & Richard Rose (1991) The International Almanac of Electoral History, Macmillan, p. 243 (vote figures)
^"Om OB & IK". Otterup Bold (in Danish). Retrieved 19 November 2019.
^"To Form a Dutch Cabinet". The New York Times. August 3, 1913.
^"Record of Current Events" September 1913, pp. 297-298
^"Flies 1,030 Miles in a Day". The New York Times. August 3, 1913.
^"Kills Protectorate Plan for Nicaragua". The New York Times. August 3, 1913.
^"Nicaraguan Plan Shelved". The New York Times. August 4, 1913.
^"Five Rescuers Die with Mine Victims". The New York Times. August 3, 1913.
^Richards, J. Stuart (February 28, 2007). Death in the Mines: Disasters and Rescues in the Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania. The History Press. p. 59.
^Paul A. Gilje, Rioting in America (Indiana University Press, 1999) p. 132; Robert Justin Goldstein, Political Repression in Modern America (University of Illinois Press, 1978, 2001) p. 90
^"Wilson Suggests Plan to Mexico", The New York Times, August 5, 1913
^Joyce A. Madancy, The Troublesome Legacy of Commissioner Lin: The Opium Trade and Opium Suppression in Fujian Province, 1820s to 1920s (Harvard University Asia Center, 2003) pp. 224-225
^John F. Kasson, Houdini, Tarzan, and the Perfect Man: The White Male Body and the Challenge of Modernity in America (Macmillan, 2001) p. 191; Robert D. Gilbreath, Compel: How to Get Others in Your Organization to Think and Act Differently (John Wiley & Sons, 2007) pp. 52-53; Stanley Rogers, Crusoes and Castaways: True Stories of Survival & Solitude (George G. Harrap & Co., 1932, reprinted by Courier Dover Publications, 2011) p. 140
^"Historia". Rio Branco Esporte Clube (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2006-04-17. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
^"The New Canon Law in Its Practical Aspects: Papers Reprinted from "the Ecclesiastical Review", October, 1917-August, 1918" by Andrew Brennan Meehan, et al., (American Ecclesiastical Review, 1918) p. 71
^Schlüpmann, Heide “The first German art film: Rye’s The Student of Prague (1913),” German Film & Literature, ed. Eric Rentschler, Methuen Inc., NY, NY, 1986, p. 9-15
^Copenhagen Sights: Travel Guide to the Top 30 Attractions in Copenhagen, Denmark (MobileReference, 2010)
^Christopher Kobrak and Per H. Hansen, European Business, Dictatorship, and Political Risk, 1920-1945 (Berghahn Books, 2004) p. 180
^Jaffé, Daniel. Sergey Prokofiev. Phaidon, 2008: p. 35
^"Estonia majast". Opera Estonia (in Estonian). Rahvusooper Estonia. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
^"Rubber-soled Shoe Ends Hawker's Trip". The New York Times. August 28, 1913.
^"Wilson's Message; Gamboa's Reply". The New York Times. August 28, 1913.
^"Meteor Falls in River". The New York Times. August 29, 1913.
^"Record of Current Events" October 1913, pp. 297-298
^"Record of Current Events" October 1913, pp. 297-298
^McIlvaine, E., Sherby, L.S. and Heineman, J.H. (1990) P.G. Wodehouse: A comprehensive bibliography and checklist. New York: James H. Heineman, pp. 25–26. ISBN087008125X
^Morris, James M.; Kearns, Patricia M., eds. (2011). "Pensacola Naval Air Station". Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy. Scarecrow Press. p. 323.
^"Tug Explosion Kills Nine". The New York Times. August 31, 1913.
^"Blast Lets Pacific Reach Canal Locks". The New York Times. September 1, 1913.
^"Record of Current Events" October 1913, pp. 297-298
^Vacalopoulos, Constantinos (2004). Ιστορία της Μείζονος Θράκης, από την πρώιμη Οθωμανοκρατία μέχρι τις μέρες μας [History of Greater Thrace, from early Ottoman rule until nowadays]. Thessaloniki: Publisher Antonios Stamoulis. p. 282. ISBN960-8353-45-9.
^"500 Hurt, 1 Dead in Dublin Riots". The New York Times. September 1, 1913.
^"50,000 at Burial of Dublin Laborer". The New York Times. September 1, 1913.
^Mohl, Raymond A. (1997). The Making of Urban America. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 146.
^Grossman, Mark, ed. (2003). "Sullivan, Timothy Daniel". Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed. ABC-CLIO. pp. 312–313.
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