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C o o r d i n a t e s : 5 1 ° 2 7 ′ 29 ″ N 9 1 ° 0 6 ′ 12 ″ E / 5 1 . 4 5 8 1 0 4 ° N 9 1 . 1 0 3 2 5 1 ° E / 51.458104; 91.103251
F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m K o k e l C u l t u r e )
Kokel
The Kokel Culture and contemporary cultures and polities circa 300 CE
South Siberia
2nd to 5th century CE
Tunnug, Shurmak, Syyn-Churek, Katylyg
Aldy-Bel culture , Pazyryk culture , Tagar culture , Xiongnu Empire
First Turkic Khaganate
The Kokel Culture (1st-5th centuries CE) is a post-Xiongnu culture, from Southern Siberia, in what is now the modern-day Tuva Republic . This culture is located temporally in the interval between the fall of the Xiongnu Empire (2nd century CE) and the rise of the First Turkic Khaganate (6th century CE). In Russian archaeology, it is considered as belonging to the "Hunno-Sarmatian period" (2nd century BCE and 5th century CE).[3]
The Kokel culture has also been named "Syyn-Churek culture ", or "Shurmak culture ", based on the names of the sites of various archaeological discoveries.[4]
Carbon dates for the Kokel sites generally range from the 2nd to the 4th centuries CE.
Kokel culture graves (2nd-4th century CE) tend to be found in conjunction with earlier graves of the Early Iron Age (9th century BCE-) Saka cultures, and the later graves of the Turkic period (5th century CE-).[6]
Sites of the Kokel culture, just north of the frontier with Mongolia
Kokel Culture cemetery, next to the
Saka Arzhan tumulus at Tunnug 1, Tuva Republic.
Kokel culture gold artifacts from Tunnug 1
Arrowheads found in the skeletal remains of people of the Kokel culture
Kokel culture iron and ceramic vessels
References [ edit ]
^ Sadykov et al. 2021 , "The time between 2nd century BCE and 5th century CE in Central Asia is traditionally referred to in Soviet archaeological literature as the “Hunno-Sarmatian Period".
^ Sadykov et al. 2021 , "These researchers independently named the same assemblage of materials Syyn-Churek culture [2 ] (based on the name of the excavated site, cf. Fig 1) and Shurmak culture [3 ] (also based on the site name cf. Fig 1). Stylistic comparisons classified the Kokel culture to belong within the chronological borders of the Hunno-Sarmatian period (2nd century BCE–5th century CE).".
^ Chan et al. 2022 , "Structures dated to the medieval period at Tunnug 1, including those attributed to Turkic burial culture, are found south of those of Early Iron Age (9th century BCE) and Kokel (2nd-4th century CE)".
Sources [ edit ]
Sadykov, Timur; Caspari, Gino; Blochin, Jegor; Lösch, Sandra; Kapinus, Yulija; Milella, Marco (16 July 2021). "The Kokel of Southern Siberia: New data on a post-Xiongnu material culture" . PLOS ONE . 16 7 ): e0254545. doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0254545 ISSN 1932-6203 . PMC 8284818
Chan, Annie; Sadykov, Timur; Blochin, Jegor; Hajdas, Irka; Caspari, Gino (22 September 2022). "The polymorphism and tradition of funerary practices of medieval Turks in light of new findings from Tuva Republic" . PLOS ONE . 17 9 ).
Yamnaya culture
Afanasievo culture
Sintashta culture
Vakhsh culture
Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
Saka
Andronovo culture
Tagar culture
Uyuk culture
Pazyryk culture
Massagetae
Median Empire
Achaemenid Empire
Macedonian Empire
Seleucid Empire
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Guiyi Circuit
Yuezhi
Xiongnu
Kushan Empire
Kushano-Sasanians
Kidarites
Alchon Huns
Hephthalites
Tocharians
Ustrushana
Khuttal
Farghana
First Turkic Khaganate
Western Turks
Tang dynasty (Anxi Protectorate )
Ikhshids of Sogdia
Tokhara Yabghus
Turk Shahis
Oghuz Yabgus
Second Turkic Khaganate
Uyghur Khaganate
Abbasid Caliphate
Tahirid dynasty
Saffarid dynasty
Samanids
Ma'munids
Farighunids
Ghaznavids
Great Seljuq Empire
Ghurid Empire
Khwarazmian Empire
Mongol Empire
Chagatai Khanate
Golden Horde
Ilkhanate
Sufi dynasty
Kart dynasty
Timurid Empire
Khanate of Bukhara
Durrani Empire
Khanate of Khiva
Chinese Turkestan
Russian Turkestan
Soviet Central Asia
Chinese Central Asia
Silk Road
Silk Road transmission of art
Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
Serindian art
Salbyk kurgan
Filippovka kurgans
Kucha
Kizil Caves
Kizilgaha caves
Kumtura Caves
Subashi Temple
Dunhuang
Miran
Niya
Rawak
Mogao Caves
Tumshuq
Bezeklik Caves
Dunhuang Caves
Loulan
Khotan
Kashgar
Beshbalik
Issyk kurgan
Jankent
Karsakpay inscription
Kerderi
Krasnyi Yar
Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
Otrar
Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
Petrovka settlement
Boralday
Sawran
Shilikty
Steppe Geoglyphs
Sumbe
Talapty Settlement
Turkistan (city)
Urpek
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
Araltobe kurgan
Balasagun
Burana Tower
Issyk-Kul
Koshoy Korgon
Manas Ordo
Navekat
Özgön
Shakh Fazil
Suyab
Tash Rabat
Akchakhan-Kala
Akhsikath
Ancient Pap
Ayaz-Kala
Balalyk Tepe
Burchmulla
Dalverzin Tepe
Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
Fayaz Tepe
Guldursun-Kala
Hazorasp
Itchan Kala
Kafir-kala
