| Koliada | |
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by K. Trutovsky
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| Also called | Kolyada, Коледа, Kоляда, Коледе, Kalėda, Colindă |
| Observed by | Eastern European, Balts and Slavic people |
| Significance | celebration of New Year re-birth |
| Begins | January 6 |
| Ends | January 7 |
| Date | December 25, January 7, January 6, December 24 |
| First time | unknown |
| Related to | Christmas traditions, Eastern Orthodox liturgical days |
Koliadaorkoleda (Cyrillic: коляда, коледа, колада, коледе) is the traditional Slavic name for the period from ChristmastoEpiphany or, more generally, for Slavic Christmas-related rituals, some dating to pre-Christian times.[1] It represents a festival or holiday, celebrated at the end of December to honor the sun during the Northern-hemisphere winter solstice. It also involves groups of singers who visit houses to sing carols.[2][3]
The word is still used in modern Ukrainian ("Коляда", Koliadá), Belarusian (Каляда, Kalada, Kaliada), Polish (Szczodre Gody kolęda [kɔˈlɛnda]), Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian (Коледа, Коледе, koleda, kolenda), Lithuanian (Kalėdos, Kalėda), Czech, Slovak, Slovene (koleda) and Romanian (Colindă).[4]
The word used in Old Church Slavonic language (Колѧда - Kolęnda) sounds closest to the current Polish language pronunciation, as Polish is one of two Slavic languages which retains the nasal vowels of the Proto-Slavic language (the other is closely related Kashubian). One theory states that Koliada is the name of a cycle of winter rituals stemming from the ancient calendae[5] as for example the Kalenda Proclamation.
In modern Belarusian, Ukrainian (koliada), Czech, Slovak, Croatian (koleda, kolenda), Kashubian (kòlãda [kwɛlãda]) and Polish (kolęda [kɔˈlɛ̃da], Old Polish kolenda[6]) the meaning has shifted from Christmas itself to denoting the tradition of strolling, singing, and having fun on Christmas Eve, same in the Balkan Slavs. It specifically applies to children and teens who walk house to house greeting people, singing and sifting grain that denotes the best wishes and receiving candy and small money in return. The action is called kolyadovanye (Russian: Колядования) in Russian, kolyaduvannya (Ukrainian колядування) in Ukrainian and is now applied to similar Old East Slavic celebrations of other old significant holidays, such as Generous Eve (Russian: Маланья, Щедрый вечер, Belarusian: Шчодры вечар, Ukrainian: Щедрий вечiр) the evening before New Year's Day, as well as the celebration of the arrival of spring. Similarly in Bulgaria and North Macedonia, in the tradition of koleduvane (коледуване) or koledarenje (коледарење) around Christmas, groups of children visiting houses, singing carols and receiving a gift at parting. The kids are called 'koledari' or rarely 'kolezhdani' who sing kolyadki (songs).
Koleda is also celebrated across northern Greece by the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia, in areas from FlorinatoThessaloniki, where it is called Koleda (Κόλιντα, Κόλιαντα) or Koleda Babo (Κόλιντα Μπάμπω) which means "Koleda Grandmother" in Slavic. It is celebrated before Christmas by gathering in the village square and lighting a bonfire, followed by local Macedonian music and dancing.
Croatian composer Jakov Gotovac wrote in 1925 the composition "Koleda", which he called a "folk rite in five parts", for male choir and small orchestra (3clarinets, 2 bassoons, timpani and drum). Also, Dubrovnik kolenda is one of the oldest recorded traditions of this kind in Croatia (its first mentioned in 13th century).[7] There is also a dance from Dubrovnik called "The Dubrovnik Koleda."
It is celebrated in the Büyükmandıra village of Babaeski district, Kırklareli ProvinceinTurkey as a halloween-like festival and dates a thousand years back.[8]
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Polish folk customs and traditions
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| Winter | Konik • Koza • Turoń • Podłaźniczka • Gromnica • Jemioła • Ścięcie śmierci • Podkoziołek • Popielcowe klocki • Wkupne do bab • Zapusty • Ostatki • Przebierańce • Comber • Herody • Kolęda |
| Spring | Marzanna • Zielone Świątki • Gregorianki • Hanging of Judas • Pucheroki • Święconka • Śmigus-dyngus • Emaus fair • Turki • Dziady śmigustne • Śmiergust • Siuda Baba • Kurek dyngusowy • Pisanki • Walatka • Easter palm • Jezusek Palmowy • Funeral of żur and a herring • Roduś • Rękawka • Żandary • Siwki • Maypole • Fat Thursday • Gorzkie żale |
| Summer | Noc Kupały • Sobótka • Wyzwolenie kosiarza • Oborywanie przepiórki • Ścinanie kani • Zażynki |
| Autumn | Dożynki • Dziady • Zaduszki • Katarzynki • Andrzejki |
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Slavic holidays
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| Feast days |
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