Kampir Tepe
Kara Tepe
Khalchayan
Khiva
Koi Krylgan Kala
Koktepe
Kyzyl-Kala
Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
Poykent
Sarmishsay
Shahrukhiya
Siypantosh Rock Paintings
Tavka Kurgan
Toprak-Kala
Varakhsha
Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
Penjikent
Ajina tepe
Cyropolis
Kafir-kala
Sarazm
Takht-i Kuwad
Takht-i Sangin
Kalai Kafirnigan
Abiward
Altyndepe
Anau culture
Anau
Dev-Kesken
Gonur Depe
Jeitun
Konye-Urgench
Kutlug Timur Minaret
Merv
Monjukli Depe
Namazga-Tepe
Nisa
Togolok
Ulug Depe
Ai-Khanoum
Dilberjin Tepe
Hadda
Tapa Shotor
Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
Shotorak
Paitava
Bimaran
Tapa-i Kafariha
Mes Aynak
Fondukistan
Khair Khaneh
Tapa Sardar
Tepe Narenj
Takht-e Rostam
Tepe Fullol
Tillya Tepe
Yemshi Tepe
Alexandria Prophthasia
Aq Kupruk
Asqalan
Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
Buddhas of Bamiyan
Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
Darra-e Kur
Dasht-e Nawar
Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
Firozkoh
Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
Haji Piyada
Khair Khaneh
Mundigak
Musalla Complex
Nagara
Qala-i-Jangi
Rag-i-Bibi
Surkh Kotal
Mount Khajeh
Shahr-e Sukhteh
Orlat plaques
Hephthalite silver bowl
Chilek silver bowl
Gardez Ganesha
Mogao Christian painting
Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
Penjikent murals
Sampul tapestry
Sogdian Daēnās
Oxus Treasure
Bimaran Casket
Buddhas of Bamiyan
Kabul hoard
Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
Kandahar Aramaic inscription
Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
Afrasiab murals
Stamp seal (BM 119999)
Seal of Khingila
Siberian Ice Maiden
Ai-Khanoum plaque
Saksanokhur gold buckle
Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
(Eastern migration of the Yamnaya culture from the Pontic steppe through the Eurasian Steppe ,as far as the Altai region)
Afanasievo culture Proto-Tocharian )
Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
Andronovo Culture
Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
Saka Massagetae Tomyris
Saka Skunkha
Saka Arzhan culture )Pazyryk Culture )
Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon Argead dynasty Alexander I Philip Alexander II Antigonus
Seleucid Empire Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II
Saka
Yuezhi
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Diodotus I Diodotus II Euthydemus I Demetrius I Euthydemus II Antimachus I
Yuezhi
Xiongnu Modu Chanyu Laoshang Hunnic tribes
Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I Vologases III Parthamaspates Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
Eucratides
Yuezhi Arseiles Sapadbizes Heraios
Kushan Empire Kujula Kadphises Vima Takto Vima Kadphises Kanishka I Huvishka Vasudeva I
Saka
Sasanian Empire Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm Khosrow II Kavad II Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Kushano-Sasanians Ardashir I Peroz I Hormizd I Hormizd II Peroz II Varahran
Kangju
Kidarites Kirada Peroz Kidara Grumbates Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II ) Goboziko
Alchon Huns Khingila Javukha Mehama Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman Toramana Mihirakula
Hephthalites Akhshunwar Kun-khi Ghadfar
First Turkic Khaganate Ashina Tuwu ) Bumin Qaghan Issik Qaghan Muqan Qaghan Taspar Qaghan Ashina Anluo Ishbara Qaghan Bagha Qaghan Tulan Qaghan (Istämi ) (Empress Ashina ) (Apa Qaghan ) (Yangsu Tegin ) (Tamgan )
Western Turks Tang dynasty 657–742)Niri Qaghan Heshana Khagan Sheguy Tong Yabghu Qaghan
Tokhara Yabghus Tardush Shad Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili
Külüg Sibir Irbis Bolun Cabgu Duolu Qaghan Ishbara Tolis Yukuk Shad Irbis Seguy Ashina Helu
Muslim conquest of Persia
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
Second Turkic Khaganate
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokel_culture&oldid=1235027145 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● A r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e s i n R u s s i a ● A r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e s i n S i b e r i a ● K u r g a n s ● I r o n A g e s i t e s i n A s i a ● G e o g r a p h y o f T u v a ● C u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e m o n u m e n t s i n T u v a ● O b j e c t s o f c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e o f R u s s i a o f f e d e r a l s i g n i f i c a n c e H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● P a g e s u s i n g g a d g e t W i k i M i n i A t l a s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n m a t c h e s W i k i d a t a ● C o o r d i n a t e s o n W i k i d a t a
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 7 J u l y 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 0 : 0 9 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
![Kokel Culture cemetery, next to the Saka Arzhan tumulus at Tunnug 1, Tuva Republic.[1]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kokel_Culture_site_at_Tunnug_1%2C_Tuva_Republic.jpg)
